Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statement of Income
 
(Unaudited) (Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
            April 30,
2023
 
  
            January 31,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
 
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
Interest, Dividend and Fee Income
  
  
 
 
 
Loans
  
$
10,005
 
   $ 8,194     $ 4,197    
$
18,199
 
$ 8,278  
Securities (Notes 2 and 12)
  
 
2,895
 
     2,138       1,252    
 
5,033
 

  2,319  
Deposits with banks
  
 
882
 
     1,039       74    
 
1,921
 

  132  
    
 
13,782
 
     11,371       5,523    
 
25,153
 

  10,729  
Interest Expense
                                 
     
Deposits
  
 
6,262
 
     5,283       854    
 
11,545
 

  1,559  
Subordinated debt
  
 
103
 
     101       51    
 
204
 

  96  
Other liabilities
  
 
2,603
 
     1,966       716    
 
4,569
 

  1,153  
    
 
8,968
 
     7,350       1,621    
 
16,318
 

  2,808  
Net Interest Income
  
 
4,814
 
     4,021       3,902    
 
8,835
 

  7,921  
Non-Interest
Revenue
                                 
     
Securities commissions and fees
  
 
258
 
     263       281    
 
521
 

  563  
Deposit and payment service charges
  
 
395
 
     316       332    
 
711
 

  661  
Trading revenues (Note 12)
  
 
340
 
     (1,283     3,629    
 
(943
)

  4,428  
Lending fees
  
 
383
 
     382       334    
 
765
 

  719  
Card fees
  
 
173
 
     147       143    
 
320
 

  274  
Investment management and custodial fees
  
 
462
 
     439       441    
 
901
 

  907  
Mutual fund revenues
  
 
307
 
     313       332    
 
620
 

  688  
Underwriting and advisory fees
  
 
269
 
     208       308    
 
477
 

  742  
Securities gains, other than trading (Note 2)
  
 
36
 
     75       86    
 
111
 

  224  
Foreign exchange gains, other than trading
  
 
59
 
     54       59    
 
113
 

  81  
Insurance revenue
  
 
726
 
     1,331       (673  
 
2,057
 

  (481
Share of profit in associates and joint ventures
  
 
66
 
     69       50    
 
135
 

  116  
Other
  
 
152
 
     135       94    
 
287
 

  198  
    
 
3,626
 
     2,449       5,416    
 
6,075
 

  9,120  
Total Revenue
  
 
8,440
 
     6,470       9,318    
 
14,910
 

  17,041  
Provision for Credit Losses (Notes 3 and 12)
  
 
1,023
 
     217       50    
 
1,240
 

  (49
Insurance Claims, Commissions and Changes in Policy Benefit Liabilities
  
 
591
 
     1,193       (808  
 
1,784
 

  (727
Non-Interest
Expense
                                 
     
Employee compensation
  
 
2,975
 
     2,566       2,087    
 
5,541
 

  4,386  
Premises and equipment
  
 
1,261
 
     955       850    
 
2,216
 

  1,678  
Amortization of intangible assets
  
 
280
 
     163       147    
 
443
 

  297  
Advertising and business development
  
 
195
 
     140       115    
 
335
 

  221  
Communications
  
 
91
 
     74       75    
 
165
 

  139  
Professional fees
  
 
312
 
     232       180    
 
544
 

  335  
Other
  
 
459
 
     291       259    
 
750
 

  503  
    
 
5,573
 
     4,421       3,713    
 
9,994
 

  7,559  
Income Before Provision for Income Taxes
  
 
1,253
 
     639       6,363    
 
1,892
 

  10,258  
Provision for income taxes (Note 10)
  
 
194
 
     392       1,607    
 
586
 

  2,569  
Net Income
  
$
1,059
 
   $ 247     $ 4,756    
$
1,306
 

$ 7,689  
Attributable to:
                                 
     
Bank shareholders
  
 
1,056
 
     247       4,756    
 
1,303
 

  7,689  
Non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
  
 
3
 
     -       -    
 
3
 

  -  
Net Income
  
$
1,059
 
  
$
247    
$
4,756    
$
1,306
 

$
7,689  
Earnings Per Common Share (Canadian $) (Note 9)
                                 
     
Basic
  
$
1.31
 
   $ 0.30     $ 7.15    
$
1.62
 

$ 11.61  
Diluted
  
 
1.30
 
     0.30       7.13    
 
1.62
 

  11.57  
Dividends per common share
  
 
1.43
 
     1.43       1.33    
 
2.86
 

  2.66  
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim consolidated financial statements.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
55

Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
 
(Unaudited) (Canadian $ in millions)
 
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
 
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            January 31,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
 
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
Net Income
 
$
1,059
 
  $     247     $     4,756    
$
1,306
 
  $ 7,689  
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of taxes
                                       
Items that may subsequently be reclassified to net income
                                       
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI debt securities
                                       
Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI debt securities arising during the period (1)
 
 
23
 
    142       (238  
 
165
 
    (300
Reclassification to earnings of (gains) losses during the period (2)
 
 
(17
)
    (6     6    
 
(23
)
    (22
   
 
6
 
    136       (232  
 
142
 
    (322
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges
                                       
Gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges arising during the period (3)
 
 
(144
)
    1,124       (2,433  
 
980
 
    (2,911
Reclassification to earnings/goodwill of (gains) losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges during the period (Note 12) (4)
 
 
26
 
    235       (111  
 
261
 
    (249
   
 
(118
)
    1,359       (2,544  
 
1,241
 
    (3,160
Net gains (losses) on translation of net foreign operations
                                       
Unrealized gains (losses) on translation of net foreign operations
 
 
937
 
    (850     322    
 
87
 
    1,130  
Unrealized gains (losses) on hedges of net foreign operations (5)
 
 
(174
)
    23       (64  
 
(151
)
    (192
Reclassification to earnings of net losses related to divestitures (6)
 
 
-
 
    -       -    
 
-
 
    29  
   
 
763
 
    (827     258    
 
(64
)
    967  
Items that will not be reclassified to net income
                                       
Net unrealized gains on fair value through OCI equity securities arising during the period (7)
 
 
-
 
    -       -    
 
-
 
    2  
Net gains (losses) on remeasurement of pension and other employee future benefit plans (8)
 
 
5
 
    (64     444    
 
(59
)
    606  
Net gains (losses) on remeasurement of own credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value (9)
 
 
174
 
    (410     538    
 
(236
)
    604  
   
 
179
 
    (474     982    
 
(295
)
    1,212  
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of taxes
 
 
830
 
    194       (1,536  
 
1,024
 
    (1,303
Total Comprehensive Income
  $
1,889
 
  $ 441     $ 3,220    
$
2,330
 
  $ 6,386  
           
Attributable to:
                                       
Bank shareholders
 
 
1,886
 
    441       3,220    
 
2,327
 
    6,386  
Non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
 
 
3
 
    -       -    
 
3
 
    -  
Total Comprehensive Income
 
$
1,889
 
 
$
441    
$
3,220    
$
2,330
 
 
$
6,386  
 
 (1)
Net of income tax (provision) recovery of $
(7
)
 million, $(48) million, $84 million for the three months ended, and $
(55
)
 million, $105 million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (2)
Net of income tax provision (recovery) of $7 million, $2 million, $(2) million for the three months ended, and $9 million, $8 million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (3)
Net of income tax (provision) recovery of $49 million, $(317) million, $878 million for the three months ended, and $
(268
)
 million, $1,050 million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (4)
Net of income tax provision (recovery) of $7 million, $(104) million, $40 million for the three months ended, and $
(97
)
 million, $90 million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (5)
Net of income tax (provision) recovery of $67 million, $(59) million, $23 million for the three months ended, and $8 million, $71 million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (6)
Net of income tax (provision) of
na
,
 na, na for the three months ended, and
na
, $
nil
million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (7)
Net of income tax (provision) of $nil million, $nil million, $(1) million for the three months ended, and $nil million, $(1) million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (8)
Net of income tax (provision) recovery of $
(2
)
 million, $2 million, $(160) million for the three months ended, and $nil million, $(220) million for the six months ended, respectively.
 (9)
Net of income tax (provision) recovery of $
(67
)
 million, $139 million, and $(194) million for the three months ended, and $72 million, $(218) million for the six months ended, respectively.
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim consolidated financial statements.
 
56
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
(Unaudited) (Canadian $ in millions)
  
            As at
 
  
  
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            January 31,
2023
 
 
            October 31,
2022
 
Assets
  
 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
  
$
68,495
 
  $         103,342     $             87,466  
Interest Bearing Deposits with Banks
  
 
5,275
 
    5,080       5,734  
Securities (Notes 2 and 12)
                        
Trading
  
 
119,081
 
    110,728       108,177  
Fair value through profit or loss
  
 
16,764
 
    14,739       13,641  
Fair value through other comprehensive income
  
 
56,519
 
    48,365       43,561  
Debt securities at amortized cost
  
 
122,102
 
    105,784       106,590  
Investments in associates and joint ventures
  
 
1,490
 
    1,411       1,293  
    
 
315,956
 
    281,027       273,262  
Securities Borrowed or Purchased Under Resale Agreements
  
 
118,575
 
    118,531       113,194  
Loans (Notes 3 and 12)
                        
Residential mortgages
  
 
166,733
 
    151,294       148,880  
Consumer instalment and other personal
  
 
104,357
 
    84,184       86,103  
Credit cards
  
 
11,063
 
    9,841       9,663  
Business and government
  
 
355,972
 
    303,582       309,310  
    
 
638,125
 
    548,901       553,956  
Allowance for credit losses (Notes 3 and 12)
  
 
(3,350
)
    (2,638     (2,617
    
 
634,775
 
    546,263       551,339  
Other Assets
                        
Derivative instruments
  
 
31,960
 
    33,294       48,160  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
  
 
10,591
 
    13,636       13,235  
Premises and equipment
  
 
6,111
 
    4,865       4,841  
Goodwill (Note 12)
  
 
16,025
 
    5,260       5,285  
Intangible assets (Note 12)
  
 
5,158
 
    2,277       2,193  
Current tax assets
  
 
2,127
 
    1,815       1,421  
Deferred tax assets
  
 
2,369
 
    1,392       1,175  
Other
  
 
33,474
 
    28,924       31,894  
    
 
107,815
 
    91,463       108,204  
Total Assets
  
$
1,250,891
 
  $ 1,145,706     $ 1,139,199  
Liabilities and Equity
                        
Deposits (Notes 4 and 12)
  
$
875,443
 
  $ 787,376     $ 769,478  
Other Liabilities
                        
Derivative instruments
  
 
41,802
 
    44,090       59,956  
Acceptances
  
 
10,591
 
    13,636       13,235  
Securities sold but not yet purchased
  
 
45,302
 
    45,226       40,979  
Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements
  
 
105,179
 
    101,484       103,963  
Securitization and structured entities’ liabilities
  
 
25,759
 
    26,336       27,068  
Other
  
 
62,535
 
    44,488       45,332  
    
 
291,168
 
    275,260       290,533  
Subordinated Debt
  
 
8,195
 
    8,156       8,150  
Total Liabilities
  
$
1,174,806
 
  $ 1,070,792     $ 1,068,161  
Equity
                        
Preferred shares and other equity instruments (Note 5)
  
 
6,958
 
    6,958       6,308  
Common shares (Note 5)
  
 
22,062
 
    21,637       17,744  
Contributed surplus
  
 
327
 
    335       317  
Retained earnings
  
 
44,143
 
    44,238       45,117  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
  
 
2,576
 
    1,746       1,552  
Total shareholders’ equity
  
 
76,066
 
    74,914       71,038  
Non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries (Note 5)
  
 
19
 
    -       -  
Total Equity
  
 
76,085
 
    74,914       71,038  
Total Liabilities and Equity
  
$
1,250,891
 
  $ 1,145,706     $ 1,139,199  
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim consolidated financial statements.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
57

Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity
 
(Unaudited) (Canadian $ in millions)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
 
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
Preferred Shares and Other Equity Instruments (Note 5)
  
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
  
$
6,958
 
  $         5,558    
$
6,308
 
  $         5,558  
Issued during the period
  
 
-
 
    750    
 
650
 
    750  
Redeemed during the period
  
 
-
 
    (600  
 
-
 
    (600 )
 
Balance at End of Period
  
 
6,958
 
    5,708    
 
6,958
 
    5,708  
Common Shares (Note 5)
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
21,637
 
    13,625    
 
17,744
 
    13,599  
Issued under the Shareholder Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan
  
 
419
 
    301    
 
765
 
    301  
Issued under the Stock Option Plan
  
 
16
 
    21    
 
39
 
    43  
Repurchased for cancellation and/or treasury shares sold/purchased
  
 
(10
)
    (15  
 
1
 
    (11
Issued to align capital position with increased regulatory requirements as announced by OSFI (Note 5)
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
3,360
 
    -  
Issued for acquisitions (Notes 5 and 12)
  
 
-
 
    3,106    
 
153
 
    3,106  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at End of Period
  
 
22,062
 
    17,038    
 
22,062
 
    17,038  
Contributed Surplus
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
335
 
    319    
 
317
 
    313  
Stock option expense, net of options exercised
  
 
(4
)
    -    
 
10
 
    5  
Other
  
 
(4
)
    (1  
 
-
 
    -  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
327
 
    318    
 
327
 
    318  
Retained Earnings
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
44,238
 
    37,513    
 
45,117
 
    35,497  
Net income attributable to bank shareholders
  
 
1,056
 
    4,756    
 
1,303
 
    7,689  
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions payable on other equity instruments
  
 
(127
)
    (52  
 
(165
)
    (107
Dividends on common shares
  
 
(1,020
)
    (894  
 
(2,035
)
    (1,756
Equity issue expense and premium paid on redemption of preferred shares
  
 
-
 
    (48  
 
(73
)
    (48
Net discount on sale of treasury shares
  
 
(4
)
    -    
 
(4
)
    -  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
44,143
 
    41,275    
 
44,143
 
    41,275  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) on Fair Value through OCI Securities, net of taxes
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
(223
)
    83    
 
(359
)
    171  
Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI debt securities arising during the period
  
 
23
 
    (238  
 
165
 
    (300
Unrealized gains on fair value through OCI equity securities arising during the period
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
-
 
    2  
Reclassification to earnings of (gains) losses during the period
  
 
(17
)
    6    
 
(23
)
    (22
Balance at End of Period
  
 
(217
)
    (149  
 
(217
)
    (149
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges, net of taxes
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
(3,770
)
    (431  
 
(5,129
)
    185  
Gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges arising during the period
  
 
(144
)
    (2,433  
 
980
 
    (2,911
Reclassification to earnings/goodwill of (gains) losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges during the period (Note 12)
  
 
26
 
    (111  
 
261
 
    (249
Balance at End of Period
  
 
(3,888
)
    (2,975  
 
(3,888
)
    (2,975
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on Translation of Net Foreign Operations, net of taxes
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
4,341
 
    2,978    
 
5,168
 
    2,269  
Unrealized gains on translation of net foreign operations
  
 
937
 
    322    
 
87
 
    1,130  
Unrealized (losses) on hedges of net foreign operations
  
 
(174
)
    (64  
 
(151
)
    (192
Reclassification to earnings of net losses related to divestitures
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
-
 
    29  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
5,104
 
    3,236    
 
5,104
 
    3,236  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on Pension and Other Employee Future Benefit Plans, net of taxes
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
880
 
    447    
 
944
 
    285  
Gains (losses) on remeasurement of pension and other employee future benefit plans
  
 
5
 
    444    
 
(59
)
    606  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
885
 
    891    
 
885
 
    891  
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on Own Credit Risk on Financial Liabilities Designated at Fair Value, net of taxes
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
518
 
    (288  
 
928
 
    (354
Gains (losses) on remeasurement of own credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value
  
 
174
 
    538    
 
(236
)
    604  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
692
 
    250    
 
692
 
    250  
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
  
 
2,576
 
    1,253    
 
2,576
 
    1,253  
Total Shareholders’ Equity
  
 
76,066
 
    65,592    
 
76,066
 
    65,592  
Non-Controlling
Interest in Subsidiaries
                                
Balance at beginning of period
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
-
 
    -  
Acquisition (Note 12)
  
 
16
 
    -    
 
16
 
    -  
Net income attributable to
non-controlling
interest
  
 
3
 
    -    
 
3
 
    -  
Balance at End of Period
  
 
19
 
    -    
 
19
 
    -  
Total Equity
  
$
76,085
 
  $ 65,592    
$
76,085
 
  $ 65,592  
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim consolidated financial statements.
 
