UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

OR

For the transition period from         to         .

Commission File No. 000-26770

NOVAVAX, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(240) 268-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value, was 26,577,433 as of October 31, 2019.

NOVAVAX, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share information)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share information)

(unaudited)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2019

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization

Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB, the “Company”) is a late-stage biotechnology company that promotes improved global health through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. The Company’s vaccine candidates, including its lead candidates, NanoFlu^TM and ResVax^TM, are genetically engineered, three-dimensional nanostructures of recombinant proteins critical to disease pathogenesis and may elicit differentiated immune responses, which may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or traditional vaccines. The Company’s technology targets a variety of infectious diseases.

Note 2 – Going Concern

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. During 2018, the Company incurred a net loss of $184.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $184.8 million. At September 30, 2019, the Company had $75.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash and had no committed source of additional funding from either debt or equity financings. Management believes that given the Company’s current cash position and forecasted negative cash flows from operating activities over the next twelve months as it continues its product development activities, there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued, without obtaining additional financing or entering into another form of non-equity or debt arrangement.

The Company’s ability to fund its operations is dependent upon management’s plans, which include raising additional capital in the near term primarily through a combination of equity and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements and in the longer term, from revenue related to product sales, to the extent its product candidates receive marketing approval and can be commercialized. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements may require the Company to give up some or all of its rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of its research and development programs, and/or downsize its organization.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is not able to continue as a going concern.

Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019, the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 are unaudited, but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit and cash flows, respectively, for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Novavax AB. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of Novavax AB, which is located in Sweden, is the local currency (Swedish Krona). The translation of assets and liabilities of Novavax AB to U.S. dollars is made at the exchange rate in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date, while equity accounts are translated at historical rates. The translation of the statement of operations data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period. The translation of operating cash flow data is made at the average exchange rate in effect for the period, and investing and financing cash flow data is translated at the exchange rate in effect at the date of the underlying transaction. Translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets. The foreign currency translation adjustment balance included in accumulated other comprehensive loss was $13.9 million and $11.2 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents consist of the following at (in thousands):

Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of debt securities with maturities greater than three months from the date of purchase that have historically included commercial paper, asset-backed securities and corporate notes. Classification of marketable securities between current and non-current is dependent upon the maturity date at the balance sheet date taking into consideration the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment to maturity.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income in the consolidated statements of operations. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of the Company’s securities.

The Company classifies its marketable securities with readily determinable fair values as “available-for-sale.” Investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair market value in the consolidated balance sheets, and unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ deficit until realized. Marketable securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in value is “other-than-temporary.” The term “other-than-temporary” is not intended to indicate a permanent decline in value. Rather, it means that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the security. Management reviews criteria, such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, as well as the Company’s ability to hold the securities until market recovery, to predict whether the loss in value is other-than-temporary. If a decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, the value of the security is reduced and the impairment is recorded as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Restricted Cash

The Company’s current and non-current restricted cash includes payments received under the Grant Agreement (as defined in Note 11) with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”) under which the Company was awarded a grant up to $89.1 million, escrow funds received in connection with the Catalent transaction (see Note 12) and cash collateral accounts under letters of credit that serve as security deposits for certain facility leases. The Company will utilize the Grant Agreement funds as it incurs expenses for services performed under the agreement. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the restricted cash balances (both current and non-current) consist of payments received under the Grant Agreement of $2.9 million and $10.8 million, respectively, $1.5 million held in escrow received in connection with the Catalent transaction at September 30, 2019 and security deposits of $0.4 million and $1.0 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows (in thousands):

Revenue Recognition

The Company performs research and development under grant, license and clinical development agreements. Payments received in advance of work performed are recorded as deferred revenue.

The Company’s current revenue primarily consists of revenue under its Grant Agreement with BMGF (see Note 11). The Company is reimbursed for certain costs that support development activities, including the Company’s global Phase 3 clinical trial in pregnant women in their third trimester, product licensing efforts and efforts to obtain World Health Organization (“WHO”) prequalification of its RSV F Vaccine for infants via maternal immunization (“ResVax”). The Company’s Grant Agreement does not provide a direct economic benefit to BMGF. Rather, the Company entered into an agreement with BMGF to make a certain amount of ResVax available and accessible at affordable pricing to people in certain low- and middle-income countries. Based on these circumstances, the Company does not consider BMGF to be a customer and concluded the Grant Agreement is outside the scope of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Payments received under the Grant Agreement are considered conditional contributions under the scope of ASC 958-605, Not-for-Profit Entities – Revenue Recognition, and are recorded as deferred revenue until the period in which such research and development activities are performed and revenue can be recognized.

