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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.  20549
catlogonew.jpg
 FORM 10-Q 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                    to
Commission File Number:  1-768
CATERPILLAR INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
37-0602744
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
5205 N. O'Connor Boulevard,Suite 100,Irving, Texas75039
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 891-7700 
Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol (s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)CATNew York Stock Exchange ¹
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035CAT35New York Stock Exchange
¹    In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes     No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes   No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes   No

At June 30, 2023, 510,143,097 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.


Table of Contents
Table of Contents
 
 
   
 
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities*
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures*
Item 5.Other Information*
 
* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

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Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  Financial Statements
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Three Months Ended June 30
 20232022
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$16,545 $13,539 
Revenues of Financial Products773 708 
Total sales and revenues17,318 14,247 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold11,065 9,975 
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,528 1,425 
Research and development expenses528 480 
Interest expense of Financial Products245 120 
Other operating (income) expenses300 303 
Total operating costs13,666 12,303 
Operating profit3,652 1,944 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products127 108 
Other income (expense)127 260 
Consolidated profit before taxes3,652 2,096 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes752 427 
Profit of consolidated companies2,900 1,669 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies24 4 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,924 1,673 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests2  
Profit 1
$2,922 $1,673 
Profit per common share$5.70 $3.15 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$5.67 $3.13 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)  
– Basic512.9 531.0 
– Diluted 2
515.0 534.1 
 
1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Three Months Ended June 30
 20232022
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$2,924 $1,673 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:(142)(659)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(3)(1)
Derivative financial instruments:(41)(86)
Available-for-sale securities:(14)(43)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(200)(789)
Comprehensive income2,724 884 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests2  
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$2,722 $884 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20232022
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$31,644 $26,425 
Revenues of Financial Products1,536 1,411 
Total sales and revenues33,180 27,836 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold21,168 19,534 
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,991 2,771 
Research and development expenses1,000 937 
Interest expense of Financial Products462 226 
Other operating (income) expenses1,176 569 
Total operating costs26,797 24,037 
Operating profit6,383 3,799 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products256 217 
Other income (expense)159 513 
Consolidated profit before taxes6,286 4,095 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,460 896 
Profit of consolidated companies4,826 3,199 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies40 11 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies4,866 3,210 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests1  
Profit 1
$4,865 $3,210 
Profit per common share$9.46 $6.03 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$9.41 $5.99 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions) 
– Basic514.3 532.6 
– Diluted 2
517.1 536.1 

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20232022
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$4,866 $3,210 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:465 (774)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(5)(2)
Derivative financial instruments:43 (63)
Available-for-sale securities:8 (107)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax511 (946)
Comprehensive income5,377 2,264 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests1  
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$5,376 $2,264 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



6

Table of Contents
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 June 30,
2023
December 31,
2022
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$7,387 $7,004 
Receivables – trade and other9,416 8,856 
Receivables – finance9,288 9,013 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets3,163 2,642 
Inventories17,746 16,270 
Total current assets47,000 43,785 
Property, plant and equipment – net12,124 12,028 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,161 1,265 
Long-term receivables – finance12,022 12,013 
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes2,607 2,213 
Intangible assets630 758 
Goodwill5,293 5,288 
Other assets4,590 4,593 
Total assets$85,427 $81,943 
Liabilities  
Current liabilities:  
Short-term borrowings:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$ $3 
Financial Products5,548 5,954 
Accounts payable8,443 8,689 
Accrued expenses4,493 4,080 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits1,755 2,313 
Customer advances2,137 1,860 
Dividends payable663 620 
Other current liabilities3,109 2,690 
Long-term debt due within one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation1,043 120 
Financial Products8,123 5,202 
Total current liabilities35,314 31,531 
Long-term debt due after one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation8,535 9,498 
Financial Products14,450 16,216 
Liability for postemployment benefits4,084 4,203 
Other liabilities4,788 4,604 
Total liabilities67,171 66,052 
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity  
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
  
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000
Issued shares: (6/30/23 and 12/31/22 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount
6,478 6,560 
Treasury stock: (6/30/23 – 304,751,527 shares; 12/31/22 – 298,549,134 shares) at cost
(33,391)(31,748)
Profit employed in the business47,094 43,514 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,946)(2,457)
Noncontrolling interests21 22 
Total shareholders’ equity18,256 15,891 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$85,427 $81,943 
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock
Treasury
stock
Profit
employed
in the
business
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Noncontrolling
interests
Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022      
Balance at March 31, 2022$6,281 $(28,326)$40,820 $(1,710)$32 $17,097 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 1,673 — — 1,673 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (659)— (659)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (1)— (1)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (86)— (86)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (43)— (43)
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,230)— — (1,230)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 416,751
4 28 — — — 32 
Stock-based compensation expense67 — — — — 67 
Common shares repurchased: 5,860,813 2
— (1,204)— — — (1,204)
Other112 1 — — — 113 
Balance at June 30, 2022$6,464 $(29,501)$41,263 $(2,499)$32 $15,759 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023      
Balance at March 31, 2023$6,546 $(32,108)$45,457 $(1,746)$21 $18,170 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 2,922 — 2 2,924 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (142)— (142)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (3)— (3)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (41)— (41)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (14)— (14)
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,285)— — (1,285)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 137,444
(5)8 — — — 3 
Stock-based compensation expense74  — — — 74 
Common shares repurchased: 5,914,408 2
 (1,279)— — — (1,279)
Outstanding authorized accelerated share repurchase(150)— — — — (150)
Other13 (12)— — (2)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2023$6,478 $(33,391)$47,094 $(1,946)$21 $18,256 

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.50 and $2.31 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
2 See Note 12 for additional information.



See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock
Treasury
stock
Profit
employed
in the
business
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Noncontrolling
interests
Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022      
Balance at December 31, 20216,398 (27,643)39,282 (1,553)32 16,516 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 3,210 — — 3,210 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (774)— (774)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (2)— (2)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (63)— (63)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (107)— (107)
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,229)— — (1,229)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,454,219
(61)65 — — — 4 
Stock-based compensation expense107 — — — — 107 
Common shares repurchased: 9,432,497 2
— (1,924)— — — (1,924)
Other20 1 — — — 21 
Balance at June 30, 2022$6,464 $(29,501)$41,263 $(2,499)$32 $15,759 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023      
Balance at December 31, 20226,560 (31,748)43,514 (2,457)22 15,891 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 4,865 — 1 4,866 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — 465 — 465 
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (5)— (5)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — 43 — 43 
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — 8 — 8 
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,285)— — (1,285)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,413,775
(71)49 — — — (22)
Stock-based compensation expense118 — — — — 118 
Outstanding authorized accelerated stock repurchases(150)— — — — (150)
Common shares repurchased: 7,616,168 2
— (1,679)— — — (1,679)
Other21 (13)— — (2)6 
Balance at June 30, 2023$6,478 $(33,391)$47,094 $(1,946)$21 $18,256 

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.50 and $2.31 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
2 See Note 12 for additional information.



See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 Six Months Ended June 30
 20232022
Cash flow from operating activities:  
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$4,866 $3,210 
Adjustments for non-cash items:  
Depreciation and amortization1,074 1,110 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(355)(283)
Loss on divestiture572  
Other106 49 
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:  
Receivables – trade and other(465)283 
Inventories(1,560)(2,003)
Accounts payable34 427 
Accrued expenses381 (80)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits(562)(445)
Customer advances284 514 
Other assets – net81 86 
Other liabilities – net366 (322)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities4,822 2,546 
Cash flow from investing activities:  
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(683)(586)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(774)(688)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment368 468 
Additions to finance receivables(6,973)(6,705)
Collections of finance receivables6,759 6,519 
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables29 21 
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(20)(36)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)(14)1 
Proceeds from sale of securities463 1,204 
Investments in securities(1,078)(2,118)
Other – net41 32 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,882)(1,888)
Cash flow from financing activities:  
Dividends paid(1,238)(1,187)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued(22)4 
Common shares repurchased(1,829)(1,924)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Financial Products3,299 4,015 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Machinery, Energy & Transportation(95)(13)
        Financial Products(2,208)(4,233)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(406)(553)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(2,499)(3,891)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(60)(7)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash381 (3,240)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period7,013 9,263 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$7,394 $6,023 

 Cash equivalents primarily represent short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of generally three months or less.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
 
1.                                   A.  Nature of operations
 
Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation
 
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2022 Form 10-K).
 
The December 31, 2022 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers and dealers that are variable interest entities (VIEs) of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Supplier finance programs (ASU 2022-04) - In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs. The new standard requires annual disclosure of the key terms of the program, a description of where in the financial statements amounts outstanding under the program are presented, a rollforward of such amounts, and interim disclosure of amounts outstanding as of the end of each period. The guidance does not affect recognition, measurement, or financial statement presentation of supplier finance programs. The ASU was effective on January 1, 2023, except for the rollforward, which is effective on January 1, 2024. Our adoption of this guidance results in the following disclosures relating to our supplier finance programs and related obligations.