5
8
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
 

(Unaudited) (Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
 
            April 30,
2023
 
 
            April 30,
2022
 
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
  
 
 
 
Net Income
  
$
1,059
 
  $ 4,756    
$
1,306
 
  $ 7,689  
Adjustments to determine net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:
      
 
             
 
       
Securities (gains), other than trading (Note 2)
  
 
(36
)
    (86 )  
 
(111
)
    (224 )
Depreciation of premises and equipment
  
 
269
 
    192    
 
472
 
    387  
Depreciation of other assets
  
 
17
 
    22    
 
36
 
    50  
Amortization of intangible assets
  
 
280
 
    147    
 
443
 
    297  
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses (Note 3)
  
 
1,023
 
    50    
 
1,240
 
    (49 )
Deferred taxes
  
 
(21
)
    426    
 
(69
)
    609  
Net loss on divestitures
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
-
 
    29  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
      
 
             
 
       
Net (increase) decrease in trading securities
  
 
(7,211
)
    19,493    
 
(11,015
)
    6,746  
Change in derivative instruments – (increase) decrease in derivative asset
  
 
3,697
 
    (12,221 )  
 
21,384
 
    (9,003 )
– increase (decrease) in derivative liability
  
 
(4,688
)
    12,020    
 
(20,683
)
    9,274  
Net (increase) decrease in current tax asset
  
 
(235
)
    399    
 
(696
)
    430  
Net (decrease) in current tax liability
  
 
(171
)
    (120 )  
 
(390
)
    (162 )
Change in accrued interest – (increase) in interest receivable
  
 
(383
)
    (436 )  
 
(639
)
    (380 )
– increase in interest payable
  
 
799
 
    181    
 
1,989
 
    110  
Changes in other items and accruals, net
  
 
2,830
 
    (681 )  
 
2,878
 
    (6,683 )
Net increase (decrease) in deposits
  
 
(8,611
)
    3,398    
 
15,993
 
    12,293  
Net (increase) in loans
  
 
(9,665
)
    (16,112 )  
 
(9,856
)
    (37,742 )
Net increase (decrease) in securities sold but not yet purchased
  
 
(341
)
    2,507    
 
4,182
 
    6,928  
Net (decrease) in securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements
  
 
(3,575
)
    (11,569 )  
 
(4,646
)
    (2,715 )
Net (increase) decrease in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements
  
 
1,200
 
    10,730    
 
(5,205
)
    2,180  
Net (decrease) in securitization and structured entities’ liabilities
  
 
(708
)
    (519 )  
 
(1,260
)
    (1,000 )
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities
  
 
(24,471
)
    12,577    
 
(4,647
)
    (10,936 )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
      
 
             
 
       
Net increase (decrease) in liabilities of subsidiaries
  
 
4,803
 
    (29 )  
 
4,803
 
    3,766  
Proceeds from issuance of covered bonds
  
 
3,475
 
    3,358    
 
5,111
 
    7,283  
Redemption/buyback of covered bonds
  
 
(6,007
)
    -    
 
(8,175
)
    (2,222 )
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt
  
 
-
 
    -    
 
-
 
    1,587  
Proceeds from issuance of preferred shares, net of issuance costs (Note 5)
  
 
-
 
    749    
 
648
 
    749  
Redemption of preferred shares (Note 5)
  
 
-
 
    (600  
 
-
 
    (600
Net proceeds from issuance of common shares (Note 5)
  
 
20
 
    3,080    
 
3,318
 
    3,097  
Net proceeds from the sale (purchase) of treasury shares
  
 
(10
)
    (15 )  
 
1
 
    (11 )
Cash dividends and distributions paid
  
 
(634
)
    (617 )  
 
(1,305
)
    (1,363 )
Repayment of lease liabilities
  
 
(96
)
    (79 )  
 
(167
)
    (136 )
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
  
 
1,551
 
    5,847    
 
4,234
 
    12,150  
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
      
 
             
 
       
Net (increase) decrease in interest bearing deposits with banks
  
 
(111
)
    977    
 
435
 
    905  
Purchases of securities, other than trading
  
 
(12,024
)
    (12,598 )  
 
(27,451
)
    (65,923 )
Maturities of securities, other than trading
  
 
5,247
 
    5,057    
 
9,926
 
    12,248  
Proceeds from sales of securities, other than trading
  
 
8,893
 
    8,750    
 
13,422
 
    27,150  
Premises and equipment – net (purchases)
  
 
(202
)
    (166 )  
 
(376
)
    (301 )
Purchased and developed software – net (purchases)
  
 
(201
)
    (162 )  
 
(394
)
    (296 )
Acquisitions (1) (Note 12)
  
 
(14,910
)
    -    
 
(14,952
)
    -  
Net proceeds from divestitures
  
 
-
 
    8    
 
-
 
    1,226  
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities
  
 
(13,308
)
    1,866    
 
(19,390
)
    (24,991 )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents
  
 
1,381
 
    (127 )  
 
832
 
    802  
Net increase (decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
  
 
(34,847
)
    20,163    
 
(18,971
)
    (22,975 )
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period
  
 
103,342
 
    50,123    
 
87,466
 
    93,261  
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period
  
$
68,495
 
  $ 70,286    
$
68,495
 
  $ 70,286  
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
      
 
             
 
       
Net cash provided by operating activities includes:
      
 
             
 
       
Interest paid in the period (2)
  
$
8,035
 
  $ 1,413    
$
14,180
 
  $ 2,641  
Income taxes paid in the period
  
$
657
 
  $ 446    
$
1,983
 
  $ 991  
Interest received in the period
  
$
12,403
 
  $ 4,676    
$
23,158
 
  $ 9,494  
Dividends received in the period
  
$
628
 
  $ 446    
$
1,079
 
  $ 870  

 (1)
This amount is net of
 $3,583 
million cash and cash equivalents acquired as part of the acquisitions. To mitigate changes in the Canadian dollar equivalent of the purchase price on close, we entered into forward contracts, which qualified for hedge accounting.
 (2)
Includes dividends paid on securities sold but not yet purchased.
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim consolidated financial statements.
  Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform with the current period’s presentation.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
5
9

Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
April 30, 2023 (Unaudited)
Note 1: Basis of Presentation
Bank of Montreal (the bank or BMO) is a chartered bank under the
Bank Act (Canada)
and is a public company incorporated in Canada. We are a highly diversified financial services company, providing a broad range of personal and commercial banking, wealth management and investment banking products and services. The bank’s head office is at 129 rue Saint Jacques, Montreal, Quebec. Our executive offices are at 100 King Street West, 1 First Canadian Place, Toronto, Ontario. Our common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the New York Stock Exchange.
These condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard 34,
Interim Financial Reporting
as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) using the same accounting policies as disclosed in our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022, with the addition of purchased loan accounting in Note 3 and non-controlling interests, described below, as a result of our acquisition of Bank of the West and its subsidiaries (Bank of the West). Refer to Note 12 for more details. These condensed interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022. We also comply with interpretations of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by our regulator, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions of Canada (OSFI). These interim consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on May 24, 2023.
Non-Controlling Interest in Subsidiaries
Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries is presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheet as a separate component of equity that is distinct from our shareholders’ equity. The net income attributable to non-controlling interest in subsidiaries is presented separately in our Consolidated Statement of Income.
Interbank Offered Rate (IBOR) Reform
The transition from London Interbank rates (LIBORs) and other IBORs to alternative reference rates continues. The Bank of the West’s exposure to remaining USD LIBOR settings was nominal as at April 30, 2023. Hence, the Bank of the West acquisition did not significantly impact the project or transition risks from our disclosure in Note 1 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022.
As we approach the June 30, 2023 cessation date for the remaining USD LIBOR settings, our overall USD LIBOR exposures continue to decline and our USD LIBOR derivative exposures will largely transition when central counterparties convert existing LIBOR trades to Secured Overnight Financing Rate.
Use of Estimates and Judgments
The preparation of the interim consolidated financial statements requires management to use estimates and assumptions that affect the carrying amounts of certain assets and liabilities, certain amounts reported in net income and other related disclosures.
The most significant assets and liabilities for which we must make estimates and judgments include the allowance for credit losses; financial instruments measured at fair value; pension and other employee future benefits; impairment of securities; income taxes and deferred tax assets; goodwill and intangible assets; insurance-related liabilities; provisions including legal proceedings and restructuring charges; transfer of financial assets and consolidation of structured entities. We make judgments in assessing the business model for financial assets as well as whether substantially all risks and rewards have been transferred in respect of transfers of financial assets and whether we control structured entities. If actual results were to differ from the estimates, the impact would be recorded in future periods.
The economic outlook for Canada and the U.S. is subject to several risks that could lead to a severe downturn, including persistent high inflation leading to significant further increases in interest rates, continued stress in the U.S. regional banking sector, an escalation of the conflict in Ukraine, and an increase in geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China. In addition, the U.S. Congress will need to raise the debt ceiling soon to avoid a potential default that could lead to financial market turbulence and a much weaker economy. The impact on our business, results of operations, reputation, financial performance and condition, including the potential for credit, counterparty and
mark-to-market
losses, our credit ratings and regulatory capital and liquidity ratios, as well as impacts to our customers and competitors, will depend on future developments, which remain uncertain. By their very nature, the judgments and estimates we make for the purposes of preparing our consolidated financial statements relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. However, we have detailed policies and internal controls that are intended to ensure the judgments made in estimating these amounts are well controlled and independently reviewed, and that our policies are consistently applied from period to period. We believe that our estimates of the value of our assets and liabilities are appropriate as at April 30, 2023.
Allowance for Credit Losses
As detailed further in Note 1 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses (ACL) consists of allowances on impaired loans, which represent estimated losses related to impaired loans in the portfolio provided for but not yet written off, and allowances on performing loans, which is our best estimate of impairment in the existing portfolio for loans that have not yet been individually identified as impaired.
The expected credit loss (ECL) model requires the recognition of credit losses generally based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans and the recognition of lifetime losses on performing loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination.
 
60
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

The determination of a significant increase in credit risk takes into account many different factors and varies by product and risk segment. The bank’s methodology for determining significant increase in credit risk is based on the change in probability of default between origination, and reporting date, assessed using probability-weighted scenarios as well as certain other criteria, such as
30-day
past due and watchlist status. The assessment of a significant increase in credit risk requires experienced credit judgment.
In determining whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and in calculating the amount of expected credit losses, we must rely on estimates and exercise judgment regarding matters for which the ultimate outcome is unknown. These judgments include changes in circumstances that may cause future assessments of credit risk to be materially different from current assessments, which could require an increase or decrease in the allowance for credit losses. The calculation of expected credit losses includes the explicit incorporation of forecasts of future economic conditions. We have developed models incorporating specific macroeconomic variables that are relevant to each portfolio. Key economic variables for our retail portfolios include primary operating markets of Canada, the United States (U.S.) and regional markets, where considered significant. Forecasts are developed internally by our Economics group, considering external data and our view of future economic conditions. We exercise experienced credit judgment to incorporate multiple economic forecasts, which are probability-weighted, in the determination of the final expected credit loss. The allowance is sensitive to changes in both economic forecasts and the probability-weight assigned to each forecast scenario.
Additional information regarding the allowance for credit losses is included in Note 3.
Acquisition of Bank of the West - Valuation of Assets and Liabilities
Significant judgment and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of the Bank of the West assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including the loan portfolio, core-deposit and other relationship intangible assets and fixed-maturity deposits.
For loans, the determination of fair value involved estimating the cash flows which are expected to be received on all purchased loans and discounting these back to their present value. We estimated expected cash flows based on models that incorporate management’s best estimate of current key assumptions such as default rates, loss severity, timing of prepayments and collateral. In determining the discount rate, we considered various factors, including our cost to raise funds in the current market, the risk premium associated with the loans and the cost to service the portfolios.
For core-deposit intangible assets, fair value was determined using a discounted cash flow approach, comparing the present value of the cost to maintain the acquired deposits and to the cost of alternative funding. The present value of the cost to maintain the acquired deposits includes an estimate of future interest costs and operating expenses for the core deposits acquired. Core deposits are those that we considered to be a stable, below-market sources of funding. Deposit run-off was estimated using historical attrition data, comparing this to market sources at the date of acquisition.
We calculated the fair value of wealth management and credit card customer relationships acquired based on the excess of estimated future cash inflows (i.e. revenue from the acquired relationships) over the related estimated cash outflows (i.e. operating costs and contributory asset charges) over the estimated useful life of the customer base.
The determination of the fair value of fixed-maturity deposits involved estimating the cash flows to be paid and discounting these back to their present value. The timing and amount of cash flows include significant management judgment regarding the likelihood of early redemption and the timing of withdrawal by the customer. Discount rates were based on the prevailing rates we were paying on similar deposits at the date of acquisition.
The fair value of all other assets and liabilities, including real estate properties, was calculated using market data where possible, as well as management judgment to determine the price that would be obtained in an arms-length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties.
Additional information regarding the accounting for the acquisition is included in Note 3 and Note 12.
 