The Company analyzed the Grant Agreement with BMGF to determine whether the payments received should be recorded as revenue or as a reduction to research and development expenses. In reaching the determination that such payments should be recorded as revenue, management considered a number of factors, including whether the Company is principal under the arrangement, and whether the arrangement is significant to, and part of, the Company’s core operations. Further, management has consistently applied its policy of presenting such amounts as revenue.

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. At September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company had outstanding stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) and unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) totaling 5,041,526 and 2,214,318, respectively. At September 30, 2019, the Company’s Notes (see Note 8) would have been convertible into approximately 2,385,800 shares of the Company’s common stock assuming a common stock price of $136.20 or higher. These and any shares due to the Company upon settlement of its capped call transactions are excluded from the computation, as their effect is antidilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), subsequently amended in 2018 by ASU 2018-01, ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11 and ASU 2018-20 (collectively, “Topic 842”), that increases transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements for both lessees and lessors. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. In connection with the adoption of Topic 842, the Company conducted reviews of its facility and equipment operating leases and assessed contracts that may contain a right-of-use asset or embedded leasing arrangement.

The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 under the optional transition method, which does not require restatement of prior periods. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed the Company to carryforward its historical lease classification, its assessment of whether a contract is or contains a lease and its initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard. The Company also elected to combine lease and non-lease components for its facility leases and to exclude leases with an initial term of 12 months or less from its consolidated balance sheet and recognize the associated lease payments in its consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company’s equipment leases had a remaining term of 12 months or less at the adoption date.

The Company recorded approximately $12 million in total right-of-use assets, net of the deferred rent liability, and approximately $22 million in total lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. Adoption of the standard did not materially impact its consolidated statements of cash flows or results of operations.

Not Yet Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) (“ASU 2017-04”), which will simplify the goodwill impairment calculation by eliminating Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. The new standard does not change how a goodwill impairment is identified. The Company will continue to perform its quantitative goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of its reporting unit to its carrying amount, but if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, under the new standard, the amount of the charge will be calculated by subtracting the reporting unit’s fair value from its carrying amount. Under the current standard, if the Company is required to recognize a goodwill impairment charge, Step 2 requires it to calculate the implied value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the amount of the charge is calculated by subtracting the reporting unit’s implied fair value of goodwill from the goodwill carrying amount. The standard will be effective January 1, 2020 for the Company, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied prospectively from the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating when it will adopt ASU 2017-04 and its expected impact to related disclosures.

Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):

Fixed-income investments categorized as Level 2 are valued at the custodian bank by a third-party pricing vendor’s valuation models that use verifiable observable market data, e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads, bids provided by brokers or dealers or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Pricing of the Company’s Notes (see Note 8) has been estimated using other observable inputs, including the price of the Company’s common stock, implied volatility, interest rates and credit spreads among others. Over time, the Company expects a market for the Notes to develop when there is sufficient volume of trading. At that time, the Company intends to use trade data as the principal basis for measuring fair value.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not have any transfers between levels.

The amount recorded in the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

Note 5 – Marketable Securities

Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were comprised of (in thousands):

Marketable Securities – Unrealized Losses

The primary objective of the Company’s investment policy is the preservation of capital; thus, the Company’s investment policy limits investments to certain types of instruments with high-grade credit ratings, places restrictions on maturities and concentrations in certain industries and requires the Company to maintain a certain level of liquidity.

Note 6 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):

Identifiable Intangible Assets

Purchased intangible assets consisted of the following as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

Amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $0.5 million.

Estimated amortization expense for existing intangible assets for the remainder of 2019 and for each of the five succeeding years ending December 31 will be as follows (in thousands):

Note 7 – Leases

The Company has operating leases for its research and development and manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters and offices and certain equipment. At September 30, 2019, the facility leases have expirations that range from approximately 4 year to 7 years, some of which include options to extend the leases or terminate the leases early. Options to extend the leases or terminate the leases early are only included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The facility leases contain provisions for future rent increases, and obligate the Company to pay building operating costs. Upon closing of the Catalent transaction in July 2019, the Company assigned two of its manufacturing facility leases to Catalent (see Note 12). As a result, the Company wrote-off the corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $8.2 million and the associated lease liabilities of $12.7 million.

The operating leases represent the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset and the right to direct the use of the asset and are capitalized as ROU assets for the expected lease term (net of the deferred rent liability) with corresponding lease liabilities representing the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of September 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate):

Lease expense for the operating and short-term leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was as follows (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2019, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company did not enter into any additional operating or finance leases other than in April 2019, when the Company extended the lease at its Rockville, MD facility to expire in January 2024. This lease was subsequently assigned to Catalent (see Note 12).