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We facilitate voluntary supplier finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allow them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms, typically 60-90 days, we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amount of obligations outstanding that are confirmed as valid to the participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs, included in Accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, were $901 million and $862 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2023, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:
ASUDescription
2021-08Business combinations
2022-02Financial instruments - Credit losses
2022-06Reference rate reform

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3.                                   Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products, and include amounts due from wholesale inventory financing provided by Cat Financial for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We recognize trade receivables from dealers and end users in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $8,079 million, $7,551 million and $7,267 million as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $482 million, $506 million and $624 million as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

For certain contracts, we invoice for payment when contractual milestones are achieved. We recognize a contract asset when a sale is recognized before achieving the contractual milestones for invoicing. We reduce the contract asset when we invoice for payment and recognize a corresponding trade receivable. Contract assets are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract assets were $225 million, $247 million and $187 million as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $2,592 million, $2,314 million and $1,557 million as of June 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $398 million and $1,135 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2023. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $220 million and $657 million, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $13.2 billion, with about one-half of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2023. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

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4.                                    Stock-based compensation
 
Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $74 million and $118 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $67 million and $107 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
 Shares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock PriceShares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options777,275 $75.79 $253.98 1,029,202 $51.69 $196.70 
RSUs379,426 $253.98 $253.98 484,025 $196.70 $196.70 
PRSUs221,869 $253.98 $253.98 258,900 $196.70 $196.70 
 
The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
 
 Grant Year
 20232022
Weighted-average dividend yield2.60%2.60%
Weighted-average volatility31.0%31.7%
Range of volatilities
28.5% - 35.5%
25.3% - 36.8%
Range of risk-free interest rates
3.92% - 5.03%
1.03% - 2.00%
Weighted-average expected lives7 years8 years
 
As of June 30, 2023, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $229 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.
 
5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management
 
Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.
 
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We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in AOCI changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.
 
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 
Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.
 
Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of June 30, 2023, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts at inception was approximately 60 months.
 
We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any foreign currency forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  
 
In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.
 
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Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.
 
Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.
 
We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.
 
Commodity Price Risk
 
Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.
 
Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.
 
Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.






















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The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)Fair Value
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets 1
Liabilities 2
Assets 1
Liabilities 2
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts$460 $(159)$462 $(152)
Interest rate contracts71 (284)93 (288)
Total$531 $(443)$555 $(440)
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts$42 $(62)$65 $(47)
Commodity contracts11 (10)24 (9)
Total$53 $(72)$89 $(56)
1 Assets are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Receivables - trade and other or Long-term receivables - trade and other.
2 Liabilities are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Accrued expenses or Other liabilities.

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $21.9 billion and $24.3 billion, respectively. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

Gains (Losses) on derivative instruments are categorized as follows:

(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30
Fair Value / Undesignated HedgesCash Flow Hedges
Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1
Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI
Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
202320222023202220232022
Foreign exchange contracts$31 $33 $(26)$186 $28 $323 
Interest rate contracts(34)9 14 21 14 (2)
Commodity contracts(20)(48)    
Total$(23)$(6)$(12)$207 $42 $321 
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are included in Interest expense of Financial Products and Interest expense excluding Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.
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(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30
Fair Value / Undesignated HedgesCash Flow Hedges
Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations 1
Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI
Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI 2
202320222023202220232022
Foreign exchange contracts$3 $(30)$32 $177 $(37)$349 
Interest rate contracts(60)17 12 77 27 (9)
Commodity contract(12)45     
Total$(69)$32 $44 $254 $(10)$340 
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.

The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Millions of dollars)Carrying Value of the Hedged LiabilitiesCumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Long-term debt due within one year$195 $ $(5)$ 
Long-term debt due after one year4,033 4,173 (271)(280)
Total$4,228 $4,173 $(276)$(280)

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements may also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is typically not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Gross Amounts Recognized$584 $(515)$644 $(496)
Financial Instruments Not Offset(224)224 (233)233 
Net Amount$360 $(291)$411 $(263)

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6.                                     Inventories
 
Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:
 
(Millions of dollars)June 30,
2023
December 31,
2022
Raw materials$6,783 $6,370 
Work-in-process1,640 1,452 
Finished goods8,979 8,138 
Supplies344 310 
Total inventories$17,746 $16,270 
    

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill
 
A.  Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets were comprised of the following:
 
  June 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
Gross
Carrying
Amount 1
Accumulated
Amortization 1
Net
Customer relationships16$2,233 $(1,744)$489 
Intellectual property14650 (551)99 
Other17120 (78)42 
Total finite-lived intangible assets15$3,003 $(2,373)$630 

  December 31, 2022
Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)
Gross
Carrying
Amount
Accumulated
Amortization
Net
Customer relationships16$2,233 $(1,675)$558 
Intellectual property121,473 (1,320)153 
Other16132 (85)47 
Total finite-lived intangible assets14$3,838 $(3,080)$758 
1 For the six months ended June 30, 2023, $829 million of intangible assets were fully amortized and have been removed.

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was $64 million and $130 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $71 million and $143 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 20232024202520262027Thereafter
$87$171$161$91$27$93
 
B.  Goodwill
 
No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)December 31,
2022
Other Adjustments 1
June 30,
2023
Construction Industries
Goodwill$287 $(13)$274 
Impairments(22)— (22)
Net goodwill265 (13)252 
Resource Industries
Goodwill4,130 16 4,146 
Impairments(1,175)— (1,175)
Net goodwill2,955 16 2,971 
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill2,947 6 2,953 
Impairments(925)— (925)
Net goodwill2,022 6 2,028 
All Other 2
Goodwill46 (4)42 
Impairments —  
Net goodwill46 (4)42 
Consolidated total
Goodwill7,410 5 7,415 
Impairments(2,122)— (2,122)
Net goodwill$5,288 $5 $5,293 


1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.
2 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).


8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities
 
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities primarily as available-for-sale. We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of available-for-sale debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for available-for-sale debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:
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Available-for-sale debt securities
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(Millions of dollars)
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Government debt securities      
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $ $10 $9 $ $9 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds60 (4)56 60 (5)55 
Corporate debt securities     
Corporate bonds and other debt securities2,585 (85)2,500 2,561 (95)2,466 
Asset-backed securities191 (5)186 187 (5)182 
Mortgage-backed debt securities  
U.S. governmental agency390 (31)359 364 (31)333 
Residential3 (1)2 3 (1)2 
Commercial138 (11)127 127 (10)117 
Total available-for-sale debt securities$3,377 $(137)$3,240 $3,311 $(147)$3,164 
Available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position:
 June 30, 2023
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Government debt securities      
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds$13 $ $26 $4 $39 $4 
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds1,414 26 947 62 2,361 88 
Asset-backed securities57 1 92 4 149 5 
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency131 5 218 26 349 31 
Residential  2 1 2 1 
Commercial41 2 86 9 127 11 
$1,656 $34 $1,371 $106 $3,027 $140 
 December 31, 2022
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Government debt securities      
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds$19 $1 $20 $4 $39 $5 
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds1,815 46 357 50 2,172 96 
Asset-backed securities75 2 55 3 130 5 
Mortgage-backed debt securities      
U.S. governmental agency229 16 98 15 327 31 
Residential2  1 1 3 1 
Commercial63 5 54 5 117 10 
Total$2,203 $70 $585 $78 $2,788 $148 
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
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The unrealized losses on our investments in government debt securities, corporate debt securities, and mortgage-backed debt securities relate to changes in underlying interest rates and credit spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their respective amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of June 30, 2023.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        
June 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)Cost BasisFair Value
Due in one year or less$973 $963 
Due after one year through five years1,539 1,470 
Due after five years through ten years270 257 
Due after ten years64 62 
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities390 359 
Residential mortgage-backed securities3 2 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities138 127 
Total debt securities – available-for-sale$3,377 $3,240 
  
Sales of available-for-sale debt securities:  
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities$216 $174 $439 $270 
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities   1 
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities   1 
In addition, we had $500 million of investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of June 30, 2023. We did not have any investments classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2022. All these investments mature within one year and we include them in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We record held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $(4) million and $(48) million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $(14) million and $(59) million, respectively.
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9.                                     Postretirement benefits
 
A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    
U.S. Pension
Benefits
Non-U.S. Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
June 30June 30June 30
(Millions of dollars)202320222023202220232022
For the three months ended:      
Components of net periodic benefit cost:      
Service cost$ $ $10 $12 $17 $25 
Interest cost164 101 30 18 36 20 
Expected return on plan assets (172)(168)(40)(33)(3)(2)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)    (3)(2)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1
$(8)$(67)$ $(3)$47 $41 
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost$ $ $20 $25 $34 $50 
Interest cost328 201 61 36 72 40 
Expected return on plan assets (344)(335)(80)(67)(6)(6)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)    (6)(3)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1
$(16)$(134)$1 $(6)$94 $81 
1 The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $56 million and $264 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2023 contributions of approximately $372 million.
 
B.  Defined contribution benefit costs
 
Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
 
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
U.S. Plans$136 $34 $285 $149 
Non-U.S. Plans29 27 58 56 
 $165 $61 $343 $205 

The increase in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.
 