 
Note 2: Securities
Classification of Securities
The bank’s fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) securities of $16,764 million ($13,641 million as at October 31, 2022) are comprised of $6,510 million mandatorily measured at fair value and $10,254 million investment securities held by insurance subsidiaries designated at fair value ($4,410 million and $9,231 million, respectively, as at October 31, 2022).
Our fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) securities totalling $56,519 million ($43,561 million as at October 31, 2022), are net of an allowance for credit losses of $3 million ($3 million as at October 31, 2022).
Amortized cost securities totalling $122,102 million ($106,590 million as at October 31, 2022), are net of an allowance for credit losses of $3 million ($3 million as at October 31, 2022).
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
61

Amortized Cost Securities
The following table summarizes the carrying value and fair value for amortized cost debt securities:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
Carrying value
 
  
Fair value
 
  
Carrying value
 
  
Fair value
 
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                   
Canadian federal government
  
 
6,351
 
  
 
6,355
 
     7,136        7,129  
Canadian provincial and municipal governments
  
 
5,597
 
  
 
5,617
 
     5,588        5,583  
U.S. federal government
  
 
58,221
 
  
 
52,797
 
     59,245        51,717  
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
  
 
187
 
  
 
190
 
     109        105  
Other governments
  
 
1,123
 
  
 
1,141
 
     1,387        1,377  
NHA MBS, U.S. agency MBS and CMO (1)
  
 
48,847
 
  
 
45,400
 
     31,013        26,864  
Corporate debt
  
 
1,776
 
  
 
1,734
 
     2,112        2,057  
Total
  
 
122,102
 
  
 
113,234
 
     106,590        94,832  
 
 (1)
These amounts are either supported by insured mortgages or issued by U.S. agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. NHA refers to the National Housing Act, MBS refers to mortgage-backed securities and CMO refers to collateralized mortgage obligations.
  The carrying value of securities that are part of fair value hedging relationships are adjusted for related gains (losses) on hedge contracts.
Unrealized Gains and Losses on FVOCI Securities
The following table summarizes the unrealized gains and losses:

 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
Cost/
Amortized
cost
 
  
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
  
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
  
Fair value
 
  
Cost/
Amortized
cost
 
  
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
  
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
  
Fair value
 
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                       
Canadian federal government
  
 
15,816
 
  
 
92
 
  
 
90
 
  
 
15,818
 
     12,498        11        208        12,301  
Canadian provincial and municipal governments
  
 
4,901
 
  
 
39
 
  
 
80
 
  
 
4,860
 
     4,724        6        159        4,571  
U.S. federal government
  
 
5,581
 
  
 
38
 
  
 
187
 
  
 
5,432
 
     3,403        -        293        3,110  
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
  
 
5,152
 
  
 
13
 
  
 
99
 
  
 
5,066
 
     3,863        5        154        3,714  
Other governments
  
 
7,216
 
  
 
35
 
  
 
41
 
  
 
7,210
 
     6,532        4        125        6,411  
NHA MBS, U.S. agency MBS and CMO
  
 
14,791
 
  
 
22
 
  
 
215
 
  
 
14,598
 
     9,572        13        317        9,268  
Corporate debt
  
 
3,435
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
62
 
  
 
3,378
 
     4,203        25        195        4,033  
Corporate equity
  
 
126
 
  
 
31
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
     122        31        -        153  
Total
  
 
57,018
 
  
 
275
 
  
 
774
 
  
 
56,519
 
     44,917        95        1,451        43,561  
  Unrealized gains (losses) may be offset by related (losses) gains on hedge contracts.
Interest Income on Debt Securities
The following table presents interest income calculated using the effective interest method:

 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
For the three months ended
 
  
For the six months ended
 
  
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
FVOCI
  
 
644
 
     94     
 
1,123
 
     190  
Amortized cost
  
 
884
 
     300     
 
1,415
 
     472  
Total
  
 
1,528
 
     394     
 
2,538
 
     662  
Non-Interest
Revenue
Net gains and losses from securities, excluding gains and losses on trading securities, have been included in our Consolidated Statement of Income as follows:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
 
April 30, 2023
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
FVTPL securities
  
 
15
 
     95    
 
77
 
     197  
FVOCI securities - realized gains (losses) (1)
  
 
23
 
     (9  
 
34
 
     27  
Impairment loss
  
 
(2
)
     -    
 
-
 
     -  
Securities gains, other than trading
  
 
36
 
     86    
 
111
 
     224  
 
 (1)
Gains (losses) are net of (losses) gains on hedge contracts.
Interest and dividend income and gains (losses) on securities held in our Insurance business are recorded in
non-interest
revenue, insurance revenue, in our Consolidated Statement of Income. These include:
 
Interest and dividend income of $109 million and $217 million for the three months and six months ended April 30, 2023
,
respectively ($95 million and $190 
million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2022, respectively). Interest income is calculated using the effective interest method;
 
Gains (losses) from securities designated as FVTPL of $49 million and $609 million for the three months and six months ended April 30, 2023, respectively ($(1,111) million and $(1,354)
million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2022, respectively); and
 
Realized gains from FVOCI securities were $1 million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023, respectively ($nil million for the three and six months ended April 30, 2022, respectively).
 
 
62
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Note 3: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Purchased Loans
Purchased loans are initially measured at fair value and identified as either purchased performing loans (those that continued to make timely principal and interest payments), or purchased credit impaired loans (those for which the timely collection of interest and principal is no longer reasonably assured). These loans are subsequently measured at amortized cost.
Purchased Performing Loans
For loans with fixed terms, the fair value mark is amortized into interest income over the expected life of the loan using the effective interest method. For loans with revolving terms, the fair value mark is amortized into net interest income on a straight-line basis over the contractual term of the loans. As loans are repaid, the remaining unamortized fair value mark related to those loans is recorded in interest income in the period the loan is repaid. All purchased performing loans were initially recorded in Stage 1 for purposes of determining expected credit losses.
On February 1, 2023, we recognized purchased performing loans with a fair value of $76,068 million. Fair value reflects estimates of expected future credit losses at the acquisition date of $1,047 million as well as interest rate premiums or discounts relative to prevailing market rates. Gross contractual receivables amounted to $78,931 million. As at April 30, 2023, purchased performing loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet totalled $70,530 million, including a remaining fair value mark of $(2,679) million.
Purchased Credit Impaired (PCI) Loans
Subsequent to the acquisition date, we will regularly
re-evaluate
what we expect to collect on the purchased credit impaired loans. Increases in expected cash flows will result in a recovery of the provision for credit losses and either a reduction in any previously recorded allowance for credit losses or, if no allowance exists, an increase in the current carrying value of the purchased loans. Decreases in expected cash flows will result in a charge to the provision for credit losses and an increase to the allowance for credit losses. We will record interest income using the effective interest method over the effective life of the loan. PCI loans are presented within Stage 3.
On February 1, 2023, we recognized purchased credit impaired loans with a total fair value of $415 million, including a fair value mark of
 
$(168)
million.
The following table provides further details of the acquired Bank of the West PCI loans
:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
  
 
Total
 
Unpaid principal balance (1)
  
 
491
 
Fair value adjustment
  
 
(152
Carrying value
  
 
339
 
Stage 3 allowance
  
 
2
 
Carrying value net of related allowance
  
 
341
 
 
 (1)
Excludes loans that were fully written off prior to acquisition date.
Commitments and Letters of Credit Acquired
As part of our acquisition of Bank of the West, we recorded a liability related to unfunded commitments and letters of credit. The total fair value mark associated with unfunded commitments and letters of credit is amortized into net interest income on a straight-line basis over the contractual term of the acquired commitments. All purchased commitments and letters of credit are included in Stage 1 for purposes of determining expected credit losses. ECL is recorded on these commitments in normal course.
On February 1, 2023 we recorded a fair value mark on unfunded commitments and letters of credit o
f $
(37)
 m
illion in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As at April 30, 2023, the remaining fair value mark of these commitments wa
s $
(35)
 m
illion.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
63

Credit Risk Exposure
The following table sets out our credit risk exposure for all loans carried at amortized cost, FVOCI or FVTPL as at April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022. Stage 1 represents those performing loans carried with up to a 12 month expected credit loss, Stage 2 represents those performing loans carried with a lifetime expected credit loss, and Stage 3 represents those loans with a lifetime expected credit loss that are credit impaired.
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
Stage 1
 
  
Stage 2
 
  
Stage 3 
(1)
 
  
Total
 
  
Stage 1
 
  
Stage 2
 
  
Stage 3
 
  
Total
 
Loans: Residential mortgages
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Exceptionally low
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
     7        -        -        7  
Very low
  
 
79,701
 
  
 
222
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
79,923
 
     94,743        81        -        94,824  
Low
  
 
48,725
 
  
 
11,196
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
59,921
 
     31,617        3,134        -        34,751  
Medium
  
 
7,423
 
  
 
3,184
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10,607
 
     13,474        3,871        -        17,345  
High
  
 
374
 
  
 
1,691
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2,065
 
     138        341        -        479  
Not rated (2)
  
 
13,735
 
  
 
99
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
13,834
 
     1,126        53        -        1,179  
Impaired
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
382
 
  
 
382
 
     -        -        295        295  
Gross residential mortgages
  
 
149,959
 
  
 
16,392
 
  
 
382
 
  
 
166,733
 
     141,105        7,480        295        148,880  
Allowance for credit losses
  
 
77
 
  
 
130
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
210
 
     59        66        10        135  
Carrying amount
  
 
149,882
 
  
 
16,262
 
  
 
379
 
  
 
166,523
 
     141,046        7,414        285        148,745  
Loans: Consumer instalment and other personal
                                                                       
Exceptionally low
  
 
1,497
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,502
 
     1,792        35        -        1,827  
Very low
  
 
38,728
 
  
 
32
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
38,760
 
     33,554        83        -        33,637  
Low
  
 
21,666
 
  
 
997
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
22,663
 
     24,369        1,307        -        25,676  
Medium
  
 
7,930
 
  
 
5,926
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
13,856
 
     13,536        4,633        -        18,169  
High
  
 
945
 
  
 
1,820
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2,765
 
     873        1,525        -        2,398  
Not rated (2)
  
 
24,155
 
  
 
208
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
24,363
 
     4,052        32        -        4,084  
Impaired
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
448
 
  
 
448
 
     -        -        312        312  
Gross consumer instalment and other personal
  
 
94,921
 
  
 
8,988
 
  
 
448
 
  
 
104,357
 
     78,176        7,615        312        86,103  
Allowance for credit losses
  
 
241
 
  
 
344
 
  
 
130
 
  
 
715
 
     101        288        102        491  
Carrying amount
  
 
94,680
 
  
 
8,644
 
  
 
318
 
  
 
103,642
 
     78,075        7,327        210        85,612  
Loans: Credit cards
(3)
                                                                       
Exceptionally low
  
 
1,575
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,575
 
     2,920        -        -        2,920  
Very low
  
 
1,750
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,750
 
     442        1        -        443  
Low
  
 
1,646
 
  
 
36
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,682
 
     1,569        51        -        1,620  
Medium
  
 
3,367
 
  
 
827
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
4,194
 
     2,918        792        -        3,710  
High
  
 
453
 
  
 
668
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,121
 
     316        563        -        879  
Not rated (2)
  
 
696
 
  
 
45
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
741
 
     90        1        -        91  
Impaired
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     -        -        -        -  
Gross credit cards
  
 
9,487
 
  
 
1,576
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
11,063
 
     8,255        1,408        -        9,663  
Allowance for credit losses
  
 
104
 
  
 
229
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
333
 
     69        207        -        276  
Carrying amount
  
 
9,383
 
  
 
1,347
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10,730
 
     8,186        1,201        -        9,387  
Loans: Business and government
(4)
                                                                       
Acceptable
                                                                       
Investment grade
  
 
201,963
 
  
 
4,468
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
206,431
 
     187,245        6,765        -        194,010  
Sub-investment
grade
  
 
123,973
 
  
 
25,675
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
149,648
 
     98,451        22,390        -        120,841  
Watchlist
  
 
1,129
 
  
 
7,527
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
8,656
 
     -        6,310        -        6,310  
Impaired
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,828
 
  
 
1,828
 
     -        -        1,384        1,384  
Gross business and government
  
 
327,065
 
  
 
37,670
 
  
 
1,828
 
  
 
366,563
 
     285,696        35,465        1,384        322,545  
Allowance for credit losses
  
 
943
 
  
 
750
 
  
 
399
 
  
 
2,092
 
     608        675        432        1,715  
Carrying amount
  
 
326,122
 
  
 
36,920
 
  
 
1,429
 
  
 
364,471
 
     285,088        34,790        952        320,830  
Gross total loans and acceptances
  
 
581,432
 
  
 
64,626
 
  
 
2,658
 
  
 
648,716
 
     513,232        51,968        1,991        567,191  
Net total loans and acceptances
  
 
580,067
 
  
 
63,173
 
  
 
2,126
 
  
 
645,366
 
     512,395        50,732        1,447        564,574  
Commitments and financial guarantee contracts
                                                                       
Acceptable
                                                                       
Investment grade
  
 
190,969
 
  
 
2,337
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
193,306
 
     182,153        5,134        -        187,287  
Sub-investment
grade
  
 
51,436
 
  
 
13,405
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
64,841
 
     45,920        14,047        -        59,967  
Watchlist
  
 
244
 
  
 
2,698
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2,942
 
     2        2,176        -        2,178  
Impaired
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
344
 
  
 
344
 
     -        -        292        292  
Gross commitments and financial guarantee contracts
  
 
242,649
 
  
 
18,440
 
  
 
344
 
  
 
261,433
 
     228,075        21,357        292        249,724  
Allowance for credit losses
  
 
287
 
  
 
185
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
483
 
     194        174        13        381  
Carrying amount (5)(6)
  
 
242,362
 
  
 
18,255
 
  
 
333
 
  
 
260,950
 
     227,881        21,183        279        249,343  
 (1)
Includes
Bank of
the
W
est
PCI loans. As at April 30, 2023, PCI loan balances were $33 million in residential mortgages, $58 million in consumer instalment and other personal loans and $248 million in business and government loans.
 (2)
Includes purchased portfolios and certain cases where an internal risk rating is not assigned. Alternative credit risk assessments, rating methodologies, policies and tools are used to manage credit risk for these portfolios.
 (3)
Credit card loans are immediately written off when principal or interest payments are 180 days past due, and as a result are not reported as impaired in Stage 3.
 (4)
Includes customers’ liability under acceptances.
 (5)
Represents the total contractual amounts of undrawn credit facilities and other
off-balance
sheet exposures, excluding personal lines of credit and credit cards that are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.
 (6)
Certain commercial borrower commitments are conditional and may include recourse to counterparties.
 
6
4
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheet is maintained at a level we consider adequate to absorb credit-related losses on
our loans and other credit instruments. The allowance for credit losses amounted to $3,833 million at April 30, 2023 ($2,998 million as at October 31, 2022) of which $3,350 million ($2,617 million as at October 31, 2022) was recorded in loans and $483 million ($381 million as at October 31, 2022) was recorded in other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Significant changes in gross balances, including originations, maturities and repayments in the normal course of operations, impact the allowance for credit losses. In addition, the purchased performing loans we acquired in the Bank of the West acquisition are subject to ECL on acquisition date, consistent with the process followed for originated loans. An initial provision for credit losses of $705 million was recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
The following tables show the continuity in the loss allowance by product type for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2022. Transfers represent the amount of ECL that moved between stages during the period, for example, moving from a
12-month
(Stage 1) to lifetime (Stage 2) ECL measurement basis. Net remeasurements represent the ECL impact due to transfers between stages, as well as changes in economic forecasts and credit quality. Model changes include new calculation models or methodologies.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
65

(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
For the three months ended
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
  
  
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3 
(1)
 
 
Total
 
 
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3
 
 
Total
 
Loans: Residential mortgages
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
50
 
  
 
96
 
  
 
13
 
  
 
159
 
     49       40       17       106
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
15
 
  
 
(15
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     9       (9     -       -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(2
)
  
 
5
 
  
 
(3
)
  
 
-
 
     (1     3       (2     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(4
)
  
 
5
 
  
 
-
 
     -       (2     2       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(25
)
  
 
4
 
  
 
(2
)
  
 
(23
)
     (27     6       1       (20
)
Loan originations
  
 
6
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6
 
     10       -       -       10
 
Loan purchases
  
 
31
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
31
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(2
)
     (2     (2     -       (4
)
Model changes
  
 
5
 
  
 
46
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
51
 
     -       -       -       -
 
Total Provision for Credit Losses (PCL) (2)
  
 
28
 
  
 
35
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
63
 
     (11     (4     1       (14
)
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(2
)
  
 
(2
)
     -       -       (3     (3
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
2
 
     -       -       2       2
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
(1
)
  
 
2
 
  
 
(5
)
  
 
(4
)
     (1     -       (1     (2
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
77
 
  
 
133
 
  
 
8
 
  
 
218
 
     37       36       16       89
 
Loans: Consumer instalment and other personal
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
111
 
  
 
316
 
  
 
112
 
  
 
539
 
     131       324       91       546
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
67
 
  
 
(64
)
  
 
(3
)
  
 
-
 
     71       (68     (3     -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(14
)
  
 
25
 
  
 
(11
)
  
 
-
 
     (13     20       (7     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(12
)
  
 
(22
)
  
 
34
 
  
 
-
 
     (1     (20     21       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(69
)
  
 
125
 
  
 
73
 
  
 
129
 
     (85     60       15       (10
)
Loan originations
  
 
15
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
16
 
     20       -       -       20
 
Loan purchases
  
 
179
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
179
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(10
)
  
 
(7
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(17
)
     (6     (10     -       (16
)
Model changes
  