Note 8 – Long-Term Debt

Convertible Notes

The Company incurred approximately $10.0 million of debt issuance costs during the first quarter of 2016 relating to the issuance of $325 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior unsecured notes that will mature on February 1, 2023 (the “Notes”), which were recorded as a reduction to the Notes on the consolidated balance sheet. The $10.0 million of debt issuance costs is being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over the seven-year contractual term of the Notes on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest rate method.

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following at (in thousands):

Interest expense incurred in connection with the Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

Note 9 – Stockholders’ Deficit

On May 8, 2019, the Company’s stockholders of record as of March 25, 2019 approved a one-for-twenty reverse stock split of the Company’s outstanding common stock, which reverse stock split was effected on May 10, 2019. The number of authorized shares of common stock and preferred stock of the Company was not affected and remains at 600,000,000 and 2,000,000, respectively, but the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of May 10, 2019 was reduced from 469,453,883 to 23,472,574. The aggregate par value of the issued common stock was reduced by reclassifying a portion of the par value amount of the outstanding common shares from Common stock to Additional paid-in-capital for all periods presented. In addition, all per share and share amounts, including stock options and restricted stock awards and units, have been retroactively restated in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for all periods presented to reflect the reverse stock split. 

In December 2018, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2018 Sales Agreement”), which allows it to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company sold 3.6 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement, of which 1.7 million shares of common stock were sold in the first quarter of 2019, resulting in $29.3 million in net proceeds (this amount excludes $0.6 million received in the fourth quarter of 2019 for shares traded in late September 2019) at a weighted average sales price of $8.39 per share. From October 1 through November 1, 2019, the Company sold 1.0 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement resulting in $5.0 million in net proceeds, leaving $64.4 million remaining available to be sold.

In April 2018, the Company completed a public offering of 1.7 million shares of its common stock, including 0.2 million shares of common stock that were issued upon the exercise in full of the option to purchase additional shares granted to the underwriters, at a price of $33.00 per share resulting in net proceeds of approximately $54 million.

In December 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2017 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $75 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company sold 2.5 million shares of common stock under the December 2017 Sales Agreement, of which all were sold in the first quarter of 2019, resulting in $37.9 million in net proceeds at a weighted average sales price of $15.33 per share. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 0.8 million shares of common stock under the December 2017 Sales Agreement, of which all were sold in the first quarter of 2018, resulting in $32.3 million in net proceeds at a weighted average sales price of $41.86 per share.

In January 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“January 2017 Sales Agreement”), which allowed it to issue and sell up to $75 million in gross proceeds of its common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 0.3 million shares of common stock under the January 2017 Sales Agreement, of which all were sold in the first quarter of 2018, resulting in $10.3 million in net proceeds at a weighted average sales price of $30.80 per share. The January 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

Note 10 – Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2015 Plan”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2015. Under the 2015 Plan, equity awards may be granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants of and advisors to the Company and any present or future subsidiary.

The 2015 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 3,800,000 shares of common stock under equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan, which includes an increase of 1,000,000 shares approved for issuance under the 2015 Plan at the Company’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders. All such shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan have been reserved. The 2015 Plan will expire on March 4, 2025.

The Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) expired in February 2015 and no new awards may be made under such plan, although awards will continue to be outstanding in accordance with their terms.

The 2015 Plan permits and the 2005 Plan permitted the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options), restricted stock, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units. In addition, under the 2015 Plan, unrestricted stock, stock units and performance awards may be granted. Stock options and stock appreciation rights generally have a maximum term of 10 years and may be or were granted with an exercise price that is no less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. Grants of stock options are generally subject to vesting over periods ranging from one to four years.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and stock appreciation rights activity under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

In the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company granted 192,400 stock appreciation rights with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95 under the 2015 Plan. In addition, due to the limitations on the equity awards currently available under the 2015 Plan, the Company granted 1,014,200 stock options to certain employees with a weighted-average exercise price of $5.95 under the 2015 Plan that are subject to approval at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2020. As these stock options have not yet been approved by the Company’s stockholders, the Company will not record any stock-based compensation expense for these awards until such time these awards are approved by the stockholders and a measurement date occurs.