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10.                              Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
Finance lease revenue$105 $109 $209 $221 
Operating lease revenue275 271 550 549 
Total$380 $380 $759 $770 
We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty
 
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
Dealer performance guarantees mainly consists of an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the related recorded liability was $5 million and $2 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we can estimate (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) and we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)June 30,
2023
December 31,
2022
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees$177 $188 
Other guarantees390 323 
Total guarantees$567 $511 
 
Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the SPC’s assets of $1.24 billion and $971 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1.24 billion and $970 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  
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The reconciliation of the change in our product warranty liability balances for the six months ended June 30 was as follows:
First Six Months
(Millions of dollars)20232022
Warranty liability, beginning of period$1,761 $1,689 
Reduction in liability (payments)(410)(388)
Increase in liability (new warranties) 471 350 
Warranty liability, end of period$1,822 $1,651 
  

12.                               Profit per share
 
Computations of profit per share:Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)2023202220232022
Profit for the period (A) 1
$2,922 $1,673 $4,865 $3,210 
Determination of shares (in millions): 
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)512.9531.0514.3532.6
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price2.13.12.83.5
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2
515.0534.1517.1536.1
Profit per share of common stock:  
Assuming no dilution (A/B)$5.70 $3.15 $9.46 $6.03 
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2
$5.67 $3.13 $9.41 $5.99 
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)510.1 527.9 
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we excluded 0.8 million and 2.1 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we repurchased 5.9 million and 7.6 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.3 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we repurchased 5.9 million and 9.4 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.2 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through the combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with a third-party financial institution and open market transactions in 2023 and 2022.


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13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance$(1,721)$(1,623)$(2,328)$(1,508)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation(144)(632)(41)(736)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(2)27 (12)38 
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation(142)(659)(29)(774)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings  494  
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)    
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings  494  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(142)(659)465 (774)
Ending balance$(1,863)$(2,282)$(1,863)$(2,282)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance$(41)$(63)$(39)$(62)
Current year prior service credit (cost)    
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)    
Net current year prior service credit (cost)    
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost(3)(2)(6)(3)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit) (1)(1)(1)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost(3)(1)(5)(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(3)(1)(5)(2)
Ending balance$(44)$(64)$(44)$(64)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance$112 $20 $28 $(3)
Gains (losses) deferred(12)207 44 254 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(3)26 9 36 
Net gains (losses) deferred(9)181 35 218 
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings(42)(321)10 (340)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(10)(54)2 (59)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings(32)(267)8 (281)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(41)(86)43 (63)
Ending balance$71 $(66)$71 $(66)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance$(96)$(44)$(118)$20 
Gains (losses) deferred(16)(54)10 (133)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(2)(11)2 (26)
Net gains (losses) deferred(14)(43)8 (107)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings    
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)    
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings    
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(14)(43)8 (107)
Ending balance$(110)$(87)$(110)$(87)
Total AOCI Ending Balance at June 30
$(1,946)$(2,499)$(1,946)$(2,499)
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14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

15.                              Income taxes
 
The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was 23.2 percent compared to 21.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was 20.6 percent compared to 20.4 percent for the three months ended June 30, 2022.

The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 23.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.

The 2023 estimated annual tax rate excludes the impact of the nondeductible loss of $586 million related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, the company recorded discrete tax benefits of $88 million due to a change in the valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $32 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $18 million benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2022. In the six months ended June 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million for a prior year tax adjustment due to a change in estimate.


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16.                              Segment information
 
A.    Basis for segment information
 
Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.
 
Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B.    Description of segments
 
We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:
 
Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; cold planers; compactors; compact track loaders; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; track-type loaders; track-type tractors (small, medium); track excavators (mini, small, medium, large); wheel excavators; wheel loaders (compact, small, medium); and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.
 
Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, revolving charge accounts, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
 
All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.
 
C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations
 
There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:
 
ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.
 
We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.
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Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.
Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 30 to 33 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:
 
Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments, contract terminations and divestiture impacts. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. See Note 20 for more information.

Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.




























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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
America
Latin
America
EAME
Asia/
Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023    
Construction Industries$3,968 $566 $1,438 $1,149 $7,121 $33 $7,154 
Resource Industries1,342 538 517 1,076 3,473 90 3,563 
Energy & Transportation3,120 459 1,479 899 5,957 1,262 7,219 
Financial Products Segment593 102 118 110 923 
1
 923 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments9,023 1,665 3,552 3,234 17,474 1,385 18,859 
All Other operating segment16  4 14 34 82 116 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(117)(23)(23)(27)(190)(1,467)(1,657)
Total Sales and Revenues$8,922 $1,642 $3,533 $3,221 $17,318 $— $17,318 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022    
Construction Industries$3,006 $635 $1,202 $1,148 $5,991 $42 $6,033 
Resource Industries1,027 466 489 913 2,895 66 2,961 
Energy & Transportation2,277 382 1,215 766 4,640 1,065 5,705 
Financial Products Segment505 87 97 109 798 
1
 798 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments6,815 1,570 3,003 2,936 14,324 1,173 15,497 
All Other operating segment18  5 15 38 80 118 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(62)(23)(10)(20)(115)(1,253)(1,368)
Total Sales and Revenues$6,771 $1,547 $2,998 $2,931 $14,247 $— $14,247 
1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $172 million and $108 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
America
Latin
America
EAME
Asia/
Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023    
Construction Industries$7,576 $1,165 $2,774 $2,310 $13,825 $75 $13,900 
Resource Industries2,650 1,012 1,116 2,054 6,832 158 6,990 
Energy & Transportation5,692 839 2,863 1,618 11,012 2,461 13,473 
Financial Products Segment1,168 206 232 219 1,825 
1
 1,825 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments17,086 3,222 6,985 6,201 33,494 2,694 36,188 
All Other operating segment34  8 27 69 158 227 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(248)(41)(42)(52)(383)(2,852)(3,235)
Total Sales and Revenues$16,872 $3,181 $6,951 $6,176 $33,180 $— $33,180 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022    
Construction Industries$5,726 $1,262 $2,479 $2,610 $12,077 $71 $12,148 
Resource Industries2,045 865 1,083 1,661 5,654 137 5,791 
Energy & Transportation4,215 692 2,399 1,366 8,672 2,071 10,743 
Financial Products Segment1,008 160 193 220 1,581 
1
 1,581 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments12,994 2,979 6,154 5,857 27,984 2,279 30,263 
All Other operating segment36  10 31 77 159 236 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(122)(39)(21)(43)(225)(2,438)(2,663)
Total Sales and Revenues$12,908 $2,940 $6,143 $5,845 $27,836 $— $27,836 

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $334 million and $208 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:
Energy & Transportation External Sales
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
Oil and gas$1,760 $1,232 $3,074 $2,180 
Power generation1,645 1,186 2,929 2,198 
Industrial1,318 1,117 2,573 2,137 
Transportation1,234 1,105 2,436 2,157 
Energy & Transportation External Sales$5,957 $4,640 $11,012 $8,672 

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Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:  
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2023202220232022
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$1,803 $989 $3,593 $2,046 
Resource Industries740 355 1,504 716 
Energy & Transportation1,269 659 2,326 1,197 
Financial Products Segment240 217 472 455 
Total profit from reportable segments4,052 2,220 7,895 4,414 
Profit from All Other operating segment10 31 21 34 
Cost centers13 28 43 38 
Corporate costs(211)(304)(449)(502)
Timing95 53 (111)(45)
Restructuring costs(31)(28)(642)(41)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales13 101 139 269 
Postretirement benefit expense(40)130 (71)211 
Stock-based compensation expense(74)(67)(118)(107)
Financing costs(52)(94)(102)(194)
Currency54 156 28 262 
Other income/expense methodology differences(158)(97)(304)(178)
Other methodology differences(19)(33)(43)(66)
Total consolidated profit before taxes$3,652 $2,096 $6,286 $4,095 

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$5,619 $5,168 
Resource Industries5,648 5,775 
Energy & Transportation9,909 9,455 
Financial Products Segment35,445 34,269 
Total assets from reportable segments56,621 54,667 
Assets from All Other operating segment1,820 1,828 
Items not included in segment assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents6,323 6,042 
Deferred income taxes2,491 2,098 
Goodwill and intangible assets4,440 4,248 
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets4,862 4,234 
Inventory methodology differences(3,311)(3,063)
Liabilities included in segment assets12,579 12,519 
Other(398)(630)
Total assets$85,427 $81,943 


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Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2023202220232022
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
   Construction Industries$54 $57 $108 $115 
   Resource Industries82 91 169 183 
   Energy & Transportation133 135 262 269 
   Financial Products Segment181 185 359 373 
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments450 468 898 940 
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment60 58 117 116 
Cost centers22 22 42 43 
Other10 5 17 11 
Total depreciation and amortization$542 $553 $1,074 $1,110 

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:    
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2023202220232022
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$51 $43 $83 $75 
Resource Industries44 42 70 64 
Energy & Transportation177 100 346 277 
Financial Products Segment410 334 689 575 
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments682 519 1,188 991 
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment49 46 75 62 
Cost centers22 16 44 25 
Timing(27)16 185 208 
Other(19)(2)(35)(12)
Total capital expenditures$707 $595 $1,457 $1,274 

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities
 
Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments
A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer
Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use. Cat Financial also provides financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 51 months with an average remaining term of approximately 27 months as of June 30, 2023.

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Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, Cat Financial's forecasts reflected a continuation of the trend of relatively low unemployment rates and delinquencies within their portfolio. However, industry delinquencies show an increasing trend as persistently high inflation rates and consequent central bank actions are weakening global economic growth. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer
Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.
    
Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Classes of finance receivables
Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.
EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Eurasia.
Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.
Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.
Power - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

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An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:
   
 (Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30, 2023Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$278 $65 $343 $271 $81 $352 
Write-offs(21) (21)(18) (18)
Recoveries13  13 18  18 
Provision for credit losses 1
(6)(15)(21)22 1 23 
Other1  1 (3) (3)
Ending balance$265 $50 $315 $290 $82 $372 
   
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$277 $65 $342 $251 $82 $333 
Write-offs(41) (41)(38) (38)
Recoveries23  23 30  30 
Provision for credit losses 1
4 (15)(11)48  48 
Other2  2 (1) (1)
Ending balance$265 $50 $315 $290 $82 $372 
Finance Receivables$19,814 $1,793 $21,607 $19,888 $1,764 $21,652 
1 Excludes provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and other miscellaneous receivables.

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Gross write-offs by origination year for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows:

      
 (Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
20232022202120202019PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total
North America$ $2 $2 $1 $1 $1 $3 $10 
EAME  2 1  1  4 
Asia/Pacific 1 1 2    4 
Latin America 2 1     3 
Total$ $5 $6 $4 $1 $2 $3 $21 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
20232022202120202019PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total
North America$ $5 $5 $1 $1 $1 $7 $20 
EAME 1 2 2  1  6 
Asia/Pacific 1 3 3 1   8 
Latin America 2 2 2 1   7 
Total$ $9 $12 $8 $3 $2 $7 $41 

Credit quality of finance receivables
At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

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Customer
The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

      
 (Millions of dollars)June 30, 2023
20232022202120202019PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$2,056 $3,251 $2,610 $1,104 $407 $109 $285 $9,822 
31-60 days past due13 31 24 15 10 2 3 98 
61-90 days past due3 13 10 6 2 1 1 36 
91+ days past due1 16 20 11 5 4 2 59 
EAME
Current623 1,091 757 361 190 155  3,177 
31-60 days past due3 8 11 4 1 1  28 
61-90 days past due1 5 6 3 2   17 
91+ days past due 16 18 11 3 1  49 
Asia/Pacific
Current536 770 452 155 33 9  1,955 
31-60 days past due 8 11 7 1   27 
61-90 days past due 4 5 2 1   12 
91+ days past due1 4 5 4 1   15 
Mining
Current646 749 439 169 112 69 38 2,222 
31-60 days past due 42 32     74 
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due 2 1     3 
Latin America
Current389 658 305 99 38 13  1,502 
31-60 days past due2 16 7 3 4   32 
61-90 days past due 5 3 4 1   13 
91+ days past due 16 21 9 9 22  77 
Power
Current30 71 73 89 31 145 154 593 
31-60 days past due        
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due     3  3 
Totals by Aging Category
Current$4,280 $6,590 $4,636 $1,977 $811 $500 $477 $19,271 
31-60 days past due18 105 85 29 16 3 3 259 
61-90 days past due4 27 24 15 6 1 1 78 
91+ days past due2 54 65 35 18 30 2 206 
Total Customer$4,304 $6,776 $4,810 $2,056 $851 $534 $483 $19,814 

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 (Millions of dollars)December 31, 2022
20222021202020192018PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables
Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$3,915 $3,276 $1,525 $653 $206 $34 $240 $9,849 
31-60 days past due25 26 18 12 4 1 4 90 
61-90 days past due9 15 7 3 1  3 38 
91+ days past due11 16 12 6 4 3 4 56 
EAME
Current1,270 953 477 280 155 68  3,203 
31-60 days past due10 12 7 1 1   31 
61-90 days past due8 4 3 1    16 
91+ days past due6 25 16 4 1 1  53 
Asia/Pacific
Current1,033 684 313 69 18 2  2,119 
31-60 days past due10 12 8 1 1   32 
61-90 days past due2 5 4 2    13 
91+ days past due2 6 6 4    18 
Mining
Current863 575 220 171 93 108 80 2,110 
31-60 days past due 1      1 
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due     1  1 
Latin America
Current770 400 150 69 26 20  1,435 
31-60 days past due7 8 4 2  1  22 
61-90 days past due2 5 1 1    9 
91+ days past due2 13 11 2 1   29 
Power
Current78 85 142 33 18 161 125 642 
31-60 days past due        
61-90 days past due        
91+ days past due     5  5 
Totals by Aging Category
Current$7,929 $5,973 $2,827 $1,275 $516 $393 $445 $19,358 
31-60 days past due52 59 37 16 6 2 4 176 
61-90 days past due21 29 15 7 1  3 76 
91+ days past due21 60 45 16 6 10 4 162 
Total Customer$8,023 $6,121 $2,924 $1,314 $529 $405 $456 $19,772 

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other equipment. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the equipment.




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Dealer

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $43 million and $58 million, respectively, that were 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which were originated in 2017.

Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due. Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when collection is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:
   
 (Millions of dollars)
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 Amortized CostAmortized Cost

Non-accrual
With an
Allowance
Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance
91+ Still
Accruing
Non-accrual
With an
Allowance
Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance
91+ Still
Accruing
   
North America$54 $ $15 $52 $4 $11 
EAME44  7 43  10 
Asia/Pacific10  5 11  7 
Mining3    1  
Latin America85   45   
Power10   5 11  
Total$206 $ $27 $156 $16 $28 

There were $43 million and $58 million, respectively, in finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all of which was in Latin America.

Modifications

Cat Financial periodically modifies the terms of their finance receivable agreements in response to borrowers’ financial difficulty. Typically, the types of modifications granted are payment deferrals, interest-only payment periods and/or term extensions. Many modifications Cat Financial grants are for commercial reasons or for borrowers experiencing some form of short-term financial stress and may result in insignificant payment delays. Cat Financial does not consider these borrowers to be experiencing financial difficulty. Modifications for borrowers Cat Financial does consider to be experiencing financial difficulty typically result in payment deferrals and/or reduced payments for a period of four months or longer, term extension of six months or longer or a combination of both.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, there were no finance receivable modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment. The amortized cost basis of finance receivables modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the Customer portfolio segment during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, was $22 million and $30 million, respectively. Total modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty represented 0.10 percent and 0.14 percent of Cat Financial's finance receivable portfolio for the same periods, respectively.

After Cat Financial modifies a finance receivable, they continue to track its performance under its most recent modified terms. As of June 30, 2023, all of the finance receivables modified with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are current except for $1 million in EAME that was 31-60 days past due.

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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the financial effects of term extensions for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty added a weighted average of 18 and 21 months, respectively, to the terms of modified contracts. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the financial effects of payment delays for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty resulted in weighted average payment deferrals and/or interest only payment periods of 7 and 8 months, respectively.

The effect of most modifications made to finance receivables for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses based on the methodologies used to estimate the allowance; therefore, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. On rare occasions when principal forgiveness is provided, the amount forgiven is written off against the allowance for credit losses.

18.                              Fair value disclosures
 
    A. Fair value measurements
 
The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:
 
Level 1 Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.
 
We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

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Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.
 
Investments in debt and equity securities
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government debt securities, corporate debt securities and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

We also have investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities. The fair value of these investments is based upon valuations observed in less active markets than Level 1. These investments have a maturity of less than one year and are recorded at amortized costs, which approximate fair value.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments
The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

See Note 5 for additional information.





























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Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:
June 30, 2023
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt securities    
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $ $ $ $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 56   56 
Corporate debt securities    
Corporate bonds and other debt securities 2,500   2,500 
Asset-backed securities 186   186 
Mortgage-backed debt securities    
U.S. governmental agency 359   359 
Residential 2   2 
Commercial 127   127 
Total debt securities10 3,230   3,240 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value207    207 
Smaller company growth33    33 
REIT   188 188 
Total equity securities240   188 428 
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net 281   281 
Commodity contracts - net 1   1 
Total assets$250 $3,512 $ $188 $3,950 
Liabilities    
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities
Interest rate contracts - net$ $213 $ $ $213 
Total liabilities$ $213 $ $ $213 
 
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December 31, 2022
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt securities    
U.S. treasury bonds$9 $ $ $ $9 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 55   55 
Corporate debt securities    
Corporate bonds and other debt securities 2,416 50  2,466 
Asset-backed securities 182   182 
Mortgage-backed debt securities   
U.S. governmental agency 333   333 
Residential 2   2 
Commercial 117   117 
Total debt securities9 3,105 50  3,164 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value203    203 
Smaller company growth31    31 
REIT   207 207 
Total equity securities234   207 441 
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net 328   328 
Commodity contracts - net 15   15 
Total Assets$243 $3,448 $50 $207 $3,948 
Liabilities    
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities
Interest rate contracts - net$ $195 $ $ $195 
Total liabilities$ $195 $ $ $195 

In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $58 million and $68 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.  
 
    B. Fair values of financial instruments
 
In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents
Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify cash and cash equivalents as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
 
Restricted cash and short-term investments
Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We classify these instruments as Level 1 except for time deposits which are Level 2, and certain corporate debt securities which are Level 3. See Note 8 for additional information.
 
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Finance receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
 
Wholesale inventory receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
 
Short-term borrowings
Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify short-term borrowings as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
 
Long-term debt
We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees
The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. We classify guarantees as Level 3. See Note 11 for additional information.