 
(10
)
  
 
(11
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(21
)
     (11     (1     -       (12
)
Total PCL (2)
  
 
146
 
  
 
47
 
  
 
93
 
  
 
286
 
     (25     (19     26       (18
)
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(82
)
  
 
(82
)
     -       -       (42     (42
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14
 
  
 
14
 
     -       -       21       21
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(7
)
  
 
(6
)
     -       1       (4     (3
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
257
 
  
 
364
 
  
 
130
 
  
 
751
 
     106       306       92       504
 
Loans: Credit cards
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
126
 
  
 
269
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
395
 
     113       206       -       319
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
45
 
  
 
(45
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     34       (34     -       -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(11
)
  
 
11
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     (7     7       -       -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(40
)
  
 
41
 
  
 
-
 
     (1     (27     28       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(47
)
  
 
80
 
  
 
47
 
  
 
80
 
     (50     55       14       19
 
Loan originations
  
 
21
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
21
 
     12       -       -       12
 
Loan purchases
  
 
25
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
25
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(2
)
  
 
(6
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(8
)
     (1     (5     -       (6
)
Model changes
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     -       -       -       -
 
Total PCL (2)
  
 
30
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
88
 
  
 
118
 
     (13     (4     42       25
 
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(104
)
  
 
(104
)
     -       -       (57     (57
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
23
 
  
 
23
 
     -       -       20       20
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(7
)
  
 
(6
)
     (2     1       (5     (6
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
156
 
  
 
270
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
426
 
     98       203       -       301
 
Loans: Business and government
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
751
 
  
 
771
 
  
 
413
 
  
 
1,935
 
     700       735       386       1,821
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
51
 
  
 
(48
)
  
 
(3
)
  
 
-
 
     74       (72     (2     -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(42
)
  
 
44
 
  
 
(2
)
  
 
-
 
     (40     45       (5     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(16
)
  
 
(21
)
  
 
37
 
  
 
-
 
     -       (24     24       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(78
)
  
 
149
 
  
 
30
 
  
 
101
 
     (176     84       34       (58
)
Loan originations
  
 
60
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
63
 
     174       -       -       174
 
Loan purchases
  
 
470
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
470
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(37
)
  
 
(42
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(79
)
     (32     (32     -       (64
)
Model changes
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
     -       -       -       -
 
Total PCL (2)
  
 
408
 
  
 
84
 
  
 
62
 
  
 
554
 
     -       1       51       52
 
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(67
)
  
 
(67
)
     -       -       (29     (29
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14
 
  
 
14
 
     -       -       11       11
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
3
 
  
 
16
 
  
 
(17
)
  
 
2
 
     36       16       (7     45
 
Balance as at end of period
  
 
1,162
 
  
 
871
 
  
 
405
 
  
 
2,438
 
     736       752       412       1,900
 
Total as at end of period
  
 
1,652
 
  
 
1,638
 
  
 
543
 
  
 
3,833
 
     977       1,297       520       2,794
 
Comprised of: Loans
  
 
1,365
 
  
 
1,453
 
  
 
532
 
  
 
3,350
 
     765       1,130       508       2,403
 
Other credit instruments (4)
  
 
287
 
  
 
185
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
483
 
     212       167       12       391
 
 
 (1)
Includes changes in the allowance for PCI loans of $(2) million for the three months ended April 30, 2023. The total amount of expected credit losses at initial recognition on PCI loans was $79 million.
 (2)
Excludes PCL on other assets of $2 million for the three months ended April 30, 2023 ($5 million for the three months ended April 30, 2022).
 (3)
Generally, we continue to seek recovery on amounts that were written off during the year, unless the loan is sold, we no longer have the right to collect or we have exhausted all reasonable efforts to collect.
 (4)
Other credit instruments, including
off-balance
sheet items, are recorded in other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
 
66
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
For the six months ended
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
  
  
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3 
(1)
 
 
Total
 
 
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3
 
 
Total
 
Loans: Residential mortgages
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
59
 
  
 
67
 
  
 
16
 
  
 
142
 
     46       40       19       105
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
39
 
  
 
(39
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     20       (19     (1     -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(11
)
  
 
15
 
  
 
(4
)
  
 
-
 
     (2     6       (4     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(6
)
  
 
7
 
  
 
-
 
     -       (4     4       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(32
)
  
 
34
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
     (38     16       4       (18
)
Loan originations
  
 
13
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
13
 
     15       -       -       15
 
Loan purchases
  
 
31
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
31
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(2
)
  
 
(2
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(4
)
     (3     (4     -       (7
)
Model changes
  
 
(19
)
  
 
63
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
44
 
     -       -       -       -
 
Total Provision for Credit Losses (PCL) (2)
  
 
18
 
  
 
65
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
86
 
     (8     (5     3       (10
)
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(5
)
  
 
(5
)
     -       -       (4     (4
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
3
 
     -       -       3       3
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(9
)
  
 
(8
)
     (1     1       (5     (5
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
77
 
  
 
133
 
  
 
8
 
  
 
218
 
     37       36       16       89
 
Loans: Consumer instalment and other personal
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
111
 
  
 
304
 
  
 
102
 
  
 
517
 
     128       357       91       576
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
127
 
  
 
(122
)
  
 
(5
)
  
 
-
 
     129       (124     (5     -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(25
)
  
 
45
 
  
 
(20
)
  
 
-
 
     (22     35       (13     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(13
)
  
 
(44
)
  
 
57
 
  
 
-
 
     (2     (43     45       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(109
)
  
 
202
 
  
 
123
 
  
 
216
 
     (140     100       33       (7
)
Loan originations
  
 
27
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
28
 
     36       -       -       36
 
Loan purchases
  
 
179
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
179
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(13
)
  
 
(14
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(27
)
     (12     (21     -       (33
)
Model changes
  
 
(26
)
  
 
(8
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(34
)
     (11     (1     -       (12
)
Total PCL (2)
  
 
147
 
  
 
60
 
  
 
155
 
  
 
362
 
     (22     (54     60       (16
)
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(144
)
  
 
(144
)
     -       -       (92     (92
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
29
 
  
 
29
 
     -       -       39       39
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(12
)
  
 
(13
)
     -       3       (6     (3
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
257
 
  
 
364
 
  
 
130
 
  
 
751
 
     106       306       92       504
 
Loans: Credit cards
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
115
 
  
 
250
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
365
 
     114       245       -       359
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
85
 
  
 
(85
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     85       (85     -       -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(20
)
  
 
20
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     (17     17       -       -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(2
)
  
 
(73
)
  
 
75
 
  
 
-
 
     (1     (56     57       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(83
)
  
 
170
 
  
 
81
 
  
 
168
 
     (107     100       26       19
 
Loan originations
  
 
39
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
39
 
     25       -       -       25
 
Loan purchases
  
 
25
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
25
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(3
)
  
 
(11
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(14
)
     (3     (11     -       (14
)
Model changes
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
     2       (8     -       (6
)
Total PCL (2)
  
 
41
 
  
 
21
 
  
 
156
 
  
 
218
 
     (16     (43     83       24
 
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(184
)
  
 
(184
)
     -       -       (114     (114
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
42
 
  
 
42
 
     -       -       40       40
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(14
)
  
 
(15
)
  
  -       1       (9     (8
)
Balance as at end of period
  
 
156
 
  
 
270
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
426
 
     98       203       -       301
 
Loans: Business and government
                                                                  
 
Balance as at beginning of period
  
 
746
 
  
 
789
 
  
 
439
 
  
 
1,974
 
     662       855       401       1,918
 
Transfer to Stage 1
  
 
138
 
  
 
(134
)
  
 
(4
)
  
 
-
 
     167       (137     (30     -
 
Transfer to Stage 2
  
 
(72
)
  
 
119
 
  
 
(47
)
  
 
-
 
     (56     102       (46     -
 
Transfer to Stage 3
  
 
(17
)
  
 
(51
)
  
 
68
 
  
 
-
 
     -       (32     32       -
 
Net remeasurement of loss allowance
  
 
(192
)
  
 
213
 
  
 
108
 
  
 
129
 
     (305     30       104       (171
)
Loan originations
  
 
141
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
144
 
     292       -       -       292
 
Loan purchases
  
 
470
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
470
 
    -       -       -       -
 
Derecognitions and maturities
  
 
(78
)
  
 
(93
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(171
)
     (73     (91     -       (164
)
Model changes
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
     1       (6     -       (5
)
Total PCL (2)
  
 
390
 
  
 
56
 
  
 
125
 
  
 
571
 
     26       (134     60       (48
)
Write-offs (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(143
)
  
 
(143
)
     -       -       (56     (56
)
Recoveries of previous write-offs
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
25
 
  
 
25
 
     -       -       18       18
 
Foreign exchange and other
  
 
26
 
  
 
26
 
  
 
(41
)
  
 
11
 
     48       31       (11     68
 
Balance as at end of period
  
 
1,162
 
  
 
871
 
  
 
405
 
  
 
2,438
 
     736       752       412       1,900
 
Total as at end of period
  
 
1,652
 
  
 
1,638
 
  
 
543
 
  
 
3,833
 
     977       1,297       520       2,794
 
Comprised of: Loans
  
 
1,365
 
  
 
1,453
 
  
 
532
 
  
 
3,350
 
     765       1,130       508       2,403
 
Other credit instruments (4)
  
 
287
 
  
 
185
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
483
 
     212       167       12       391
 
 
 (1)
Includes changes in the allowance for PCI loans of $(2) million for the six months ended April 30, 2023. The total amount of expected credit losses at initial recognition on PCI loans was $79 million.
 (2)
Excludes PCL on other assets of $3 million for the six months ended April 30, 2023 ($1 million for the six months ended April 30, 2022).
 (3)
Generally, we continue to seek recovery on amounts that were written off during the year, unless the loan is sold, we no longer have the right to collect or we have exhausted all reasonable efforts to collect.
 (4)
Other credit instruments, including
off-balance
sheet items, are recorded in other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
67

Loans and allowance for credit losses by geographic region as at April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022 are as follows:

 
(Canadian $ in millions)
 
April 30, 2023
 
 
October 31, 2022
 
  
 
Gross
amount
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on impaired loans 
(2)
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on performing loans 
(3)
 
 
Net
amount
 
 
Gross
amount
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on impaired loans (2)
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on performing loans (3)
 
 
Net
amount
 
By geographic region (1):
                                                               
Canada
 
 
351,219
 
 
 
394
 
 
 
1,167
 
 
 
349,658
 
    342,430       363       1,102       340,965  
United States
 
 
275,308
 
 
 
133
 
 
 
1,628
 
 
 
273,547
 
    200,439       176       959       199,304  
Other countries
 
 
11,598
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
23
 
 
 
11,570
 
    11,087       5       12       11,070  
Total
 
 
638,125
 
 
 
532
 
 
 
2,818
 
 
 
634,775
 
    553,956       544       2,073       551,339  
 
 (1)
Geographic region is based upon the country of ultimate risk.
 (2)
Excludes allowance for credit losses on impaired loans of $
11
 million for other credit instruments, which is included in other liabilities ($
13
 million as at October 31, 2022).
 (3)
Excludes allowance for credit losses on performing loans of $
472
 million for other credit instruments, which is included in other liabilities ($
368
 million as at October 31, 2022).
Impaired (Stage 3) loans, including the related allowances, as at April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022 are as follows:

 
(Canadian $ in millions)
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
April 30, 2023
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
October 31, 2022
 
  
 
Gross impaired
amount
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on impaired loans 
(3)
 
 
Net impaired
amount
 
 
Gross impaired
amount
 
 
Allowance for credit losses
on impaired loans (3)
 
 
Net impaired
amount
 
Residential mortgages
 
 
382
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
379
 
    295       10       285  
Consumer instalment and other personal
 
 
448
 
 
 
130
 
 
 
318
 
    312       102       210  
Business and government (1)
 
 
1,828
 
 
 
399
 
 
 
1,429
 
    1,384       432       952  
Total
 
 
2,658
 
 
 
532
 
 
 
2,126
 
    1,991       544       1,447  
By geographic region (2):
                                               
Canada
 
 
1,233
 
 
 
394
 
 
 
839
 
    1,158       363       795  
United States
 
 
1,412
 
 
 
133
 
 
 
1,279
 
    820       176       644  
Other countries
 
 
13
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
8
 
    13       5       8  
Total
 
 
2,658
 
 
 
532
 
 
 
2,126
 
    1,991       544       1,447  

 (1)
Includes customers’ liability under acceptances.
 (2)
Geographic region is based upon the country of ultimate risk.
 (3)
Excludes allowance for credit losses on impaired loans of $
11
 million for other credit instruments, which is included in other liabilities ($
13
 million as at October 31, 2022).
Loans Past Due Not Impaired
Loans that are past due but not classified as impaired are loans where our customers have failed to make payments when contractually due but for which we expect the full amount of principal and interest payments to be collected, or loans which are held at fair value. The following table presents loans that are past due but not classified as impaired as at April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022. Loans less than 30 days past due are excluded as they are not generally representative of the borrower’s ability to meet their payment obligations.
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
  
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
30 to 89 days
 
  
90 days or more
 
  
Total
 
  
30 to 89 days
 
  
90 days or more
 
  
Total
 
Residential mortgages
  
 
484
 
  
 
12
 
  
 
496
 
     411        19        430  
Credit card, consumer instalment and other personal
  
 
555
 
  
 
106
 
  
 
661
 
     392        84        476  
Business and government
  
 
291
 
  
 
33
 
  
 
324
 
     198        38        236  
Total
  
 
1,330
 
  
 
151
 
  
 
1,481
 
     1,001        141        1,142  
  Fully secured loans with amounts between 90 and 180 days past due that we have not classified as impaired totalled $13 million and $43 million as at April 30, 2023 and October 31, 2022, respectively.
ECL Sensitivity and Key Economic Variables
The expected credit loss model requires the recognition of credit losses generally based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans and the recognition of lifetime losses on performing loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination.
The allowance for performing loans is sensitive to changes in both economic forecasts and the probability-weight assigned to each forecast scenario. Many of the factors have a high degree of interdependency, although there is no single factor to which loan impairment allowances as a whole are sensitive.
The benign scenario as at April 30, 2023 involves a materially stronger economic environment than the base case forecast, with a considerably lower unemployment rate.
As at April 30, 2023, our base case scenario depicts a mild economic downturn in near-term largely in response to higher interest rates, and a moderate economic recovery over the medium-term projection period as inflation is expected to ease and lead to lower interest rates. Our base case economic forecast as at October 31, 2022, depicted a stronger economic forecast in the near-term projection period and a weaker economic forecast over the long-term projection period.
If we assumed a 100% base case economic forecast and included the impact of loan migration by restaging, with other assumptions held constant, including the application of experienced credit judgment, the allowance on performing loans would be approximately $2,475 million as at April 30, 2023 ($1,900 million as at October 31, 2022), compared to the reported allowance for performing loans of $3,290 million ($2,441 million as at October 31, 2022).
 
6
8
 BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

As at April 30, 2023, our adverse economic scenario depicts a sizeable contraction in the Canadian and U.S. economy in the near-term. The adverse case as at October 31, 2022 depicted a somewhat less severe, albeit still negative, economic environment in Canada and the U.S. If we assumed a 100% adverse economic forecast and included the impact of loan migration by restaging, with other assumptions held constant, including the application of experienced credit judgment, the allowance on performing loans would be approximately $5,100 million as at April 30, 2023 ($3,250 million as at October 31, 2022), compared to the reported allowance for performing loans of $3,290 million ($2,441 million as at October 31, 2022).
Actual results in a recession will differ as our portfolio will change through time due to migration, growth, risk mitigation actions and other factors. In addition, our allowance will reflect the three economic scenarios used in assessing the allowance, with weightings attached to adverse and benign scenarios often unequally weighted and the weightings will change through time.
The following table shows the key economic variables used to estimate the allowance on performing loans forecast over the next 12 months or lifetime measurement period. While the values disclosed below are national variables, we use regional variables in the underlying models and consider factors impacting particular industries where appropriate.
 