The fair value of stock options and stock appreciation rights (not including awards that are subject to stockholders’ approval) granted under the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights outstanding under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of September 30, 2019 was $0 million and 7.9 years, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercisable under the 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of September 30, 2019 was $0 million and 5.5 years, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options and stock appreciation rights) that would have been received by the holders had all stock option and stock appreciation rights holders exercised their stock options and stock appreciation rights on September 30, 2019. This amount is subject to change based on changes to the closing price of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and stock appreciation rights exercised for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2013. The amount of shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was increased by 200,000 shares at the Company’s 2019 annual meeting of stockholders. The ESPP currently authorizes an aggregate of 597,500 shares of common stock to be purchased, and the aggregate amount of shares will continue to increase 5% on each anniversary of its adoption up to a maximum of 600,000 shares. The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at each purchase date through payroll deductions of up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, at 85% of the lesser of the market price of the shares at the time of purchase or the market price on the beginning date of an option period (or, if later, the date during the option period when the employee was first eligible to participate). At September 30, 2019, there were 287,431 shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

The ESPP is considered compensatory for financial reporting purposes. As such, the fair value of ESPP shares was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

The Company recorded all stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

As of September 30, 2019, there was approximately $31 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and the ESPP. This unrecognized non-cash compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years, and will be allocated between research and development and general and administrative expenses accordingly. This estimate does not include the impact of other possible stock-based awards that may be made during future periods and awards that require approval by the stockholders.

Note 11 – Grant Agreement

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grant Agreement

In support of the Company’s development of ResVax, in September 2015, the Company entered into the grant agreement with BMGF (the “Grant Agreement”), under which it was awarded a grant totaling up to $89.1 million (the “Grant”). The Grant supports development activities, including the Company’s global Phase 3 clinical trial in pregnant women in their third trimester, product licensing efforts and efforts to obtain WHO prequalification of ResVax. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the Grant Agreement will continue in effect until the end of 2021. The Company concurrently entered into a Global Access Commitments Agreement (“GACA”) with BMGF as a part of the Grant Agreement. Under the terms of the GACA, among other things, the Company agreed to make a certain amount of ResVax available and accessible at affordable pricing to people in certain low- and middle-income countries. Unless terminated earlier by BMGF, the GACA will continue in effect until the later of 15 years from its effective date, or 10 years after the first sale of a product under defined circumstances. The term of the GACA may be extended in certain circumstances, by a period of up to five additional years.

Payments received in advance that are related to future performance are deferred and recognized as revenue when the research and development activities are performed. Cash payments received under the Grant Agreement are restricted as to their use until expenditures contemplated in the Grant Agreement are incurred. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized revenue from the Grant of $1.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, and has recognized approximately $80 million in revenue since the inception of the agreement. At September 30, 2019, the Company’s current restricted cash and deferred revenue balances on the consolidated balance sheet include its estimate of costs to be reimbursed and revenue to be recognized, respectively, in the next twelve months under the Grant Agreement.

Note 12 – Catalent Transaction

In June 2019, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics (“Catalent”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to Catalent certain assets related to its biomanufacturing and development activities located at the facilities situated at each of 20 Firstfield Road in Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878 and 9920 Belward Campus Drive in Rockville, Maryland 20850, for a purchase price of (i) $18.0 million, including $1.5 million to be held in escrow for one year following the closing of the transaction, plus (ii) an additional fee to purchase laboratory supplies of $0.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. The transaction closed in July 2019. Pursuant to the transactions contemplated by the Agreement, approximately 100 Novavax manufacturing and quality employees transferred to Catalent, and the Company assigned two facility leases to Catalent. The Company also entered into other ancillary agreements upon the closing of the transaction, including a Non-Commercial GMP Manufacturing Services Agreement pursuant to which the Company is required to purchase $6.0 million in certain services from Catalent set forth therein, through July 31, 2020. The transaction was treated as an asset disposition for accounting purposes. In the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded a gain on the disposition of such assets of $9.0 million as a result of the Agreement.

Note 13 – Related Party Transactions

In July 2017, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. Sarah Frech, the spouse of Mr. Stanley C. Erck, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Frech is a seasoned biotechnology executive with significant experience managing multiple clinical programs. Under the agreement, Dr. Frech provided clinical development and operations services related to the Company’s Phase 3 clinical trial of ResVax and other professional services. The agreement terminated in July 2019.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company incurred $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in consulting expenses under the agreement. No amount was due and unpaid for services performed under the agreement at September 30, 2019 as compared to less than $0.1 million at December 31, 2018.