Our financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:
 
 June 30, 2023December 31, 2022 
(Millions of dollars)
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Fair Value LevelsReference
Assets     
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1 )
$14,411 $13,784 $13,965 $13,377 3Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)
1,063 1,008 827 778 3
Liabilities     
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation9,578 9,368 9,618 9,240 2 
Financial Products22,573 21,963 21,418 20,686 2 

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $7,117 million and $7,325 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.


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19.                         Other income (expense)
 Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)2023202220232022
Investment and interest income$96 $25 $189 $46 
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1
40 224 (32)271 
License fee income43 37 74 69 
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost(12)66 (25)134 
Gains (losses) on securities(10)(47)(21)(59)
Miscellaneous income (loss)(30)(45)(26)52 
Total$127 $260 $159 $513 

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.


20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended June 30Six Months Ended June 30
2023202220232022
Employee separations 1
$10 $18 $22 $23 
Longwall divestiture 1
  586  
Long-lived asset impairments 1
2 5 2 5 
Other 2
19 5 32 13 
Total restructuring costs$31 $28 $642 $41 
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, project management and equipment relocation, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

The restructuring costs for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were primarily related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business within Resource Industries. The divestiture closed on February 1, 2023 and resulted in a pre-tax loss of approximately $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of $494 million of accumulated foreign currency translation. The transaction is subject to certain post-closing adjustments. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address a small number of products.

In 2023 and 2022, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit.
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The following table summarizes the 2023 and 2022 employee separation activity:
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30
20232022
Liability balance, beginning of period$39 $61 
Increase in liability (separation charges)22 23 
Reduction in liability (payments)(44)(50)
Liability balance, end of period$17 $34 

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2023 is expected to be paid in 2023 and 2024.
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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to provide information that will assist the reader in understanding the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements between select periods and the primary factors that accounted for those changes. In addition, we discuss how certain accounting principles, policies and critical estimates affect our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our discussion also contains certain forward-looking statements related to future events and expectations as well as a discussion of the many factors that we believe may have an impact on our business on an ongoing basis. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our discussion of cautionary statements and significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2022 Form 10-K.
Highlights for the second quarter of 2023 include:
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2023 were $17.318 billion, an increase of $3.071 billion, or 22 percent, compared with $14.247 billion in the second quarter of 2022. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
Operating profit margin was 21.1 percent for the second quarter of 2023, compared with 13.6 percent for the second quarter of 2022. Adjusted operating profit margin was 21.3 percent for the second quarter of 2023, compared with 13.8 percent for the second quarter of 2022.
Second-quarter 2023 profit per share was $5.67, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $5.55. Second-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.13, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $3.18.
Caterpillar ended the second quarter of 2023 with $7.4 billion of enterprise cash.
Highlights for the six months ended June 30, 2023 include:
Total sales and revenues were $33.180 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $5.344 billion, or 19 percent, compared with $27.836 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Operating profit margin was 19.2 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 13.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Adjusted operating profit margin was 21.2 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 13.8 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was $9.41, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $10.46. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2022, was $5.99, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $6.06.
Enterprise operating cash flow was $4.8 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023.
In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 66.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023Three Months Ended June 30, 2022Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in millions except per share data)Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit$3,652 $5.67 $2,096 $3.13 $6,286 $9.41 $4,095 $5.99 
Restructuring costs - Longwall divestiture
— — — — 586 1.13 — — 
Other restructuring costs31 0.05 28 0.05 56 0.09 41 0.07 
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments— (0.17)— — — (0.17)— — 
Adjusted profit$3,683 $5.55 $2,124 $3.18 $6,928 $10.46 $4,136 $6.06 
Overview
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2023 were $17.318 billion, an increase of $3.071 billion, or 22 percent, compared with $14.247 billion in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the second quarter of 2023 (primarily Energy & Transportation), compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2022 (primarily Construction Industries). Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
Second-quarter 2023 profit per share was $5.67, compared with $3.13 profit per share in the second quarter of 2022. Second-quarter 2023 and 2022 profit per share included restructuring costs. Second-quarter 2023 profit per share also included a discrete tax benefit to adjust deferred tax balances. Profit for the second quarter of 2023 was $2.922 billion, an increase of $1.249 billion, or 75 percent compared with $1.673 billion for the second quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to
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favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs and higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses.
Trends and Economic Conditions
Outlook for Key End Markets
In Construction Industries, we continue to see positive momentum in 2023 for North America. We expect continued growth in non-residential construction in North America due to the positive impact of government-related infrastructure investments and a healthy pipeline of construction projects. Although residential construction growth has moderated, we expect the rest of 2023 to remain healthy. In Asia Pacific, excluding China, we expect growth due to public infrastructure spending and supportive commodity prices. We expect continued weakness in China in the excavator industry above 10-tons, which we anticipate to remain below 2022 levels due to low construction activity. In EAME, we anticipate business activity will be flat to slightly up overall versus 2022, with the Middle East exhibiting strong construction demand, whereas Europe demand is expected to be down. Construction activity in Latin America is expected to be down versus a strong 2022 performance.
In Resource Industries, we expect healthy mining demand to continue as commodity prices remain above investment thresholds; however, customers continue to remain capital disciplined. We anticipate production and utilization levels will remain elevated. We expect the age of the fleet and low level of parked trucks to support future demand for our equipment and services. The energy transition is expected to support increased commodity demand, expanding our total addressable market and providing opportunities for long-term profitable growth. In heavy construction and quarry and aggregates, we anticipate continued growth supported by infrastructure and major non-residential construction projects.
In Energy & Transportation, in Oil & Gas reciprocating engines, although customers remain disciplined, we are encouraged by continued strength in demand for gas compression. Power Generation reciprocating engine demand is expected to remain healthy, including data center strength. New equipment orders and services for turbines and turbine-related services in both Oil & Gas and Power Generation are robust. Industrial remains healthy. In Transportation, we anticipate strength in high-speed marine as customers continue to upgrade aging fleets.
Company Trends and Expectations
For the full-year 2023, we expect a strong top line supported by price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users. We expect dealer inventory to be slightly higher at year-end 2023 versus year-end 2022. The environment remains positive with an improving supply chain, a strong backlog and healthy demand across most end markets.
In the second half of 2023, we expect higher sales and revenues compared to the second half of 2022 supported by strong sales of equipment to end users and favorable price realization, partially offset by the impact of changes in dealer inventories. We expect dealer inventory to decrease in the second half of 2023, compared to an increase in the second half of 2022. We expect sales in the third quarter of 2023 to be higher than the third quarter of 2022, but lower compared to the second quarter of 2023, following a typical sequential decline.
We expect operating profit to increase in 2023, compared to 2022. We expect price realization to continue to be favorable in 2023. Throughout 2023, we expect to see moderation of price realization and manufacturing costs. We anticipate the year-over-year benefit of price realization in the second half of 2023 to moderate compared to the benefit we saw in the first half of 2023 as we lap prior price year increases. Increases in SG&A/R&D expenses are expected throughout 2023 as we continue to invest in strategic initiatives such as services growth and technology, including digital, electrification and autonomy. We continue to anticipate higher pension expense within other income (expense) in 2023, compared to 2022, due to higher interest costs from higher interest rates. The change is estimated to be just over $300 million for the full year as compared to 2022, or about $80 million per quarter.
Global Business Conditions
We continue to monitor a variety of external factors around the world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include certain components, transportation and raw materials. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. We continue to assess the environment to determine if additional actions need to be taken.
Risk Factors
Risk factors are disclosed within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2022 Form 10-K.


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Notes:
Glossary of terms is included on pages 60 - 62; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.
Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 66.
Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
 
THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2023 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
QTD S&R Chart - June 2023.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the second quarter of 2022 (at left) and the second quarter of 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues for the second quarter of 2023 were $17.318 billion, an increase of $3.071 billion, or 22 percent, compared with $14.247 billion in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the second quarter of 2023 (primarily Energy & Transportation), compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2022 (primarily Construction Industries).
Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 33 percent due to higher sales of equipment to end users and favorable price realization.
Sales increased 5 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by lower services sales volume and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory decreased more during the second quarter of 2023 than during the second quarter of 2022.
EAME sales increased 18 percent due to favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the second quarter of 2023, compared with a decrease during the second quarter of 2022.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 10 percent driven by favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen. Dealer inventory decreased during the second quarter of 2022, compared with an increase during the second quarter of 2023.
Dealer inventory increased by $600 million during the second quarter of 2023, compared with a decrease of $400 million during the second quarter of 2022. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. We expect dealer inventory to be slightly higher at year-end 2023 versus year-end 2022.
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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2022Sales
Volume
Price
Realization
CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherSecond Quarter 2023$
Change
%
Change
Construction Industries$6,033 $606 $629 $(105)$(9)$7,154 $1,121 19 %
Resource Industries2,961 250 375 (47)24 3,563 602 20 %
Energy & Transportation5,705 932 417 (32)197 7,219 1,514 27 %
All Other Segment118 (4)— (1)116 (2)(2 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(1,278)(13)(2)(215)(1,507)(229) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales
13,539 1,771 1,422 (187)— 16,545 3,006 22 %
Financial Products Segment798 — — — 125 923 125 16 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(90)— — — (60)(150)(60) 
Financial Products Revenues
708 — — — 65 773 65 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$14,247 $1,771 $1,422 $(187)$65 $17,318 $3,071 22 %