  
 
As at April 30, 2023
 
 
 
 
As at October 31, 2022
 
All figures are average annual values
 
Benign scenario
 
  
Base scenario
 
  
Adverse scenario
 
 
 
 
Benign scenario
 
 
Base scenario
 
 
Adverse scenario
 
    
First 12
Months
    
Remaining
horizon 
(1)
    
First 12
Months
    
Remaining
horizon 
(1)
    
First 12
Months
    
Remaining
horizon 
(1)
        First 12
Months
    Remaining
horizon (1)
    First 12
Months
    Remaining
horizon (1)
    First 12
Months
    Remaining
horizon (1)
 
Real GDP growth rates (2)
                                                                                                        
Canada
 
 
3.1
  
 
2.5
  
 
0.3
  
 
1.8
  
 
(3.9)
  
 
1.2
        3.7     2.2     1.5     1.1     (2.3)     0.4
United States
 
 
3.1
  
 
2.5
  
 
0.4
  
 
2.0
  
 
(3.3)
  
 
1.4
        2.4     2.1     0.2     1.3     (3.3)     0.6
Corporate BBB
10-year
spread
                                                                                                        
Canada
 
 
1.8
  
 
1.8
  
 
2.3
  
 
2.0
  
 
4.2
  
 
3.5
        1.9     1.9     2.4     2.2     3.7     3.9
United States
 
 
1.9
  
 
1.9
  
 
2.3
  
 
2.2
  
 
4.6
  
 
3.4
        1.8     1.9     2.2     2.2     4.2     3.9
Unemployment rates
                                                                                                        
Canada
 
 
4.1
  
 
3.6
  
 
5.6
  
 
5.3
  
 
8.7
  
 
9.5
        4.3     3.6     5.9     6.5     8.0     9.9
United States
 
 
3.0
  
 
2.5
  
 
4.5
  
 
4.4
  
 
7.4
  
 
8.2
        3.2     2.6     4.2     4.8     6.5     8.4
Housing Price Index (2)
                                                                                                        
Canada (3)
 
 
(5.9)
  
 
6.7
  
 
(10.2)
  
 
4.3
  
 
(25.9)
  
 
(5.0)
        (6.7)     2.1     (10.0)     (1.0)     (13.6)     (8.0)
United States (4)
 
 
(6.6)
  
 
2.8
  
 
(9.8)
  
 
1.4
  
 
(20.5)
  
 
(4.3)
        1.6     (0.7)     (0.9)     (2.6)     (7.5)     (8.4)
 
 (1)
The remaining forecast period is two years.
 (2)
Real gross domestic product and housing price index are averages of quarterly year-over-year growth rates.
 (3)
In Canada, we use the HPI Benchmark Composite.
 (4)
In the United States, we use the National Case-Shiller House Price Index.
The ECL approach requires the recognition of credit losses generally based on 12 months of expected losses for performing loans (Stage 1) and the recognition of lifetime expected losses for performing loans that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since origination (Stage 2). Under our current probability-weighted scenarios, if all our performing loans were in Stage 1, our models would generate an allowance for performing loans of approximately $2,650 million ($1,850 million as at October 31, 2022), compared to the reported allowance for performing loans of $3,290 million ($2,441 million as at October 31, 2022).
 
 
Note 4: Deposits
 
 
  
Payable on demand
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
Interest bearing
 
  
Non-interest

bearing
 
  
Payable
after notice
 
  
Payable on
a fixed date 
(2)(3)
 
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
Deposits by:
                                                     
Banks (1)
  
 
4,679
 
  
 
1,705
 
  
 
1,710
 
  
 
24,696
 
  
 
32,790
 
     30,901  
Business and government
  
 
52,614
 
  
 
66,851
 
  
 
156,344
 
  
 
266,124
 
  
 
541,933
 
     495,831  
Individuals
  
 
14,832
 
  
 
42,276
 
  
 
132,352
 
  
 
111,260
 
  
 
300,720
 
     242,746  
Total (4)
  
 
72,125
 
  
 
110,832
 
  
 
290,406
 
  
 
402,080
 
  
 
875,443
 
     769,478  
Booked in:
                                                     
Canada
  
 
48,557
 
  
 
72,516
 
  
 
124,453
 
  
 
287,000
 
  
 
532,526
 
     515,290  
United States
  
 
23,384
 
  
 
38,229
 
  
 
163,610
 
  
 
73,597
 
  
 
298,820
 
     217,720  
Other countries
  
 
184
 
  
 
87
 
  
 
2,343
 
  
 
41,483
 
  
 
44,097
 
     36,468  
Total
  
 
72,125
 
  
 
110,832
 
  
 
290,406
 
  
 
402,080
 
  
 
875,443
 
     769,478  
 
 (1)
Includes regulated and central banks.
 (2)
Includes $58,557 million of senior unsecured debt as at April 30, 2023 subject to the Bank Recapitalization
(Bail-In)
regime ($51,746 million as at October 31, 2022). The
Bail-In
regime provides certain statutory powers to the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, including the ability to convert specified eligible shares and liabilities into common shares if the bank becomes
non-viable.
 (3)
Deposits totalling $29,326 million as at April 30, 2023 ($29,966 million as at October 31, 2022) can be early redeemed, either fully or partially, by customers without penalty. These are classified as payable on a fixed date, based on their remaining contractual maturities.
 (4)
Includes $471,848 million of deposits denominated in U.S. dollars as at April 30, 2023 ($384,080 million as at October 31, 2022), and $56,833 million of deposits denominated in other foreign currencies ($46,830 million as at October 31, 2022).
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
6
9

The following table presents deposits payable on a fixed date and greater than one hundred thousand dollars:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
Canada
    
      United States
    
                      Other
    
    Total
 
As at April 30, 2023
  
 
249,483
 
  
 
66,242
 
  
 
41,494
 
  
 
357,219
 
As at October 31, 2022
     230,475        50,542        34,241        315,258  
The following table presents the maturity schedule for deposits payable on a fixed date greater than one hundred thousand dollars, which are booked in Canada:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
Less than 3 months
    
3 to 6 months
    
6 to 12 months
    
Over 12 months
    
    Total
 
As at April 30, 2023
  
 
54,898
 
  
 
31,884
 
  
 
53,287
 
  
 
109,414
 
  
 
249,483
 
As at October 31, 2022
     46,792        28,826        55,288        99,569        230,475  
 
 
Note 5: Equity
Preferred and Common Shares Outstanding and Other Equity Instruments
(1)
 
(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
 
April 30, 2023
 
 
October 31, 2022
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
Number
of shares
 
 
Amount
 
 
Dividends declared
per share 
(6)
 
 
Number
of shares
 
 
Amount
 
 
Dividends declared
per share (6)
 
 
Convertible into
 
 
  
 
Preferred Shares - Classified as Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class B – Series 27
 
 
20,000,000
 
 
 
500
 
 
 
0.48
 
    20,000,000       500       0.96       Class B - Series 28       (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 29
 
 
16,000,000
 
 
 
400
 
 
 
0.45
 
    16,000,000       400       0.91       Class B - Series 30       (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 31
 
 
12,000,000
 
 
 
300
 
 
 
0.48
 
    12,000,000       300       0.96       Class B - Series 32       (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 33
 
 
8,000,000
 
 
 
200
 
 
 
0.38
 
    8,000,000       200       0.76       Class B - Series 34       (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 44
 
 
16,000,000
 
 
 
400
 
 
 
0.61
 
    16,000,000       400       1.21       Class B - Series 45       (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 46
 
 
14,000,000
 
 
 
350
 
 
 
0.64
 
    14,000,000       350       1.28      
Class B - Series 47
      (2)(3)  
Class B – Series 50
 
 
500,000
 
 
 
500
 
 
 
36.87
 
    500,000       500       24.64       -       (3)  
Class B – Series 52 (1
2
)
 
 
650,000
 
 
 
650
 
 
 
22.23
 
    -       -       -       -       (3)  
Preferred Shares - Classified as Equity
         
 
3,300
 
                    2,650                          
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
Recourse to
 
 
  
 
Other Equity Instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.800% Additional Tier 1 Capital Notes (AT1 Notes)
         
 
658
 
                    658               -       (3)(5)  
4.300% Limited Recourse Capital Notes, Series 1
(Series 1 LRCNs)
         
 
1,250
 
                    1,250               Preferred Shares Series 48  
 
    (3)(4)(5)  
5.625% Limited Recourse Capital Notes, Series 2
(Series 2 LRCNs)
         
 
750
 
                    750               Preferred Shares Series 49  
 
    (3)(4)(5)  
7.325% Limited Recourse Capital Notes, Series 3
(Series 3 LRCNs)
         
 
1,000
 
                    1,000               Preferred Shares Series 51  
 
    (3)(4)(5)  
Other Equity Instruments
         
 
3,658
 
                    3,658                          
Preferred Shares and Other Equity Instruments
         
 
6,958
 
                    6,308                          
Common Shares 
(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)
 
 
713,025,530
 
 
 
22,062
 
 
 
2.86
 
    677,106,878       17,744       5.44                  
 
 (1)
For additional information refer to Notes 16 and 20 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022.
 (2)
If converted, the holders have the option to convert back to the original preferred shares on subsequent redemption dates, subject to certain conditions.
 (3)
The instruments issued include a
non-viability
contingent capital (NVCC) provision, which is necessary for the preferred shares, AT1 Notes and by virtue of the recourse to the Preferred Shares Series 48, Preferred Shares Series 49 and Preferred Shares Series 51 (collectively, the LRCN Preferred Shares) for Series 1, Series 2 and Series 3 LRCNs (collectively, the LRCNs), respectively, to qualify as regulatory capital under Basel III, (see (4) below). As such, they are convertible into a variable number of our common shares if OSFI announces that the bank is, or is about to become,
non-viable
or if a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that the bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection, or equivalent support, to avoid
non-viability.
In such an event, each preferred share, including the LRCN Preferred Shares and AT1 Notes, is convertible into common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula and a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a floor price of $5.00 and (ii) the current market price of our common shares based on the volume weighted average trading price of our common shares on the TSX. The number of common shares issued is determined by dividing the value of the preferred share or other equity instrument, including declared and unpaid dividends, by the conversion price and then applying the multiplier.
 (4)
Non-deferrable interest is payable semi-annually on the LRCNs at the bank’s discretion. Non-payment of interest will result in a recourse event, with the noteholders’ sole remedy being the holders’ proportionate share of trust assets comprised of the LRCN Preferred Shares, each series of which is issued concurrently with the corresponding LRCNs and are eliminated on consolidation. In such an event, the delivery of the trust assets will represent the full and complete extinguishment of our obligations under the LRCNs. In circumstances where the LRCN Preferred Shares are converted into common shares of the bank under the NVCC provision, the LRCNs would be redeemed and the noteholders’ sole remedy would be their proportionate share of trust assets, then comprised of common shares of the bank received by the trust on conversion.
 (5)
The rates represent the annual interest rate percentage applicable to the notes issued as at the reporting date.
 (6)
Represents year-to-date dividends declared per share as at reporting date.
Non-cumulative
dividends on preferred shares are payable quarterly as and when declared by the Board of Directors, except for Class B – Series 50 and 52 preferred share dividends, which are payable semi-annually.
 (7)
The stock options issued under the Stock Option Plan are convertible into 6,793,906 common shares as at April 30, 2023 (5,976,870 common shares as at October 31, 2022) of which 3,071,192 are exercisable as at April 30, 2023 (2,648,426 as at October 31, 2022).
 (8)
During the three and six months ended April 30, 2023, we issued 3,255,072 and 5,931,389 common shares, under the Shareholder Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan (2,116,175 during the three and six months ended April 30, 2022) and we issued 193,313 and 487,639 common shares, under the Stock Option Plan (273,525 and 555,597 common shares during the three and six months ended April 30, 2022).
 (9)
Common shares are net of 169,003 treasury shares as at April 30, 2023 (174,689 treasury shares as at October 31, 2022).
(10)
On December 1, 2022, we issued 1,162,711 shares for $153 million for the acquisition of Radicle Group Inc. Refer to Note 12 for further information.
(11)
On December 16, 2022, we issued 13,575,750 common shares for $1,610 million through public offering and 8,431,700 common shares for $1,000 million under private placement. On January 25, 2023, we issued an additional 6,323,777 common shares for $750 million to BNP Paribas S.A. under private placement. In total we issued 28,331,227 common shares for $3,360 million to align our capital position with increased regulatory requirements as announced by OSFI on December 8, 2022 (refer to Note 7).
(12)
On January 31, 2023, we issued Class B - Series 52 Preferred Shares for $650 million.
 
70
 BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Other Equity Instruments
The AT1 Notes and LRCNs are compound financial instruments that have both equity and liability features. On the date of issuance, we assigned an insignificant value to the liability components of both instruments and, as a result, the full amount of proceeds has been classified as equity and form part of our additional Tier 1
non-viability
contingent capital (NVCC). Semi-annual distributions are recognized as a reduction in equity when payable. The AT1 Notes and LRCNs are subordinate to the claims of the depositors and certain other creditors in right of payment.
Preferred Shares
On January 31, 2023, we issued 650,000
Non-Cumulative
5-Year
Fixed Rate Reset Class B Preferred Shares Series 52 (NVCC) at a price of $1,000 per share for gross proceeds of $650 million. For the initial fixed rate period to, but excluding May 26, 2028, the shares pay non-cumulative preferential fixed semi-annual cash dividends, as and when declared, in the amount of $70.57 per share per annum, to yield 7.057% annually. The dividend rate will reset on May 26, 2028 and every fifth year thereafter at a rate equal to the
5-year
Government of Canada bond yield plus 4.250%.
Common Shares
On December 1, 2022, we issued 1,162,711 shares for $153 million for the acquisition of Radicle Group Inc. Refer to Note 12 for further information.
On December 16, 2022, we issued 13,575,750 common shares for $1,610 million through public offering and 8,431,700 common shares for
$1,000 million under private placement. On January 25, 2023, we issued an additional 6,323,777 common shares for $750 million to BNP Paribas S.A. under private placement. In total, we issued 28,331,227 common shares for $3,360 million to align our capital position with increased regulatory requirements as announced by OSFI on December 8, 2022.
Shareholder Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan
Until further notice, common shares under the Shareholder Dividend Reinvestment and Share Purchase Plan (the Plan) are issued by the bank from treasury with a 2% discount, calculated in accordance with the terms of the Plan. We issued 3,255,072 and 5,931,389 common shares
, respectively,
under the Plan for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023 (2,116,175 for the three and six months ended April 30, 2022).
Non-Controlling
Interest
Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries, relating to our acquisition of Bank of the West, was
$19 million as at April 30, 2023 ($nil
million as at October 31, 2022). Refer to Note 12 for further information.
 