Any statements in the discussion below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report about expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance of Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiary Novavax AB, the “Company,” “we” or “us”) are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements with respect to our capabilities, goals, expectations regarding future revenue and expense levels and capital raising activities, including possible proceeds from our December 2018 Sales Agreement (defined below); obligations under our Services Agreement (defined below) with Catalent Maryland, Inc. (formerly Paragon Bioservices, Inc.), a unit of Catalent Biologics (“Catalent”); potential market sizes and demand for our product candidates; the efficacy, safety and intended utilization of our product candidates; the development of our clinical-stage product candidates and our recombinant vaccine and adjuvant technologies; the development of our preclinical product candidates; the conduct, timing and potential results from clinical trials and other preclinical studies; plans for and potential timing of regulatory filings; our expectations with respect to the anticipated ongoing development and potential commercialization or licensure of ResVax; the expected timing and content of regulatory actions; payments by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (“BMGF”); our available cash resources and usage and the availability of financing generally; expected future cash savings and expense reductions associated with the Catalent transaction; plans regarding partnering activities, business development initiatives; the adoption of stock incentive plans and amendments thereto; the Reverse Stock Split (defined below) and its impact on the trading price of our common stock and other matters referenced herein. You generally can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words or phrases such as “believe,” “may,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “possible,” “can,” “estimate,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “consider,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan,” “project,” “expect,” “should,” “would,” or “assume” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.

Forward-looking statements involve estimates, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the statements. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report may turn out to be inaccurate or materially different from actual results.

Because the risk factors discussed in this Quarterly Report and identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, and other risk factors of which we are not aware, could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, which could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. We have included important factors that could cause results to differ in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report, particularly those identified in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report and in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K. These and other risks may also be detailed and modified or updated in our reports and other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) from time to time. You are encouraged to read these filings as they are made.

We cannot guarantee future results, events, level of activity, performance or achievement. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a late-stage biotechnology company that promotes improved global health through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. Our vaccine candidates, including our lead candidates, NanoFlu^TM and ResVax^TM, are genetically engineered, three-dimensional nanostructures of recombinant proteins critical to disease pathogenesis and may elicit differentiated immune responses, which may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or traditional vaccines. Our technology targets a variety of infectious diseases. We are also developing proprietary immune stimulating saponin-based adjuvants at Novavax AB, our wholly owned Swedish subsidiary. Our lead adjuvant, Matrix-M™, has been shown to enhance immune responses and has been well-tolerated in multiple clinical trials.

Product Pipeline

*Supported by a grant of up to $89.1 million from BMGF

A summary and status of these vaccine programs follows:

Seasonal Influenza

NanoFlu Program (Older Adults)

Influenza is a world-wide infectious disease with serious illness generally occurring in more susceptible populations such as children under 18 years old and older adults, but also occurring in the general population. According to influenza vaccines forecasts by Datamonitor in 2013, the market for seasonal influenza vaccines is expected to grow from approximately $3.2 billion in the 2015-16 flu season to approximately $5.3 billion in the 2021-22 flu season (in the countries comprising the top seven markets). Recent flu seasons have shown an increase in the influenza disease burden. For the 2017-18 flu season, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that influenza in the U.S. has resulted in 48.8 million illnesses, 959,000 hospitalizations and 79,400 deaths, a dramatic increase across all categories compared to previous years.

In October 2019, we initiated a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of NanoFlu in older adults (65 years and older). This randomized, observer-blinded, active-controlled trial will evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of NanoFlu with its proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant, compared to a U.S.-licensed quadrivalent vaccine, Fluzone® Quadrivalent. The trial’s primary objective is to demonstrate non-inferior immunogenicity as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (“HAI”) titers of vaccine homologous influenza strains compared to a licensed seasonal vaccine, and to describe its safety profile. In October 2019, we completed enrollment of 2,652 healthy older adults across 19 clinical sites in the U.S. and we expect to report top-line clinical data in the first quarter of 2020. These data would support a subsequent U.S. biologics license application (“BLA”) and licensure of NanoFlu using the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway.

In June 2019, we announced that the FDA acknowledged that the accelerated approval pathway is available for NanoFlu. An accelerated approval may be granted for certain biological products that have been studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments. Such an approval will be based on adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the biological product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. For seasonal influenza vaccines, the HAI antibody response is considered an acceptable surrogate marker of activity that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. To be considered for accelerated approval, a BLA for a new seasonal influenza vaccine should include results from one or more well-controlled studies designed to meet immunogenicity endpoints along with a commitment to conduct confirmatory post-marketing studies of clinical effectiveness in preventing influenza.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Currently, there is no approved RSV vaccine available to combat the estimated 64 million RSV infections that occur globally each year. We have identified three susceptible target populations that we believe could benefit from the development of our respiratory syncytial virus fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine candidate (“RSV F Vaccine”) in different formulations: (1) infants via maternal immunization, (2) older adults (60 years and older) and (3) children six months to five years old (“pediatrics”). With our current estimates of the annual global cost burden of RSV in excess of $88 billion, we believe our RSV F Vaccine represents a multi-billion dollar worldwide opportunity.