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Second Quarter 2023          
Construction Industries$3,968 32 %$566 (11 %)$1,438 20 %$1,149 — %$7,121 19 %$33 (21 %)$7,154 19 %
Resource Industries1,342 31 %538 15 %517 %1,076 18 %3,473 20 %90 36 %3,563 20 %
Energy & Transportation3,120 37 %459 20 %1,479 22 %899 17 %5,957 28 %1,262 18 %7,219 27 %
All Other Segment16 (11 %)— — %(20 %)14 (7 %)34 (11 %)82 %116 (2 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(32)(2)(2)(4)(40)(1,467)(1,507)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales8,414 33 %1,561 %3,436 18 %3,134 10 %16,545 22 %— — %16,545 22 %
Financial Products Segment593 17 %102 17 %118 22 %110 %923 
1
16 %— — %923 16 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(85)(21)(21)(23)(150)— (150)
Financial Products Revenues508 10 %81 23 %97 11 %87 (5 %)773 %— — %773 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$8,922 32 %$1,642 %$3,533 18 %$3,221 10 %$17,318 22 %$— — %$17,318 22 %
Second Quarter 2022              
Construction Industries$3,006 $635 $1,202 $1,148  $5,991 $42  $6,033 
Resource Industries1,027 466 489 913  2,895 66  2,961 
Energy & Transportation2,277 382 1,215 766  4,640 1,065  5,705 
All Other Segment18 — 15  38 80  118 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(20)(2)— (3)(25)(1,253)(1,278)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales6,308  1,481  2,911  2,839  13,539  —  13,539  
Financial Products Segment505 87 97 109  798 
1
—  798 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(42)(21)(10)(17) (90)—  (90)
Financial Products Revenues463  66  87  92  708  —  708  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$6,771  $1,547  $2,998  $2,931  $14,247  $—  $14,247  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $172 million and $108 million in the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
QTD Profit Chart - June 2023.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the second quarter of 2022 (at left) and the second quarter of 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation's other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the second quarter of 2023 was $3.652 billion, an increase of $1.708 billion, or 88 percent, compared with $1.944 billion in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.
Operating profit margin was 21.1 percent for the second quarter of 2023, compared with 13.6 percent for the second quarter of 2022.
Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2023Second Quarter 2022$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$1,803 $989 $814 82 %
Resource Industries740 355 385 108 %
Energy & Transportation1,269 659 610 93 %
All Other Segment10 31 (21)(68 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(272)(230)(42) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation3,550 1,804 1,746 97 %
Financial Products Segment240 217 23 11 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations17 17 —  
Financial Products257 234 23 10 %
Consolidating Adjustments(155)(94)(61) 
Consolidated Operating Profit$3,652 $1,944 $1,708 88 %







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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the second quarter of 2023 was $127 million, compared with $108 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowing rates.
Other income (expense) in the second quarter of 2023 was income of $127 million, compared with income of $260 million in the second quarter of 2022. The change was primarily driven by unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) plan costs, partially offset by higher investment and interest income and lower unrealized losses on marketable securities.
The provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2023 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 23.5 percent for the second quarter of 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.
In the second quarter of 2023, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $88 million due to a change in the valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets compared to a benefit of $55 million in the second quarter of 2022 primarily for a prior year tax adjustment due to a change in estimate. In the second quarter of 2022, the company also recorded a $10 million benefit due to the change from the first-quarter estimated annual tax rate.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $7.154 billion in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $1.121 billion, or 19 percent, compared with $6.033 billion in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased during the second quarter of 2022, compared with a modest increase during the second quarter of 2023.
In North America, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory decreased during the second quarter of 2022, compared with an increase during the second quarter of 2023.
Sales decreased in Latin America primarily due to lower sales volume, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased more during the second quarter of 2023 than during the second quarter of 2022.
In EAME, sales increased primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was primarily due to the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased during the second quarter of 2022, compared with an increase during the second quarter of 2023.
Sales were about flat in Asia/Pacific.
Construction Industries’ profit was $1.803 billion in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $814 million, or 82 percent, compared with $989 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 25.2 percent in the second quarter of 2023, compared with 16.4 percent in the second quarter of 2022.
Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $3.563 billion in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $602 million, or 20 percent, compared with $2.961 billion in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was due to higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by lower aftermarket parts sales volume.
Resource Industries’ profit was $740 million in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $385 million, or 108 percent, compared with $355 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs.
Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 20.8 percent in the second quarter of 2023, compared with 12.0 percent in the second quarter of 2022.


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Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Second Quarter 2023Second Quarter 2022$
Change
%
 Change
Oil and Gas$1,760 $1,232 $528 43 %
Power Generation1,645 1,186 459 39 %
Industrial1,318 1,117 201 18 %
Transportation1,234 1,105 129 12 %
External Sales5,957 4,640 1,317 28 %
Inter-segment1,262 1,065 197 18 %
Total Sales$7,219 $5,705 $1,514 27 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $7.219 billion in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $1.514 billion, or 27 percent, compared with $5.705 billion in the second quarter of 2022. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization.
Oil and Gas – Sales increased for turbines and turbine-related services. Sales also increased in reciprocating engines used in gas compression and well servicing applications.
Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications, and small reciprocating engines. Turbines and turbine-related services increased as well.
Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.
Transportation – Sales increased in marine and rail services.
Energy & Transportation’s profit was $1.269 billion in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $610 million, or 93 percent, compared with $659 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs were driven by higher material costs and increased period manufacturing costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 17.6 percent in the second quarter of 2023, compared with 11.6 percent in the second quarter of 2022.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $923 million in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $125 million, or 16 percent, compared with $798 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates across all regions.
Financial Products’ segment profit was $240 million in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $23 million, or 11 percent, compared with $217 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses.
At the end of the second quarter of 2023, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.15 percent, compared with 2.19 percent at the end of the second quarter of 2022. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $8 million for the second quarter of 2023, compared with less than $1 million for the second quarter of 2022. As of June 30, 2023, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $320 million, or 1.15 percent of finance receivables, compared with $348 million, or 1.27 percent of finance receivables at March 31, 2023. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2022 was $346 million, or 1.29 percent of finance receivables.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $255 million in the second quarter of 2023, an increase of $42 million from the second quarter of 2022. Lower corporate costs and decreased expenses due to timing differences were more than offset by an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans and unfavorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences.

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SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2023 COMPARED WITH SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
YTD S&R Chart - June 2023.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the six months ended June 30, 2022 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues were $33.180 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $5.344 billion, or 19 percent, compared with $27.836 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower services sales volume. Dealer inventory increased more during the six months ended June 30, 2023, than the during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Sales were higher in the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 33 percent driven by favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the six months ended June 30, 2023, than during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Sales increased 7 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by lower services sales volume and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
EAME sales increased 13 percent due to favorable price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 6 percent driven by favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen.
Dealer inventory increased about $2.2 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with an increase of $900 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.
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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2022Sales
Volume
Price
Realization
CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherSix Months Ended June 30, 2023$
Change
%
Change
Construction Industries$12,148 $433 $1,571 $(256)$$13,900 $1,752 14 %
Resource Industries5,791 407 847 (76)21 6,990 1,199 21 %
Energy & Transportation10,743 1,553 897 (110)390 13,473 2,730 25 %
All Other Segment236 (6)— (2)(1)227 (9)(4 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(2,493)(39)(1)(414)(2,946)(453) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales26,425 2,348 3,316 (445)— 31,644 5,219 20 %
Financial Products Segment1,581 — — — 244 1,825 244 15 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(170)— — — (119)(289)(119) 
Financial Products Revenues1,411 — — — 125 1,536 125 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$27,836 $2,348 $3,316 $(445)$125 $33,180 $5,344 19 %
Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023          
Construction Industries$7,576 32 %$1,165 (8 %)$2,774 12 %$2,310 (11 %)$13,825 14 %$75 %$13,900 14 %
Resource Industries2,650 30 %1,012 17 %1,116 %2,054 24 %6,832 21 %158 15 %6,990 21 %
Energy & Transportation5,692 35 %839 21 %2,863 19 %1,618 18 %11,012 27 %2,461 19 %13,473 25 %
All Other Segment34 (6 %)— — %(20 %)27 (13 %)69 (10 %)158 (1 %)227 (4 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(80)(2)(3)(9)(94)(2,852)(2,946)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales15,872 33 %3,014 %6,758 13 %6,000 %31,644 20 %— — %31,644 20 %
Financial Products Segment1,168 16 %206 29 %232 20 %219 — %1,825 
1
15 %— — %1,825 15 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(168)(39)(39)(43)(289)— (289)
Financial Products Revenues1,000 %167 37 %193 11 %176 (5 %)1,536 %— — %1,536 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$16,872 31 %$3,181 %$6,951 13 %$6,176 %$33,180 19 %$— — %$33,180 19 %
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022              
Construction Industries$5,726 $1,262 $2,479 $2,610  $12,077 $71  $12,148 
Resource Industries2,045 865 1,083 1,661  5,654 137  5,791 
Energy & Transportation4,215 692 2,399 1,366  8,672 2,071  10,743 
All Other Segment36 — 10 31  77 159  236 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(44)(1)(2)(8)(55)(2,438)(2,493)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales11,978  2,818  5,969  5,660  26,425  —  26,425  
Financial Products Segment1,008 160 193 220  1,581 
1
—  1,581 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(78)(38)(19)(35) (170)—  (170)
Financial Products Revenues930  122  174  185  1,411  —  1,411  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$12,908  $2,940  $6,143  $5,845  $27,836  $—  $27,836  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $334 million and $208 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
YTD Profit Chart - June 2023.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the six months ended June 30, 2022 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees. The bar titled Longwall Divestiture is included in total restructuring costs. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was $6.383 billion, an increase of $2.584 billion, or 68 percent, compared with $3.799 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs, the impact of the divestiture of the company's Longwall business and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.
In the first quarter of 2023, the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business was finalized, resulting in an unfavorable impact to operating profit of $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of accumulated foreign currency translation.
Operating profit margin was 19.2 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 13.6 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$3,593 $2,046 $1,547 76 %
Resource Industries1,504 716 788 110 %
Energy & Transportation2,326 1,197 1,129 94 %
All Other Segment21 34 (13)(38 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(1,280)(474)(806) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation6,164 3,519 2,645 75 %
Financial Products Segment472 455 17 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations42 — 42  
Financial Products514 455 59 13 %
Consolidating Adjustments(295)(175)(120) 
Consolidated Operating Profit$6,383 $3,799 $2,584 68 %