 
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value on the Balance Sheet
Set out in the following table are the amounts that would be reported if all financial assets and liabilities not currently
carrie
d at fair value were reported at their fair values. Refer to Note 17 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022 for further discussion on the determination of fair value.
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
Carrying value
 
  
Fair value
 
  
Carrying value
 
  
Fair value
 
Securities 
(1)
  
  
  
  
Amortized cost
  
 
122,102
 
  
 
113,234
 
     106,590        94,832  
         
Loans 
(1)(2)
                                   
Residential mortgages
  
 
165,546
 
  
 
161,076
 
     148,569        142,526  
Consumer instalment and other personal
  
 
103,642
 
  
 
102,336
 
     85,612        83,948  
Credit cards
  
 
10,730
 
  
 
10,730
 
     9,387        9,387  
Business and government
  
 
347,851
 
  
 
347,243
 
     302,079        300,173  
    
 
627,769
 
  
 
621,385
 
     545,647        536,034  
         
Deposits 
(3)
  
 
841,602
 
  
 
839,366
 
     742,419        739,339  
Securitization and structured entities’ liabilities 
(4)
  
 
24,061
 
  
 
23,505
 
     25,816        24,989  
Other liabilities 
(5)
  
 
4,061
 
  
 
3,400
 
     4,088        3,181  
Subordinated debt
  
 
8,195
 
  
 
7,996
 
     8,150        7,743  
  This table excludes financial instruments with a carrying value approximating fair value, such as cash and cash equivalents, interest bearing deposits with banks, securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements,   customers’ liability under acceptances, certain other assets, certain other liabilities, acceptances and securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements.
 
 (1)
Carrying value is net of allowances for credit losses.
 (2)
Excludes $977 million of residential mortgages classified as FVTPL, $5,992 million of business and government loans classified as FVTPL and $61 million of business and government loans classified as FVOCI ($176 million, $5,496 million and $60 million, respectively, as at October 31, 2022).
 (3)
Excludes $33,121 million of structured note liabilities ($26,305 million as at October 31, 2022), $555 million of structured deposits ($536 million as at October 31, 2022) and $165 million of metals deposits ($218 million as at October 31, 2022) measured at fair value.
 (4)
Excludes $1,698 million of securitization and structured note entities’ liabilities classified as FVTPL ($1,252 million as at October 31, 2022).
 (5)
Other liabilities include certain other liabilities of subsidiaries, other than deposits.

BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
71

Fair Value Hierarchy
We use a fair value hierarchy to categorize financial instruments according to the inputs we use in valuation techniques to measure fair value.
Valuation Techniques and Significant Inputs
We determine the fair value of publicly traded fixed maturity debt and equity securities using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) when these are available. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, we determine the fair value of financial instruments using models such as discounted cash flows with observable market data for inputs, such as yields or broker quotes and other third-party vendor quotes (Level 2). Fair value may also be determined using models where significant market inputs are not observable due to inactive markets or minimal market activity (Level 3). We maximize the use of observable market inputs to the extent possible.
Our Level 2 trading securities are primarily valued using discounted cash flow models with observable spreads or broker quotes. The fair value of Level 2 FVOCI securities is determined using discounted cash flow models with observable spreads or third-party vendor quotes. Level 2 structured note liabilities are valued using models with observable market information. Level 2 derivative assets and liabilities are valued using industry standard models and observable market information.
 
72
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

The extent of our use of actively quoted market prices (Level 1), internal models using observable market information as inputs (Level 2) and models without observable market information as inputs (Level 3) in the valuation of securities, residential mortgages, business and government loans classified as FVTPL and FVOCI, other assets, fair value liabilities, derivative assets and derivative liabilities is presented in the following table: 
 
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
  
  
Valued using
quoted
market
prices
 
  
Valued using
models (with
observable
inputs)
 
  
Valued using
models (without
observable
inputs)
 
  
Total
 
  
Valued using
quoted
market
prices
 
  
Valued using
models (with
observable
inputs)
 
  
Valued using
models (without
observable
inputs)
 
  
Total
 
Trading Securities
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Issued or guaranteed by:
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Canadian federal government
  
 
3,485
 
  
 
7,150
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10,635
 
     6,981        3,955        -        10,936  
Canadian provincial and municipal governments
  
 
1,640
 
  
 
5,246
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6,886
 
     1,120        4,990        -        6,110  
U.S. federal government
  
 
8,459
 
  
 
12,727
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
21,186
 
     7,326        9,373        -        16,699  
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
  
 
-
 
  
 
481
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
481
 
     56        83        -        139  
Other governments
  
 
1,062
 
  
 
1,379
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2,441
 
     1,085        2,885        -        3,970  
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
  
 
-
 
  
 
21,469
 
  
 
786
 
  
 
22,255
 
     -        13,327        985        14,312  
Corporate debt
  
 
2,341
 
  
 
7,667
 
  
 
12
 
  
 
10,020
 
     1,445        8,144        3        9,592  
Trading loans
  
 
-
 
  
 
342
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
342
 
     -        346        -        346  
Corporate equity
  
 
44,835
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
44,835
 
     46,073        -        -        46,073  
    
 
61,822
 
  
 
56,461
 
  
 
798
 
  
 
119,081
 
     64,086        43,103        988        108,177  
FVTPL Securities
                                                                       
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                       
Canadian federal government
  
 
170
 
  
 
238
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
408
 
     319        174        -        493  
Canadian provincial and municipal governments
  
 
50
 
  
 
1,218
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1,268
 
     36        1,044        -        1,080  
U.S. federal government
  
 
2
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5
 
     -        4        -        4  
Other governments
  
 
-
 
  
 
88
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
88
 
     -        87        -        87  
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
  
 
-
 
  
 
8
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
8
 
     -        8        -        8  
Corporate debt
  
 
59
 
  
 
7,146
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
7,216
 
     62        6,409        8        6,479  
Corporate equity
  
 
1,678
 
  
 
4
 
  
 
6,089
 
  
 
7,771
 
     1,440        6        4,044        5,490  
    
 
1,959
 
  
 
8,705
 
  
 
6,100
 
  
 
16,764
 
     1,857        7,732        4,052        13,641  
FVOCI Securities
                                                                       
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                       
Canadian federal government
  
 
3,424
 
  
 
12,394
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
15,818
 
     3,544        8,757        -        12,301  
Canadian provincial and municipal governments
  
 
1,106
 
  
 
3,754
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
4,860
 
     972        3,599        -        4,571  
U.S. federal government
  
 
1,130
 
  
 
4,302
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5,432
 
     1,443        1,667        -        3,110  
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
  
 
-
 
  
 
5,066
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5,066
 
     -        3,713        1        3,714  
Other governments
  
 
593
 
  
 
6,617
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
7,210
 
     1,795        4,616        -        6,411  
NHA MBS, and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
  
 
-
 
  
 
14,598
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14,598
 
     -        9,268        -        9,268  
Corporate debt
  
 
229
 
  
 
3,149
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
3,378
 
     355        3,678        -        4,033  
Corporate equity
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
157
 
     -        -        153        153  
    
 
6,482
 
  
 
49,880
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
56,519
 
     8,109        35,298        154        43,561  
Loans
                                                                       
Residential mortgages
  
 
-
 
  
 
977
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
977
 
     -        176        -        176  
Business and government loans
  
 
-
 
  
 
5,852
 
  
 
201
 
  
 
6,053
 
     -        5,536        20        5,556  
    
 
-
 
  
 
6,829
 
  
 
201
 
  
 
7,030
 
     -        5,712        20        5,732  
Other Assets 
(1)
  
 
6,334
 
  
 
65
 
  
 
60
 
  
 
6,459
 
     4,148        60        49        4,257  
Fair Value Liabilities
                                                                       
Securities sold but not yet purchased
  
 
22,134
 
  
 
23,168
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
45,302
 
     18,465        22,514        -        40,979  
Structured note liabilities (2)
  
 
-
 
  
 
33,121
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
33,121
 
     -        26,305        -        26,305  
Structured deposits (3)
  
 
-
 
  
 
555
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
555
 
     -        536        -        536  
Other liabilities (4)
  
 
1,329
 
  
 
2,727
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
4,061
 
     1,179        2,298        2        3,479  
    
 
23,463
 
  
 
59,571
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
83,039
 
     19,644        51,653        2        71,299  
Derivative Assets
                                                                       
Interest rate contracts
  
 
38
 
  
 
9,957
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
9,995
 
     80        12,682        -        12,762  
Foreign exchange contracts
  
 
2
 
  
 
13,921
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
13,923
 
     21        22,475        26        22,522  
Commodity contracts
  
 
1,296
 
  
 
1,669
 
  
 
10
 
  
 
2,975
 
     1,514        4,810        -        6,324  
Equity contracts
  
 
436
 
  
 
4,511
 
  
 
4
 
  
 
4,951
 
     939        5,552        -        6,491  
Credit default swaps
  
 
-
 
  
 
116
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
116
 
     -        61        -        61  
    
 
1,772
 
  
 
30,174
 
  
 
14
 
  
 
31,960
 
     2,554        45,580        26        48,160  
Derivative Liabilities
                                                                       
Interest rate contracts
  
 
52
 
  
 
12,203
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
12,255
 
     58        16,540        -        16,598  
Foreign exchange contracts
  
 
4
 
  
 
14,200
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14,204
 
     2        25,108        -        25,110  
Commodity contracts
  
 
1,299
 
  
 
1,335
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2,634
 
     1,523        2,066        -        3,589  
Equity contracts
  
 
1,036
 
  
 
11,559
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
12,595
 
     1,203        13,381        -        14,584  
Credit default swaps
  
 
15
 
  
 
97
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
114
 
     -        73        2        75  
    
 
2,406
 
  
 
39,394
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
41,802
 
     2,786        57,168        2        59,956  

 (1)
Other assets include precious metals, segregated fund assets in our insurance business, certain receivables and other items measured at fair value.
 (2)
These structured note liabilities included in deposits have been designated at FVTPL.
 (3)
This represents certain embedded options related to structured deposits carried at amortized cost.
 (4)
Other liabilities include investment contract liabilities and segregated fund liabilities in our insurance business, certain payables and metals deposits that have been designated at FVTPL as well as certain securitization and structured entities’ liabilities measured at FVTPL
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
73

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The table below presents the fair values of our significant Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the valuation techniques used to determine their fair values and the value ranges of significant unobservable inputs used in the valuations. We have not applied any other reasonably possible alternative assumptions to the significant Level 3 categories of private equity investments, as the net asset
values
are provided by the investment or fund managers.
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
Range of input values 
(1)
 
As at April 30, 2023
(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
Reporting line in fair
value hierarchy table
  
Fair value
of assets
 
  
Valuation techniques
  
Significant
unobservable inputs
  
  
  
Low
 
  
High
 
Private equity (2)
   Corporate equity   
 
6,089
 
   Net asset value    Net asset value        
 
na
 
  
 
na
 
                   EV/EBITDA    Multiple        
 
3x
 
  
 
19x
 
NHA MBS, U.S. agency MBS and CMO
   NHA MBS, U.S. agency MBS and CMO   
 
786
 
   Discounted cash flows    Prepayment rate        
 
3%
 
  
 
11%
 
                   Market Comparable    Comparability Adjustment (3)        
 
(3.91)
 
  
 
5.89
 
 
 (1)
The low and high input values represent the lowest and highest actual level of inputs used to value a group of financial instruments in a particular product category. These input ranges do not reflect the level of input uncertainty, but are affected by the specific underlying instruments within each product category. The input ranges will therefore vary from period to period based on the characteristics of the underlying instruments held at each balance sheet date.
 (2)
Included in private equity is $2,097 million of U.S. Federal Reserve Bank and U.S. Federal Home Loan Bank shares that we carry at cost as at April 30, 2023 ($832 million as at October 31, 2022), which approximates fair value, and are held to meet regulatory requirements.
 (3)
Range of input values represents price per security adjustment (Canadian $).
  na - not applicable
Significant Transfers
Our policy is to record transfers of assets and liabilities between fair value hierarchy levels at their fair values as at the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Transfers between the various fair value hierarchy levels reflect changes in the availability of quoted market prices or observable market inputs that result from changes in market conditions. Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 were due to reduced observability of the inputs used to value the securities. Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 were due to increased availability of quoted
prices
in active markets.
The following tables present significant transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2022:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
For the three months ended
  
  
 
  
        April 30, 2023
 
  
  
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
  
  
Level 1 to Level 2
 
  
Level 2 to Level 1
 
  
Level 1 to Level 2
 
  
Level 2 to Level 1
 
Trading securities
  
 
5,196
 
  
 
3,862
 
     2,133        141  
FVTPL securities
  
 
294
 
  
 
12
 
     12        -  
FVOCI securities
  
 
2,300
 
  
 
811
 
     5,760        1,515  
Securities sold but not yet purchased
  
 
2,885
 
  
 
1,670
 
     1,102        321  
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
For the six months ended
  
  
 
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
  
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
  
  
Level 1 to Level 2
 
  
Level 2 to Level 1
 
  
Level 1 to Level 2
 
  
Level 2 to Level 1
 
Trading securities
  
 
6,044
 
  
 
5,991
 
     4,788        2,667  
FVTPL securities
  
 
311
 
  
 
311
 
     141        17  
FVOCI securities
  
 
3,937
 
  
 
2,093
 
     8,879        3,658  
Securities sold but not yet purchased
  
 
3,070
 
  
 
3,820
 
     1,731        1,154  
Changes in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The tables below present a reconciliation of all changes in Level 3 financial instruments for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023 and
April 30, 2022, including realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and other comprehensive in
come
as well as transfers into and out of Level 3. Transfers from Level 2 into Level 3 were due to an increase in unobservable market inputs used in pricing the securities. Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 were due to an increase in observable market inputs used in pricing the securities.
 
74
 BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

 
  
 
 
  
Change in fair value
 
 
  
 
  
Movements
 
 
Transfers
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
For the three months ended April 30, 2023
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
Balance
January 31,
2023
 
  
Included in
earnings
 
 
Included
in other
comprehensive
income
(1)
 
 
Issuances/
Purchases 
(3)
 
  
Sales
 
 
Maturities/
Settlement
 
 
Transfers
into
Level 3
 
  
Transfers
out of
Level 3
 
 
Fair Value
as at April 30,
2023
 
  
Change in
unrealized gains
(losses) recorded
in income
for instruments
still held
(2)
 
Trading Securities
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
     595     
 
(3
)
  
 
11
 
  
 
121
 
  
 
(105
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
205
 
  
 
(38
)
  
 
786
 
  
 
2
 
Corporate debt
     5     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
12
 
  
 
-
 
Total trading securities
     600     
 
(3
)
  
 
11
 
  
 
127
 
  
 
(105
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
206
 
  
 
(38
)
  
 
798
 
  
 
2
 
FVTPL Securities
                                                                                         
Corporate debt
     11     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
-
 
Corporate equity
     4,161     
 
(43
)
  
 
48
 
  
 
2,108
 
  
 
(185
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6,089
 
  
 
13
 
Total FVTPL securities
     4,172     
 
(43
)
  
 
48
 
  
 
2,108
 
  
 
(185
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6,100
 
  
 
13
 
FVOCI Securities
                                                                                         
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                         
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
     1     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
na
 
Corporate equity
     156     
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
na
 
Total FVOCI securities
     157     
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
na
 
Business and Government Loans
     120     
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
79
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
201
 
  
 
-
 
Other Assets
     66     
 
2
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(8
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
60
 
  
 
2
 
Derivative Assets
                                                                                         
Foreign exchange contracts
     -     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
Commodity contracts
     13     
 
(3
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10
 
  
 
(3
)
 
Equity contracts
     1     
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
4
 
  
 
3
 
Total derivative assets
     14     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14
 
  
 
-
 
Other Liabilities
     3     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
-
 
Derivative Liabilities
                                                                                         
Foreign exchange contracts
     12     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(12
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
Credit default swaps
     2     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
-
 
Total derivative liabilities
     14     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(12
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
-
 
               
           
Change in fair value
            
Movements
    
Transfers
                 
For the six months ended April 30, 2023
(Canadian $ in millions)
   Balance
October 31,
2022
    
Included in
earnings
    
Included
in other
comprehensive
income
(1)
    
Issuances/
Purchases 
(3)
    
Sales
    
Maturities/
Settlement
    
Transfers
into
Level 3
    
Transfers
out of
Level 3
    
Fair Value
as at April 30,
2023
    
Change in
unrealized gains
(losses) recorded
in income
for instruments
still held
(2)
 