ResVax Program (Infants via Maternal Immunization)

ResVax is our adjuvanted RSV F Vaccine for infants via maternal immunization. RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (“LRTI”) and the leading viral cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. In the U.S., RSV is the leading cause of hospitalization of infants and, globally, is second only to malaria as a cause of death in children under one year of age.

Data from our Prepare trial, which was initiated in December 2015, was announced in February 2019. The Prepare trial was conducted to determine whether ResVax reduced incidence of medically significant RSV-positive LRTI in infants through a minimum of the first 90 days of life and up through the first six months of life. While these data did not meet the trial’s primary efficacy endpoint, it did demonstrate efficacy against a secondary objective by reducing RSV LRTI hospitalizations in treated infants. ResVax is thus the first RSV vaccine to show efficacy in a Phase 3 clinical trial, and in addition, showed important effects against a variety of pre-specified exploratory endpoints and post-hoc analyses. This included a ~60% reduction in RSV-related severe hypoxemia and a ~74% reduction in RSV-related, radiographically-confirmed pneumonia through day 90. As in previous clinical trials, ResVax also showed favorable safety and tolerability results. In light of the fact that the trial failed to meet the primary endpoints, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) recommended that we conduct an additional Phase 3 clinical trial to confirm efficacy. We continue to work with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is supporting the development of ResVax through a grant of up to $89.1 million, to develop regulatory approaches for ResVax in certain low- and middle-income countries. We are currently in discussions with multiple potential commercial partners around the opportunity to bring ResVax to market globally, including assisting us with the regulatory licensure pathways in the U.S., European Union and other geographies.

RSV Older Adults Program

Older adults (60 years and older) are at increased risk for RSV disease due in part to immunosenescence, the age-related decline in the human immune system. RSV infection can also lead to exacerbation of underlying co-morbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and congestive heart failure. In the U.S. alone, a reported RSV incidence rate of 5.5% in older adults would account for approximately 2.5 million infections per year. We estimate that approximately 900,000 medical interventions are caused by RSV disease in this U.S. population each year. We followed up the 2016 Phase 3 clinical trial of our RSV F Vaccine, which failed to meet its pre-specified primary or secondary efficacy objectives, with a 2017 Phase 2 clinical trial in older adults, to assess safety and immunogenicity of one and two dose regimens of our RSV F Vaccine, with and without aluminum phosphate or our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant. Immunogenicity results from the 2017 trial indicate that both adjuvants increase the magnitude, duration and quality of the immune response versus the non-adjuvanted RSV F Vaccine. We continue to assess the development opportunities for our RSV F Vaccine in older adults in the United States.

RSV Pediatrics Program

By the age of five, essentially all children will have been exposed to RSV and will likely develop natural immunity against the virus; however, children under five remain vulnerable to RSV disease, offering a strong rationale for a pediatric vaccine that could offer enhanced protection. In 2015, we announced positive results in our Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of our RSV F Vaccine in healthy children between two and six years of age. We continue to assess the development opportunities for our RSV F Vaccine for pediatrics.

Combination Seasonal Influenza/RSV F Vaccine

With the ongoing development of our NanoFlu and RSV F Vaccine, a strong rationale exists for developing a combination respiratory vaccine that is designed to protect susceptible populations against both diseases. Although testing is at an early stage, we believe that a combination vaccine against both influenza and RSV may be achievable.

Ebola Virus

Ebola virus (“EBOV”) is a filovirus that produces severe, often fatal illness in humans. Within the last decade, it has produced two large outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa with high mortality. There are currently no licensed treatments proven to prevent EBOV, although a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development.

We have developed an EBOV glycoprotein vaccine candidate (“Ebola GP Vaccine”) expressed in insect cells, using our core recombinant baculovirus technology. In five separate studies, carried out in collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, active immunization with Ebola GP Vaccine was shown to be highly immunogenic and efficacious in preventing lethal disease in non-human primates challenged with EBOV. Our 2015 Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrated that our Ebola GP Vaccine is highly immunogenic in humans, well-tolerated and, in conjunction with our proprietary Matrix-M adjuvant, demonstrated marked antigen dose-sparing and induced significant increases in neutralizing antibody titers. While we intend to advance our Ebola GP Vaccine, doing so will be dependent upon funding or a partner.

CPLB Joint Venture

CPL Biologicals Private Limited (“CPLB”), our joint venture between Novavax and Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited (“Cadila”), is actively developing a number of vaccine candidates in India. CPLB is owned 20% by Novavax and 80% by Cadila.