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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was $256 million, compared with $217 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowing rates.
Other income (expense) for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was income of $159 million, compared with income of $513 million for the six months June 30, 2022. The change was primarily driven by unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and pension and OPEB plan costs, partially offset by higher investment and interest income.
The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 23.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.
The 2023 estimated annual tax rate excludes the impact of the nondeductible loss of $586 million related to the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $88 million due to a change in the valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $32 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $18 million benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2022. In the six months ended June 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million for a prior year tax adjustment due to a change in estimate.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $13.900 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $1.752 billion, or 14 percent, compared with $12.148 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization.
In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Higher sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to remaining about flat during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Sales decreased in Latin America primarily due to lower sales volume, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with an increase during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
In EAME, sales increased primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, mainly related to the euro and British pound. Higher sales volume was due to the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased more during the six months ended June 30, 2023, than during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Sales decreased in Asia/Pacific due to lower sales volume and unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Japanese yen, Chinese yuan and Australian dollar, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by lower sales of equipment to end users.
Construction Industries’ profit was $3.593 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $1.547 billion, or 76 percent, compared with $2.046 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 25.8 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 16.8 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $6.990 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $1.199 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $5.791 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by lower aftermarket parts sales volume.
Resource Industries’ profit was $1.504 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $788 million, or 110 percent, compared with $716 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs.
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Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 21.5 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 12.4 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022$
Change
%
 Change
Oil and Gas$3,074 $2,180 $894 41 %
Power Generation2,929 2,198 731 33 %
Industrial2,573 2,137 436 20 %
Transportation2,436 2,157 279 13 %
External Sales11,012 8,672 2,340 27 %
Inter-Segment2,461 2,071 390 19 %
Total Sales$13,473 $10,743 $2,730 25 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $13.473 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $2.730 billion, or 25 percent, compared with $10.743 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization.
Oil and Gas – Sales increased for turbines and turbine-related services. Sales also increased in reciprocating engines used in well servicing and gas compression applications.
Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications, and small reciprocating engines. Turbines and turbine-related services increased as well.
Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.
Transportation – Sales increased in marine and rail services.
Energy & Transportation’s profit was $2.326 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $1.129 billion, or 94 percent, compared with $1.197 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs were driven by higher material costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 17.3 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared with 11.1 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $1.825 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $244 million, or 15 percent, compared with $1.581 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates across all regions.
Financial Products’ segment profit was $472 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $17 million, or 4 percent, compared with $455 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial and higher net yield on average earning assets, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts and an increase in SG&A expenses.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $1.238 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2023, an increase of $764 million from the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily driven by the impact of the divestiture of the company's Longwall business and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.
In the first quarter of 2023, the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business was finalized, resulting in an unfavorable impact to operating profit of $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of accumulated foreign currency translation. This impact was included in total restructuring costs.
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RESTRUCTURING COSTS

In 2023, we expect to incur about $700 million of restructuring costs, which includes a pre-tax loss of approximately $586 million from the divestiture of our Longwall business within Resource Industries on February 1, 2023. In addition, we expect to incur about $100 million of restructuring costs this year primarily related to strategic actions to address a small number of products. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $75 million in 2023 compared with 2022.

Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs, which include the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business, as a percent of sales and revenues.
2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding restructuring costs, which include the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business, and a discrete tax benefit to adjust deferred tax balances.
3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.
4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.
5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; cold planers; compactors; compact track loaders; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; track-type loaders; track-type tractors (small, medium); track excavators (mini, small, medium, large); wheel excavators; wheel loaders (compact, small, medium); and related parts and work tools.
6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.
7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation line of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).
8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.
9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Eurasia.
10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases net of accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.
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11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.
12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, revolving charge accounts, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.
15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.
16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) ExpensesComprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals.
17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.
18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.
19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.
20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.
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21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.
22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments, contract terminations and divestiture impacts. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.
23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.
24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 
Sources of funds
 
We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. On a consolidated basis, we had positive operating cash flow in the first six months of 2023 and ended the second quarter with $7.39 billion of cash, an increase of $383 million from year-end 2022. In addition, ME&T has invested in available-for-sale debt securities and bank time deposits with varying maturity dates within one year that are considered highly liquid and are available for current operations. These ME&T securities were $2.02 billion at the end of June 30, 2023 and are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.
Consolidated operating cash flow for the first six months of 2023 was $4.82 billion, up $2.28 billion compared to the same period a year ago. The increase was primarily due to higher profit before taxes adjusted for non-cash items, including the loss on divestiture of the company's Longwall business.
Total debt as of June 30, 2023 was $37.70 billion, an increase of $706 million from year-end 2022. Debt related to ME&T decreased $35 million in the first six months of 2023 while debt related to Financial Products increased $749 million.
As of June 30, 2023, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of June 30, 2023 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:
The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $825 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2023.
The three-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2022, of $2.73 billion (of which $715 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2025.
The five-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2022, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2027.
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At June 30, 2023, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $18.30 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
At June 30, 2023, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.96 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.
In addition, at June 30, 2023, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.02 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.
In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At June 30, 2023, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.
Our total credit commitments and available credit as of June 30, 2023 were:
 June 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Credit lines available:   
Global credit facilities$10,500 $2,750 $7,750 
Other external4,140 571 3,569 
Total credit lines available14,640 3,321 11,319 
Less: Commercial paper outstanding(5,045)— (5,045)
Less: Utilized credit(1,031)— (1,031)
Available credit$8,564 $3,321 $5,243 
The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of June 30, 2023 totaled $4.14 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.
We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. In May 2023, Fitch upgraded our debt rating to "high-A", while Moody’s and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies could result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.
We facilitate voluntary supplier finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. We account for the payments made under the Programs, the same as our other accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of the Programs will have a significant impact on our liquidity. Additional information related to the Programs is included in Note 2 - "New accounting guidance" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".
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Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Net cash provided by operating activities was $4.67 billion in the first six months of 2023, compared with net cash provided of $1.29 billion for the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher profit before taxes adjusted for non-cash items, including the loss on divestiture of the company's Longwall business and lower working capital requirements. Within working capital, changes in inventories, accrued expenses and receivables favorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by changes in accounts payable and customer advances.
Net cash used by investing activities in the first six months of 2023 was $1.19 billion, compared with net cash used of $1.24 billion in the first six months of 2022. The decrease was due to lower investments in securities, net of proceeds from sale of securities, partially offset by an increase in capital spend.
Net cash used for financing activities during the first six months of 2023 was $3.19 billion, compared with net cash used of $3.26 billion in the same period of 2022. The change was primarily due to lower share repurchases in the first six months of 2023 along with favorable impacts from borrowing activity, partially offset by increased dividends.
While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:
Strong financial position Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.
Operational excellence and commitments Capital expenditures were $685 million during the first six months of 2023, compared to $594 million for the same period in 2022. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2023 to be about $1.5 billion. We made $264 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2023. We currently anticipate full-year 2023 contributions of approximately $372 million. In comparison, we made $255 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first six months of 2022.
Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholdersWe intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings, services and sustainability, including acquisitions.
As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations less capital expenditures, excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions and cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders over time in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining a mid-A rating.

Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In May 2022, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. In the first six months of 2023, we repurchased $1.83 billion of Caterpillar common stock, with $10.97 billion remaining under the 2022 Authorization as of June 30, 2023. Our basic shares outstanding as of June 30, 2023 were approximately 510 million.

Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In June 2023, the Board of Directors approved an 8 percent increase in the quarterly dividend to $1.30 per share, and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.24 billion in the first six months of 2023.

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Financial Products
Financial Products operating cash flow was $542 million in the first six months of 2023, compared with $735 million for the same period in 2022. Net cash used for investing activities was $1.01 billion for the first six months of 2023, compared with net cash used of $125 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash provided by financing activities was $613 million in the first six months of 2023 compared with net cash used of $630 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to higher portfolio funding requirements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
 
For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS
 
Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Order Backlog
At the end of the second quarter of 2023, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $30.7 billion, which was about flat to the first quarter of 2023. Of the total backlog at June 30, 2023, approximately $5.9 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
 
We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.
 