Trading Securities
                                                                                         
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
     985     
 
(16
)
  
 
(11
)
  
 
266
 
  
 
(248
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
222
 
  
 
(412
)
  
 
786
 
  
 
(1
)
Corporate debt
     3     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
(2
)
  
 
12
 
  
 
-
 
Total trading securities
     988     
 
(16
)
  
 
(11
)
  
 
276
 
  
 
(248
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
223
 
  
 
(414
)
  
 
798
 
  
 
(1
)
FVTPL Securities
                                                                                         
Corporate debt
     8     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
-
 
Corporate equity
     4,044     
 
(38
)
  
 
4
 
  
 
2,328
 
  
 
(248
)
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6,089
 
  
 
35
 
Total FVTPL securities
     4,052     
 
(38
)
  
 
4
 
  
 
2,331
 
  
 
(248
)
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
6,100
 
  
 
35
 
FVOCI Securities
                                                                                         
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                         
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
     1     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
na
 
Corporate equity
     153     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
na
 
Total FVOCI securities
     154     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
(1
)
  
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
157
 
  
 
na
 
Business and Government Loans
     20     
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
194
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(15
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
201
 
  
 
-
 
Other Assets
     49     
 
(1
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
22
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(10
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
60
 
  
 
(1
)
Derivative Assets
                                                                                         
Foreign exchange contracts
     26     
 
(26
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
Commodity contracts
     -     
 
(3
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
13
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
10
 
  
 
(3
)
Equity contracts
     -     
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
4
 
  
 
3
 
Total derivative assets
     26     
 
(26
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
13
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
1
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
14
 
  
 
-
 
Other Liabilities
     2     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
3
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
5
 
  
 
-
 
Derivative Liabilities
                                                                                         
Foreign exchange contracts
     -     
 
12
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(12
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(38
)
Credit default swaps
     2     
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
-
 
Total derivative liabilities
     2     
 
12
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
(12
)
  
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
  
 
2
 
  
 
(38
)
 
 (1)
Foreign exchange translation on assets and liabilities held by foreign operations is included in other comprehensive income, net foreign operations.
 (2)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) on Trading and FVTPL securities still held on April 30, 2023 are included in earnings for the period.
 (3)
FVTPL securities includes $969 million of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank equity and $587 million of investments in Low Income Housing Tax Credit entities, acquired as a result of our acquisition of Bank of the West.
  Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on Level 3 financial instruments may be offset by (losses) gains on economic hedge contracts.
  na - not applicable
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
7
5

           
Change in fair value
           
Movements
    
Transfers
                
For the three months ended April 30, 2022
(Canadian $ in millions)
   Balance
January 31,
2022
    
Included in
earnings
   
Included
in other
comprehensive
income
(1)
   
Issuances/
Purchases
    
Sales
   
Maturities/
Settlement
    
Transfers
into
Level 3
    
Transfers
out of
Level 3
   
Fair Value
as at April 30,
2022
    
Change in
unrealized gains
(losses) recorded
in income
for instruments
still held
(2)
 
Trading Securities
                                                                                     
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
     868        (54     11       220        (217     -        42        (149     721        (15
Corporate debt
     13        (1     -       2        (4     -        -        (6     4        -  
Total trading securities
     881        (55     11       222        (221     -        42        (155     725        (15
FVTPL Securities
                                                                                     
Corporate debt
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Corporate equity
     3,186        76       17       204        (86     -        -        -       3,397        84  
Total FVTPL securities
     3,186        76       17       204        (86     -        -        -       3,397        84  
FVOCI Securities
                                                                                     
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                     
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
     1        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       1        na  
Corporate equity
     151        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       151        na  
Total FVOCI securities
     152        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       152        na  
Business and Government Loans
     6        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       6        -  
Other Assets
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Derivative Assets
                                                                                     
Foreign exchange contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Commodity contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Equity contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Total derivative assets
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Other Liabilities
     -        -       -       1        -       -        -        -       1        -  
Derivative Liabilities
                                                                                     
Foreign exchange contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Credit default swaps
     2        -       -       -        -       -        -        (1     1        -  
Total derivative liabilities
     2        -       -       -        -       -        -        (1     1        -  
               
           
Change in fair value
           
Movements
    
Transfers
                
For the six months ended April 30, 2022
(Canadian $ in millions)
   Balance
October 31,
2021
    
Included in
earnings
   
Included
in other
comprehensive
income
(1)
   
Issuances/
Purchases
    
Sales
   
Maturities/
Settlement
    
Transfers
into
Level 3
    
Transfers
out of
Level 3
   
Fair Value
as at April 30,
2022
    
Change in
unrealized gains
(losses) recorded
in income
for instruments
still held
(2)
 
Trading Securities
                                                                                     
NHA MBS and U.S. agency MBS and CMO
     675        (98     30       602        (409     -        156        (235     721        (7
Corporate debt
     7        (2     (1     11        (4     -        -        (7     4        (1
Total trading securities
     682        (100     29       613        (413     -        156        (242     725        (8
FVTPL Securities
                                                                                     
Corporate debt
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Corporate equity
     2,442        152       53       917        (167     -        -        -       3,397        162  
Total FVTPL securities
     2,442        152       53       917        (167     -        -        -       3,397        162  
FVOCI Securities
                                                                                     
Issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                     
U.S. states, municipalities and agencies
     1        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       1        na  
Corporate equity
     132        -       2       11        -       -        6        -       151        na  
Total FVOCI securities
     133        -       2       11        -       -        6        -       152        na  
Business and Government Loans
     6        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       6        -  
Other Assets
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Derivative Assets
                                                                                     
Foreign exchange contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Commodity contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Equity contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Total derivative assets
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Other Liabilities
     -        -       -       1        -       -        -        -       1        -  
Derivative Liabilities
                                                                                     
Foreign exchange contracts
     -        -       -       -        -       -        -        -       -        -  
Credit default swaps
     2        -       -       -        -       -        -        (1     1        -  
Total derivative liabilities
     2        -       -       -        -       -        -        (1     1        -  
 
 (1)
Foreign exchange translation on assets and liabilities held by foreign operations is included in other comprehensive income, net foreign operations.
 (2)
Changes in unrealized gains (losses) on Trading and FVTPL securities still held on April 30, 2022 are incl
uded i
n earnings for the period.
  Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on Level 3 financial instruments may be offset by (losses) gains on economic hedge contracts.
  na - not applicable
 
76
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Note 7: Capital Management
Our objective is to maintain a strong capital position in a cost-effective structure that: is appropriate given ou
r targ
et regulatory capital ratios and internal assessment of required economic capital; underpins our operating groups’ business strategies; supports depositor, investor and regulator confidence, while building long-term shareholder value; and is consistent with our target credit ratings.
As at April 30, 2023, we met OSFI’s target capital ratio requirements, which include a 2.5% Capital Conservation Buffer, a 1.0%
Common Equity
Surcharge for Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs), a Countercyclical Buffer and a
3.0%
Domestic Stability Buffer (DSB) applicable to D-SIBs. As announced by OSFI in December 2022, the DSB level was set at
 3%
of total risk-weighted assets effective February 1, 2023. In addition, OSFI increased the DSB’s range from 
0% to 2.5%, to 0% to 4%. Our capital position as at April 30, 2023 is further detailed in the Capital Management section of our interim Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
The domestic implementation of Basel III Reforms related to capital, leverage, liquidity and disclosure requirements were effective in the second quarter of 2023. Capital changes under these reforms include revised rules for credit risk and operational risk. Effective February 1, 2023, D-SIBs are required to meet a 0.5
% buffer requirement for the Leverage and Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) Leverage Ratios in addition to the minimum requirements. Revisions related to market risk and credit valuation adjustment risk will become effective in the first quarter of 2024.
Regulatory Capital and Total Loss Absorbing Capacity Measures, Risk-Weighted Assets and Leverage Exposures
(1)
 
(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
October 31, 2022
 
CET1 Capital
  
 
51,404
 
     60,891  
Tier 1 Capital
  
 
58,279
 
     67,121  
Total Capital
  
 
67,298
 
     75,309  
TLAC
  
 
113,478
 
     120,663  
Risk-Weighted Assets
  
 
419,994
 
     363,997  
Leverage Exposures
  
 
1,371,512
 
     1,189,990  
CET1 Ratio
  
 
12.2%
       16.7%  
Tier 1 Capital Ratio
  
 
13.9%
       18.4%  
Total Capital Ratio
  
 
16.0%
       20.7%  
TLAC Ratio
  
 
27.0%
       33.1%  
Leverage Ratio
  
 
4.2%
       5.6%  
TLAC Leverage Ratio
  
 
8.3%
       10.1%  
 
 (1)
Calculated in accordance with OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements Guideline, Leverage Requirements Guideline and Total Loss Absorbing Capacity Guideline.
 
 
Note 8: Employee Compensation
Stock Options
We did not
g
rant any stock options during
the
three months ended April 30, 2023
or
 2022. During the six months ended April 30, 2023, we granted a total of 1,322,817 stock options (1,028,255 stock options during the six months ended April 30, 2022) with a weighted-average fair value of $18.94 per option ($14.17 per option for the six months ended April 30, 2022).
To determine the fair value of the stock option tranches (i.e. the portion that vests each year) on the grant date, the following ranges of values were used for each option pricing assumption:

 
For stock options granted during the six months ended
  
April 30, 2023
 
  
April 30, 2022
 
Expected dividend yield
  
 
4.5% - 4.6%
 
     4.2%  
Expected share price volatility
  
 
20.9%
 
     16.8%  
Risk-free rate of return
  
 
3.2%
 
    
1.8% - 1.9%
 
Expected period until exercise (in years)
  
 
6.5 - 7.0
 
     6.5 - 7.0  
Exercise price ($)
  
 
122.31
 
     135.58  
  Changes to the input assumptions can result in different fair value estimates.
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
 
77

Pension and Other Employee Future Benefit Expenses
Pension and other employee future benefit expenses are determined as follows:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
                              
      Pension benefit plans     Other employee future benefit plans  
For the three months ended
  
April 30, 2023
     April 30, 2022    
April 30, 2023
     April 30, 2022  
Current service cost
  
 
41
 
     59    
 
2
 
     2  
Net interest (income) expense on net defined benefit (asset) liability
  
 
(15
)
     (7  
 
10
 
     9  
Past service cost (income)
  
 
-
 
     -    
 
-
 
     -  
Gain on settlement
  
 
-
 
     -    
 
-
 
     -  
Administrative expenses
  
 
2
 
     1    
 
-
 
     -  
Benefits expense
  
 
28
 
     53    
 
 
12
       11  
Government pension plans expense (1)
  
 
121
 
     75    
 
-
 
     -  
Defined contribution expense
  
 
63
 
     36    
 
-
 
     -  
Total pension and other employee future benefit expenses
recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income
  
 
212
 
     164    
 
12
 
     11  
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
                              
      Pension benefit plans     Other employee future benefit plans  
For the six months ended
  
April 30, 2023
     April 30, 2022    
April 30, 2023
     April 30, 2022  
Current service cost
  
 
82
 
     118    
 
3
 
     4  
Net interest (income) expense on net defined benefit (asset) liability
  
 
(32
)
     (14  
 
21
 
     18  
Past service cost (income)
  
 
(1
)
  
  -    
 
-
 
     -  
Gain on settlement
  
 
-
 
     (1  
 
-
 
     -  
Administrative expenses
  
 
4
 
     2    
 
-
 
     -  
Benefits expense
  
 
53
 
     105    
 
24
 
     22  
Government pension plans expense (1)
  
 
197
 
     140    
 
-
 
     -  
Defined contribution expense
  
 
144
 
     101    
 
-
 
     -  
Total pension and other employee future benefit expenses
recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income
  
 
394
 
     346    
 
24
 
     22  
 
 (1)
Includes Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan and U.S. Federal Insurance Contributions Act.
 
 
Note 9: Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income, after deducting dividends payable on preferred shares and distributions payable on other equity instruments, by the daily average number of fully paid common shares outstanding throughout the period.
Diluted earnings per share is calculated in the same manner, with further adjustments made to reflect the dilutive impact of instruments convertible into our common shares.
The following tables present our basic and diluted earnings per share:
Basic Earnings Per Common Share
 
(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
 
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
Net income attributable to bank shareholders
  
 
1,056
 
    4,756    
 
1,303
 
    7,689  
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
  
 
(127
)
    (52  
 
(165
)
    (107
Net income available to common shareholders
  
 
929
 
    4,704    
 
1,138
 
    7,582  
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (in thousands)
  
 
711,624
 
    658,005    
 
701,273
 
    653,102  
Basic earnings per common share (Canadian $)
  
 
1.31
 
    7.15    
 
1.62
 
    11.61  
Diluted Earnings Per Common Share
 
(Canadian $ in millions, except as noted)
  
For the three months ended
 
 
For the six months ended
 
  
  
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
 
April 30, 2023
 
 
April 30, 2022
 
Net income available to common shareholders adjusted for impact of dilutive instruments
  
 
929
 
     4,704    
 
1,138
 
     7,582  
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (in thousands)
  
 
711,624
 
     658,005    
 
701,273
 
     653,102  
Effect of dilutive instruments
                                  
Stock options potentially exercisable (1)
  
 
4,512
 
     6,245    
 
4,638
 
     5,364  
Common shares potentially repurchased
  
 
(3,324
)
     (4,224  
 
(3,338
)
     (3,371
Weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding (in thousands)
  
 
712,812
 
     660,026    
 
702,573
 
     655,095  
Diluted earnings per common share (Canadian $)
  
 
1.30
 
     7.13    
 
1.62
 
     11.57  
 
 (1)
In computing diluted earnings per share, we excluded average stock options outstanding of 2,351,072 and 2,131,821 with a weighted-average exercise price of $135.67 and $136.96, respectively, for the three and six months ended April 30, 2023 (nil and 857,826
with a weighted-average exercise price of
$nil and $143.74, respectively, for the three and six months ended April 30, 2022) as the average share price for the period did not exceed the exercise price.
 
7
8
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

Note 10: Income Taxes
During the quarter, the Canadian tax authorities proposed to reassess us for income taxes and interest of approximately $40 million in respect of certain 2018 Canadian corporate dividends. In prior fiscal years, the Canadian tax authorities have reassessed us for additional income tax and interest in an amount of approximately $1,425 million in respect of certain 2011-2017 Canadian corporate dividends. These reassessments and proposals to reassess denied certain dividend deductions on the basis that the dividends were received as part of a “dividend rental arrangement.” In general, the tax rules raised by the Canadian tax authorities were prospectively addressed in the 2015 and 2018 Canadian Federal Budgets. We filed Notices of Appeal with the Tax Court of Canada and the matter is in litigation. We remain of the view that our tax filing positions were appropriate and intend to challenge all reassessments. However, if such challenges are unsuccessful, the additional expense would negatively impact our net income.
On December 15, 2022, the Canadian government enacted legislation related to certain tax measures that are applicable to certain Canadian companies in a bank or life insurer group, including a one-time 15% tax (referred to as the Canada Recovery Dividend, or CRD), based on the average taxable income for fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2021, less a $1 billion exemption, payable in equal instalments over five years. The legislation also included a permanent 1.5% increase in the tax rate, based on taxable income above $100 million (effective for taxation years that end after April 7, 2022 and pro-rated for the first year). In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded a one-time tax expense of
 $371 million in income tax expense, including $312 million relating to the CRD, and $59 
million relating to the pro-rated fiscal 2022 impact of the 1.5% increase in tax rate, net of a related remeasurement of our net deferred tax asset.
 