Reverse Stock Split

On May 8, 2019, following stockholders approval at a Special Meeting earlier that day, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock, par value $0.01, at a ratio of 1-for-20 (“Reverse Stock Split”), effective as of May 10, 2019. We have retroactively restated all per share and share amounts, including stock options and restricted stock awards and units, in this Quarterly Report for all periods presented to reflect the Reverse Stock Split.

Catalent Transaction

In June 2019, we entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with Catalent, pursuant to which we agreed to sell to Catalent certain assets related to our biomanufacturing and development activities located at the facilities situated at each of 20 Firstfield Road in Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878 and 9920 Belward Campus Drive in Rockville, Maryland 20850, for a purchase price of (i) $18.0 million, including $1.5 million to be held in escrow for one year following the closing of the transaction, plus (ii) an additional fee to purchase laboratory supplies of approximately $0.3 million, subject to certain adjustments. The transaction closed in July 2019. Pursuant to the transactions contemplated by the Agreement, approximately 100 Novavax manufacturing and quality employees transferred to Catalent, and we assigned two facility leases to Catalent. We also entered into other ancillary agreements upon the closing of the transaction, including a Non-Commercial GMP Manufacturing Services Agreement pursuant to which we are required to purchase $6.0 million in certain services from Catalent set forth therein, through July 31, 2020. The transaction was treated as an asset disposition for accounting purposes. As a result of the transactions contemplated by the Agreement and related attrition since March 1, 2019, we have reduced our headcount by more than 200 employees. In the three months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded a gain on the disposition of such assets of $9.0 million as a result of the Agreement.

Sales of Common Stock

In December 2018, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2018 Sales Agreement”), which allows us to issue and sell up to $100 million in gross proceeds of our common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we sold 3.6 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement, of which 1.7 million shares of common stock were sold in the first quarter of 2019, resulting in $29.3 million in net proceeds at a weighted average sales price of $8.39 per share. From October 1 through November 1, 2019, we sold 1.0 million shares of common stock under the December 2018 Sales Agreement resulting in $5.0 million in net proceeds, leaving $64.4 million remaining available to be sold.

In December 2017, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“December 2017 Sales Agreement”), which allowed us to issue and sell up to $75 million in gross proceeds of our common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we sold 2.5 million shares of common stock under the December 2017 Sales Agreement, of which all were sold in the first quarter of 2019, resulting in $37.9 million in net proceeds at a weighted average sales price of $15.33 per share. The December 2017 Sales Agreement was fully utilized at that time.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

There are no material changes to our critical accounting policies as described in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the SEC.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See “Note 3―Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (under the caption “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”).

Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of the historical financial condition and results of operations of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth in this Quarterly Report.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in tables are presented in thousands, except per share information or as otherwise indicated)

Revenue:

Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $2.5 million as compared to $7.7 million for the same period in 2018, a decrease of $5.2 million, or 68%. Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was primarily comprised of services performed under the Grant Agreement with BMGF and to a lesser extent, revenue from Novavax AB. Revenue decreased as a result of completing enrollment of the Prepare trial in the second quarter of 2018.

We expect revenue in 2019 under the Grant Agreement to be significantly lower than in 2018 as the Prepare trial is expected to conclude in 2019.

Expenses:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include salaries, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, consultants and subcontractors, including external contract research organizations, and other expenses associated with our process development, manufacturing, clinical, regulatory and quality assurance activities for our programs. In addition, indirect costs such as fringe benefits and overhead expenses related to research and development activities, are also included in research and development expenses. Research and development expenses decreased to $18.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $41.3 million for the same period in 2018, a decrease of $22.7 million, or 55%. This decrease was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax, lower employee-related costs and other cost savings due to the Catalent transaction. At September 30, 2019, we had 127 employees dedicated to our research and development programs versus 313 employees as of September 30, 2018. For 2019, we expect research and development expenses overall to decrease primarily due to the completion of activities related to the conclusion of the Prepare trial and the expected impact of the Catalent transaction, including headcount reductions and assignment of certain facility leases, partially offset by our Phase 3 clinical trial of NanoFlu.

Expenses by Functional Area

We track our research and development expenses by the type of costs incurred in identifying, developing, manufacturing and testing vaccine candidates. We evaluate and prioritize our activities according to functional area and therefore believe that project-by-project information would not form a reasonable basis for disclosure to our investors. Historically, we did not account for internal research and development expenses by project, since our employees’ work time is spread across multiple programs and our internal manufacturing clean-room facility produces multiple vaccine candidates.