 
Note 11: Operating Segmentation
Operating Groups
We conduct our business through three operating groups, each of which has a distinct mandate. Our operating groups are Personal and Commercial Banking (P&C) (comprised of Canadian Personal and Commercial Banking (Canadian P&C) and U.S. Personal and Commercial Banking (U.S. P&C)), BMO Wealth Management (BMO WM) and BMO Capital Markets (BMO CM), along with a Corporate Services unit. The acquisition of Bank of the West has been reflected in the U.S. P&C and BMO WM reporting segments.
For additional information refer to Note 25 of our annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022.
Our results and average assets, grouped by operating segment, are as follows:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
For the three months ended April 30, 2023
  
Canadian
P&C
 
 
U.S. P&C
 
 
BMO WM
 
 
BMO CM
 
  
Corporate
Services (1)
 
 
Total
 
Net interest income (2)
  
 
1,983
 
 
 
2,156
 
 
 
372
 
 
 
601
 
  
 
(298
)
 
 
4,814
 
Non-interest
revenue
  
 
563
 
 
 
441
 
 
 
1,588
 
 
 
985
 
  
 
49
 
 
 
3,626
 
Total Revenue
  
 
2,546
 
 
 
2,597
 
 
 
1,960
 
 
 
1,586
 
  
 
(249
)
 
 
8,440
 
Provision for
 
credit losses on impaired loans
  
 
173
 
 
 
66
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
-
 
  
 
3
 
 
 
243
 
Provision for credit losses on performing loans
  
 
55
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
17
 
  
 
702
 
 
 
780
 
Total provision for credit losses
  
 
228
 
 
 
69
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
17
 
  
 
705
 
 
 
1,023
 
Insurance claims, commissions and changes in policy benefit liabilities
  
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
591
 
 
 
-
 
  
 
-
 
 
 
591
 
Depreciation and amortization
  
 
138
 
 
 
263
 
 
 
78
 
 
 
87
 
  
 
-
 
 
 
566
 
Non-interest
expense
  
 
988
 
 
 
1,276
 
 
 
915
 
 
 
973
 
  
 
855
 
 
 
5,007
 
Income (loss) before taxes and
non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
  
 
1,192
 
 
 
989
 
 
 
372
 
 
 
509
 
  
 
(1,809
)
 
 
1,253
 
Provision for (recovery of) income taxes
  
 
331
 
 
 
200
 
 
 
88
 
 
 
129
 
  
 
(554
)
 
 
194
 
 
Reported net income (loss)
 
  
 
 
 
 
861
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
789
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
284
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
380
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(1,255
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,059
 
 
 
 
Non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
  
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
  
 
3
 
 
 
3
 
Net income (loss) attributable to bank shareholders
  
 
861
 
 
 
789
 
 
 
284
 
 
 
380
 
  
 
(1,258
)
 
 
1,056
 
Average assets (3)
  
 
315,022
 
 
 
241,868
 
 
 
60,242
 
 
 
406,721
 
  
 
244,515
 
 
 
1,268,368
 
         
 
 
For the three months ended April 30, 2022
   Canadian
P&C
    U.S. P&C     BMO WM     BMO CM      Corporate
Services (1)
 
  Total  
Net interest income (2)
     1,763       1,141       278       745        (25
    3,902  
Non-interest
revenue
     622       313       206       819        3,456
 
    5,416  
Total Revenue
     2,385       1,454       484       1,564        3,431
 
    9,318  
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses on impaired loans
     86       35       -       1        (2
    120  
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses on performing loans
     (32     (74     1       32        3
 
    (70
Total provision for (recovery of) credit losses
     54       (39     1       33        1
 
    50  
Insurance claims, commissions and changes in policy benefit liabilities
     -       -       (808     -        -
 
    (808
Depreciation and amortization
     126       102       64       69        -
 
    361  
Non-interest
expense
     934       623       810       860        125
 
    3,352  
Income before taxes
     1,271       768       417       602        3,305
 
    6,363  
Provision for income taxes
     331       180       103       154        839
 
    1,607  
 
Reported net income


940


588

 

314


448


2,466



4,756

Average assets (3)
     286,486       141,099       49,735       374,309        188,716
 
    1,040,345  
 
BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
7
9

(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
For the six months ended April 30, 2023
  
Canadian
P&C
 
 
U.S. P&C
 
 
BMO WM
 
 
BMO CM
 
 
Corporate
Services (1)
 
 
Total
 
Net interest income (2)
  
 
4,013
 
 
 
3,645
 
 
 
685
 
 
 
1,320
 
 
 
(828
)
 
 
8,835
 
Non-interest
revenue
  
 
1,162
 
 
 
743
 
 
 
3,779
 
 
 
1,984
 
 
 
(1,593
)
 
 
6,075
 
Total Revenue
  
 
5,175
 
 
 
4,388
 
 
 
4,464
 
 
 
3,304
 
 
 
(2,421
)
 
 
14,910
 
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses on impaired loans
  
 
327
 
 
 
114
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
(3
)
 
 
(1
)
 
 
439
 
Provision for credit losses on performing loans
  
 
65
 
 
 
17
 
 
 
8
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
701
 
 
 
801
 
Total provision for credit losses
  
 
392
 
 
 
131
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
7
 
 
 
700
 
 
 
1,240
 
Insurance claims, commissions and changes in policy benefit liabilities
  
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
1,784
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
1,784
 
Depreciation and amortization
  
 
270
 
 
 
370
 
 
 
146
 
 
 
165
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
951
 
Non-interest
expense
  
 
1,973
 
 
 
2,002
 
 
 
1,793
 
 
 
1,986
 
 
 
1,289
 
 
 
9,043
 
Income (loss) before taxes and
non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
  
 
2,540
 
 
 
1,885
 
 
 
731
 
 
 
1,146
 
 
 
(4,410
)
 
 
1,892
 
Provision for (recovery of) income taxes
  
 
699
 
 
 
398
 
 
 
170
 
 
 
263
 
 
 
(944
)
 
 
586
 
 
Reported net income (loss)
 
  
 

1,841

 

 
 
 
 
 
1,487
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
561
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
883
 
 
 
 
 
 

(3,466


 
 
 
 
1,306
 
 
 
 
 
Non-controlling
interest in subsidiaries
  
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
3
 
Net income (loss) attributable to bank shareholders
  
 
1,841
 
 
 
1,487
 
 
 
561
 
 
 
883
 
 
 
(3,469
)
 
 
1,303
 
Average assets (3)
  
 
313,596
 
 
 
199,116
 
 
 
56,675
 
 
 
415,760
 
 
 
235,061
 
 
 
1,220,208
 
             
For the six months ended April 30, 2022
   Canadian
P&C
    U.S. P&C     BMO WM     BMO CM     Corporate
Services (1)
    Total  
Net interest income (2)
     3,550       2,297       550       1,669       (145     7,921  
Non-interest
revenue
     1,242       676       1,339       1,834       4,029       9,120  
Total Revenue
     4,792       2,973       1,889       3,503       3,884       17,041  
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses on impaired loans
     186       38       -       (15     (3     206  
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses on performing loans
     (108     (151     5       (3     2       (255
Total provision for (recovery of) credit losses
     78       (113     5       (18     (1     (49
Insurance claims, commissions and changes in policy benefit liabilities
     -       -       (727     -       -       (727
Depreciation and amortization
     250       210       130       144       -       734  
Non-interest
expense
     1,834       1,227       1,652       1,826       286       6,825  
Income before taxes
     2,630       1,649       829       1,551       3,599       10,258  
Provision for income taxes
     686       380       200       398       905       2,569  
 
Reported net income
 
  
 
 
 
 
1,944
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,269
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
629
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,153
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,694
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7,689
 
 
 
 
Average assets (3)
     282,439       139,897       49,618       383,968       192,327       1,048,249  
 
 (1)
Corporate Services includes Technology and Operations.
 (2)
Operating groups report on a taxable equivalent basis (teb). Revenue and the provision for income taxes are increased on
tax-exempt
securities to an equivalent
before-tax
basis to facilitate comparisons of income between taxable and
tax-exempt
sources. The offset to the groups’ teb adjustments is reflected in Corporate Services revenue and provision for income taxes.
 (3)
Included within average assets are average earning assets, which are comprised of deposits with other banks, deposits at central banks, reverse repos, loans and securities. Total average earning assets for three and six months ended April 30, 2023 are $1,165,208 million and $1,121,371 million, including $301,268 million and $299,682 million for Canadian P&C, $
223,100
 million and $186,212 million for U.S. P&C, and $640,840 million and $635,477 million for all other operating segments including Corporate Services (for three and six months ended April 30, 2022 - Total: $949,279 million and $961,177 million, Canadian P&C: $272,231 million and $268,435 million, U.S. P&C: $133,774 million and $132,654 million and all other operating segments: $543,274
million
and $560,088 million).
  Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform with the current period’s presentation.
 

Note 12: Acquisitions
Bank of the West
On December 20, 2021, we announced a definitive agreement with BNP Paribas to acquire 100
% of the outstanding shares of Bank of the West, including its subsidiaries. All regulatory approvals for the acquisition were received and the acquisition closed on February 1, 2023, for a cash purchase price of US$
13.8 
billion. Bank of the West provides a broad range of banking products and services primarily in the Western and Midwestern parts of the U.S. The merger enables BMO’s market extension in Bank of the West’s primary markets, including California, and accelerates BMO’s commercial banking expansion. The acquisition has been reflected in our results this quarter as a business combination, in the U.S. P&C and BMO WM reporting segments.
As part of the acquisition, we acquired a 51% interest in its subsidiary CLAAS Financial Services, LLC which provides lease and loan financing to commercial entities acquiring agricultural equipment. The bank is the primary beneficiary of this LLC, and it is consolidated in our consolidated financial statements. We have recorded the ownership interests of the other partners in CLAAS Financial Services LLC as non-controlling interest in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
We acquired intangible assets of
$2,892 million and goodwill of $10,495 
million. Core-deposit and customer relationship intangible assets will be amortized to income over the period during which we believe the assets will benefit us, on an accelerated basis, over a period not to exceed
 15 years.
Goodwill consists largely of the synergy and economies of scale expected from the combined operations of BMO and Bank of the West. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.
 
80
 BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023

We recorded the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value as at the date of acquisition, as shown in the table below. The purchase price allocation is subject to refinement as we finalize the valuation of the assets acquired.
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
  
  
 
  
  
February 1, 2023
 
Purchase consideration
  
 
18,382
 
Impact of forward contracts (1)
  
 
(269
)
Net purchase consideration
  
 
18,113
 
Fair value of identifiable assets acquired
  
Securities
  
 
28,460
 
Loans
  
Residential mortgages
  
 
11,912
 
Consumer installment and other personal
  
 
20,268
 
Credit card
  
 
885
 
Business and government
  
 
43,418
 
Total loans
  
 
76,483
 
Other assets (2)
  
 
9,160
 
Intangible assets
  
 
2,892
 
Total fair value of identifiable assets acquired
  
 
116,995
 
Fair value of liabilities assumed
 
 
 
 
Deposits
  
 
91,711
 
Other liabilities (2)
  
 
17,650
 
Total fair value of identifiable liabilities assumed
  
 
109,361
 
Non-controlling
interest
  
 
16
 
Goodwill
  
 
10,495
 
Net purchase consideration
  
 
18,113
 
 
 (1)
To mitigate changes in the Canadian dollar equivalent of the purchase price between announcement and close, we entered into forward contracts, which qualified for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these forward contracts of $269 million (after-tax) was accounted for as a reduction of the Canadian dollar equivalent of the purchase price.
 (2)
The net deferred tax asset recorded in the opening balance sheet is $1,308 million.
  The purchase price allocation for Bank of the West is subject to refinement as we complete the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
The accounting for purchased loans, including the initial provision for credit losses, is discussed in Note 3.
For the three months ended April 30, 2023, Bank of the West contributed revenue of $1,072 million and net income of $153 million to our consolidated results. Net income of $153 million excludes the initial allowance for credit losses of $705 million ($517 million after-tax) and integration and acquisition related costs of $722 million ($545 
million after-tax). If we assume the acquisition occurred on November 1, 2022 and the same fair values were applied, we estimate that our c
ombined c
onsolidated year-to-date revenue and net income would have been $
16 
billion
and $1.5 
billion
, respectively.
Impact of Fair Value Management Actions
The fair value of fixed rate loans, securities and deposits is largely dependent on interest rates. As interest rates increased between announcement of the acquisition and close, the fair value of the acquired fixed rate instruments (in particular, loans, securities and deposits) decreased, resulting in higher goodwill on close as compared to our estimates on the announcement date. Conversely, the fair value of floating rate assets (liabilities) and non-maturity deposits approximates par. Changes in goodwill relative to our original assumptions announced on December 20, 2021 impacted capital ratios on close because goodwill is treated as a deduction from capital under OSFI Basel III rules.
Upon announcement of the agreement to acquire Bank of the West, we entered into pay fixed/receive float interest rate swaps and purchased a portfolio of matched duration U.S. Treasuries and other balance sheet instruments to economically hedge the impact of changes in interest rates on our capital ratios at close. We recorded net interest income and mark-to-market gains of $
5.7
 billion on these instruments, in interest income and non-interest revenue between December 20, 2021 and February 1, 2023, at which time the interest rate swaps were settled. The gains provided additional capital to offset the impact of higher goodwill on close.
On close, we placed the majority of these U.S. Treasuries and other balance sheet instruments, which were in an unrealized loss position, in fair value hedge relationships with new pay fixed/receive float interest rate swaps. The fair value hedges, coupled with other actions taken to manage our interest rate risk profile to its target position, crystallized a $5.7 billion loss on these instruments, which will be recognized as a reduction in interest income over their remaining life through accounting for the new fair value hedges. In the quarter, $
289
 million was recorded in our Consolidated Statement of Income as a reduction in interest, dividend and fee income – securities, related to the fair value hedge.
Conversely, the fair values of the loans, securities and deposits we acquired are below par. This discount will accrete to interest income in our Consolidated Statement of Income over the remaining term of these instruments. In the quarter, $
253 million and $140
 million related to these purchased loans and securities was recorded in our Consolidated Statement of Income in net-interest income. More information on the purchased loans is included in Note 3.
Leasing Solutions Canada Inc.
On February 1, 2023, we acquired Leasing Solutions Canada Inc. from BNP Paribas. The acquisition was reflected in our results in the second quarter of 2023 as a business combination, in the Canadian P&C reporting segment and was not material to the bank.

BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023
81

Radicle Group Inc.
On December 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Radicle Group Inc. (Radicle), a Calgary-based leader in sustainability advisory services and solutions, and technology-driven emissions measurement and management, for 1.2 million BMO common shares for a total value of $153 million plus cash consideration of $42 million. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, and the acquired business and corresponding goodwill are included in our BMO Capital Markets reporting segment.
As part of this acquisition, we acquired intangible assets of $61 million and goodwill of $89 million. The intangible assets are being amortized over 3 to 15 years. Goodwill related to this acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.
The fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition are as follows:
 
(Canadian $ in millions)
       
     
December 1, 2022
 
Goodwill and intangible assets
  
 
150
 
Other assets
  
 
85
 
Total assets
  
 
235
 
Liabilities
  
 
40
 
Purchase price
  
 
195
 
  The purchase price allocation for Radicle is subject to refinement as we complete the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
AIR MILES Reward Program
On March 10, 2023, we announced the signing of a purchase agreement to acquire the AIR MILES Reward Program (AIR MILES) business of LoyaltyOne Co., a subsidiary of Loyalty Ventures Inc. pursuant to a process under the
Companies Creditors Arrangement
Act. The transaction received Competition Bureau approval in Q2 and court approval in Q3 and is expected to close on June 1, 2023. The AIR MILES business will continue to operate separately as wholly-owned subsidiaries of BMO and form part of our Canadian P&C reporting segment. The impact of this acquisition is not expected to be material to the bank.
 
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 BMO Financial Group Second Quarter Report 2023