The following summarizes our research and development expenses by functional area for the three months ended September 30 (in millions):

We do not provide forward-looking estimates of costs and time to complete our research projects due to the many uncertainties associated with vaccine development. As we obtain data from preclinical studies and clinical trials, we may elect to discontinue or delay clinical trials in order to focus our resources on more promising vaccine candidates. Completion of clinical trials may take several years or more, but the length of time can vary substantially depending upon the phase, size of clinical trial, primary and secondary endpoints and the intended use of the vaccine candidate. The cost of clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of a variety of factors, including:

As a result of these uncertainties, we are unable to determine with any significant degree of certainty the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or when, and to what extent, we will generate future cash flows from our research projects.

Gain on Catalent Transaction

As a result of the Catalent transaction (see discussion above), we recorded a gain of $9.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses slightly decreased to $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 from $8.3 million for the same period in 2018. At September 30, 2019, we had 41 employees dedicated to general and administrative functions versus 49 employees as of September 30, 2018. For 2019, we expect general and administrative expenses to be consistent with that of 2018.

Other Income (Expense):

We had total other expense, net of $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to total other expense, net of $2.7 million for the same period in 2018, an increase of $0.4 million. Our investment income decreased due to lower marketable securities balances.

Net Loss:

Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $18.0 million, or $0.74 per share, as compared to $44.6 million, or $2.33 per share, for the same period in 2018. The decrease in net loss was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax, and the $9.0 million gain recorded on the Catalent transaction, partially offset by decreased revenue under the Grant Agreement.

The increase in weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended September 30, 2019 is primarily a result of sales of our common stock in 2019 and 2018.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (amounts in tables are presented in thousands, except per share information or as otherwise indicated)

Revenue:

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $9.8 million as compared to $28.2 million for the same period in 2018, a decrease of $18.3 million, or 65%. Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was primarily comprised of services performed under the Grant Agreement with BMGF and to a lesser extent, revenue from Novavax AB. Revenue decreased as a result of completing enrollment of the Prepare trial in the second quarter of 2018.

Expenses:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include salaries, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies, consultants and subcontractors, including external contract research organizations, and other expenses associated with our process development, manufacturing, clinical, regulatory and quality assurance activities for our programs. In addition, indirect costs such as fringe benefits and overhead expenses related to research and development activities, are also included in research and development expenses. Research and development expenses decreased to $84.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $130.4 million for the same period in 2018, a decrease of $45.9 million, or 35%. This decrease was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax, lower employee-related costs and other cost savings due to the Catalent transaction. At September 30, 2019, we had 127 employees dedicated to our research and development programs versus 313 employees as of September 30, 2018.

Expenses by Functional Area

The following summarizes our research and development expenses by functional area for the nine months ended September 30 (in millions):

Gain on Catalent Transaction

As a result of the Catalent transaction (see discussion above), we recorded a gain of $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses slightly increased to $26.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 from $25.2 million for the same period in 2018, an increase of $1.1 million, or 4%. The increase in general and administrative expenses are primarily due to increased professional fees related to the Catalent transaction and our recent stockholders meetings. At September 30, 2019, we had 41 employees dedicated to general and administrative functions versus 49 employees as of September 30, 2018.

Other Income (Expense):

We had total other expense, net of $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to total other expense, net of $8.0 million for the same period in 2018, an increase of $1.0 million. Our investment income decreased due to lower marketable securities balances.

Net Loss:

Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $100.9 million, or $4.43 per share, as compared to $135.4 million, or $7.42 per share, for the same period in 2018. The decrease in net loss was primarily due to decreased development activities, including lower clinical trial costs, of ResVax and the $9.0 million gain recorded on the Catalent transaction, partially offset by decreased revenue under the Grant Agreement.

The increase in weighted average shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is primarily a result of sales of our common stock in 2019 and 2018.

Liquidity Matters and Capital Resources

Our future capital requirements depend on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the commitments and progress of our research and development programs, the progress of preclinical and clinical testing, the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals, the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights and manufacturing costs. We plan to continue to have multiple vaccines and product candidates in various stages of development, and we believe our operating expenses and capital requirements will fluctuate depending upon the timing of events, such as the scope, initiation, rate and progress of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other research and development activities. We have primarily funded our recent operations with proceeds from the sale of common stock in equity offerings, the issuance of convertible debt and revenue under our Grant Agreement with BMGF.

As of September 30, 2019, we had $75.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash as compared to $103.9 million as of December 31, 2018. These amounts consisted of $71.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $4.8 million in restricted cash as of September 30, 2019 as compared to $70.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, $22.0 million in marketable securities and $11.8 million in restricted cash as of December 31, 2018.

The following table summarizes cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):