We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of three significant items in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. These items consist of (i) restructuring costs related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business, (ii) other restructuring costs and (iii) certain deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments. We do not consider these items indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:

(Dollars in millions except per share data)Operating ProfitOperating Profit MarginProfit Before TaxesProvision (Benefit) for Income TaxesEffective Tax RateProfitProfit per Share
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 - U.S. GAAP
$3,652 21.1 %$3,652 $752 20.6 %$2,922 $5.67 
Restructuring costs31 0.2 %31 20.0 %25 0.05 
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments— — %— 88 — %(88)(0.17)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 - Adjusted
$3,683 21.3 %$3,683 $846 23.0 %$2,859 $5.55 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP
$1,944 13.6 %$2,096 $427 20.4 %$1,673 $3.13 
Restructuring costs28 0.2 %28 10.0 %26 0.05 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 - Adjusted
$1,972 13.8 %$2,124 $429 20.2 %$1,699 $3.18 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023- U.S. GAAP
$6,383 19.2 %$6,286 $1,460 23.2 %$4,865 $9.41 
Restructuring costs - Longwall divestiture586 1.8 %586 — — %586 1.13 
Other restructuring costs56 0.2 %56 11 20.0 %45 0.09 
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments— — %— 88 — %(88)(0.17)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 - Adjusted
$7,025 21.2 %$6,928 $1,559 22.5 %$5,408 $10.46 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP
$3,799 13.6 %$4,095 $896 21.9 %$3,210 $5.99 
Restructuring costs41 0.2 %41 10.0 %37 0.07 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 - Adjusted
$3,840 13.8 %$4,136 $900 21.8 %$3,247 $6.06 

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Six Months Ended June 30
20232022
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1
$4,667 $1,289 
ME&T capital expenditures(685)(594)
ME&T free cash flow$3,982 $695 
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 74 - 75.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data
 
We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:
 
Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
 
Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.
 
The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 68 to 75 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$16,545 $16,545 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products773 — 955 (182)
1
Total sales and revenues17,318 16,545 955 (182)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold11,065 11,068 — (3)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,528 1,389 143 (4)
2
Research and development expenses528 528 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products245 — 245 — 
Other operating (income) expenses300 10 310 (20)
2
Total operating costs13,666 12,995 698 (27)
Operating profit3,652 3,550 257 (155)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products127 127 — — 
Other income (expense)127 (10)(18)155 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes3,652 3,413 239 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes752 691 61 — 
Profit of consolidated companies2,900 2,722 178 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies24 24 — — 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,924 2,746 178 — 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)— 
Profit 4
$2,922 $2,747 $175 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery, Energy & Transportation Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$31,644 $31,644 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products1,536 — 1,890 (354)
1
Total sales and revenues33,180 31,644 1,890 (354)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold21,168 21,172 — (4)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,991 2,709 301 (19)
2
Research and development expenses1,000 1,000 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products462 — 462 — 

Other operating (income) expenses1,176 599 613 (36)
2
Total operating costs26,797 25,480 1,376 (59)
Operating profit6,383 6,164 514 (295)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products256 256 — — 
Other income (expense)159 (24)(37)220 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes6,286 5,884 477 (75)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,460 1,339 121 — 
Profit of consolidated companies4,826 4,545 356 (75)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies40 43 — (3)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies4,866 4,588 356 (78)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)(3)
5
Profit 6
$4,865 $4,589 $351 $(75)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$13,539 $13,539 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products708 — 828 (120)
1
Total sales and revenues14,247 13,539 828 (120)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold9,975 9,978 — (3)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,425 1,261 167 (3)
2
Research and development expenses480 480 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products120 — 120 — 

Other operating (income) expenses303 16 307 (20)
2
Total operating costs12,303 11,735 594 (26)
Operating profit1,944 1,804 234 (94)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products108 108 — — 
Other income (expense)260 180 (14)94 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes2,096 1,876 220 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes427 374 53 — 
Profit of consolidated companies1,669 1,502 167 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies— (3)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies1,673 1,509 167 (3)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — (3)
5
Profit 6
$1,673 $1,509 $164 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$26,425 $26,425 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products1,411 — 1,641 (230)
1
Total sales and revenues27,836 26,425 1,641 (230)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold19,534 19,538 — (4)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses2,771 2,443 339 (11)
2
Research and development expenses937 937 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products226 — 226 — 
Other operating (income) expenses569 (12)621 (40)
2
Total operating costs24,037 22,906 1,186 (55)
Operating profit3,799 3,519 455 (175)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products217 217 — — 
Other income (expense)513 337 175 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes4,095 3,639 456 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes896 786 110 — 
Profit of consolidated companies3,199 2,853 346 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies11 15 — (4)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies3,210 2,868 346 (4)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests— — (4)
5
Profit 6
$3,210 $2,868 $342 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At June 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents$7,387 $6,323 $1,064 $— 
Receivables – trade and other9,416 3,467 591 5,358 
1,2
Receivables – finance9,288 — 14,850 (5,562)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets3,163 2,936 308 (81)
3
Inventories17,746 17,746 — — 
Total current assets47,000 30,472 16,813 (285)
Property, plant and equipment – net12,124 8,102 4,022 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,161 523 155 483 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance12,022 — 12,544 (522)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes2,607 3,122 116 (631)
4
Intangible assets630 630 — — 
Goodwill5,293 5,293 — — 
Other assets4,590 3,802 1,966 (1,178)
5
Total assets$85,427 $51,944 $35,616 $(2,133)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$5,548 $— $5,548 $— 
Accounts payable8,443 8,364 298 (219)
6,7
Accrued expenses4,493 4,003 490 — 
7
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits1,755 1,718 37 — 
Customer advances2,137 2,121 15 
7
Dividends payable663 663 — — 
Other current liabilities3,109 2,484 729 (104)
4,8
Long-term debt due within one year9,166 1,043 8,123 — 
Total current liabilities35,314 20,396 15,226 (308)
Long-term debt due after one year22,985 8,574 14,450 (39)
9
Liability for postemployment benefits4,084 4,084 — — 
Other liabilities4,788 3,855 1,617 (684)
4
Total liabilities67,171 36,909 31,293 (1,031)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,478 6,478 905 (905)
10
Treasury stock(33,391)(33,391)— — 
Profit employed in the business47,094 42,739 4,344 11 
10
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,946)(815)(1,131)— 
Noncontrolling interests21 24 205 (208)
10
Total shareholders’ equity18,256 15,035 4,323 (1,102)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$85,427 $51,944 $35,616 $(2,133)
 
1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Reclassification of Financial Products' payables to accrued expenses or customer advances.
8     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.
9     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
10     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At December 31, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents$7,004 $6,042 $962 $— 
Receivables – trade and other8,856 3,710 519 4,627 
1,2
Receivables – finance9,013 — 13,902 (4,889)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,642 2,488 290 (136)
3
Inventories16,270 16,270 — — 
Total current assets43,785 28,510 15,673 (398)
Property, plant and equipment – net12,028 8,186 3,842 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,265 418 339 508 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance12,013 — 12,552 (539)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes2,213 2,755 115 (657)
4
Intangible assets758 758 — — 
Goodwill5,288 5,288 — — 
Other assets4,593 3,882 1,892 (1,181)
5
Total assets$81,943 $49,797 $34,413 $(2,267)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$5,957 $$5,954 $— 
Accounts payable8,689 8,657 294 (262)
6
Accrued expenses4,080 3,687 393 — 

Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits2,313 2,264 49 — 
Customer advances1,860 1,860 — — 
Dividends payable620 620 — — 
Other current liabilities2,690 2,215 635 (160)
4,7
Long-term debt due within one year5,322 120 5,202 — 
Total current liabilities31,531 19,426 12,527 (422)
Long-term debt due after one year25,714 9,529 16,216 (31)
8
Liability for postemployment benefits4,203 4,203 — — 
Other liabilities4,604 3,677 1,638 (711)
4
Total liabilities66,052 36,835 30,381 (1,164)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,560 6,560 905 (905)
9
Treasury stock(31,748)(31,748)— — 
Profit employed in the business43,514 39,435 4,068 11 
9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2,457)(1,310)(1,147)— 
Noncontrolling interests22 25 206 (209)
9
Total shareholders’ equity15,891 12,962 4,032 (1,103)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$81,943 $49,797 $34,413 $(2,267)
 
1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products' other liabilities.
8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$4,866 $4,588 $356 $(78)
1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,074 690 384 — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(355)(338)(17)— 
Loss on divestiture572 572 — — 
Other106 198 (368)276 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other(465)132 57 (654)
2,3
Inventories(1,560)(1,558)— (2)
2
Accounts payable34 (28)60 
2
Accrued expenses381 318 63 — 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits(562)(550)(12)— 
Customer advances284 283 — 
Other assets – net81 149 (73)
2
Other liabilities – net366 211 71 84 
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities4,822 4,667 542 (387)
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(683)(678)(11)
2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(774)(7)(772)
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment368 27 350 (9)
2
Additions to finance receivables(6,973)— (7,957)984 
3
Collections of finance receivables6,759 — 7,516 (757)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — (83)83 
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables29 — 29 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— — (4)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(20)(20)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)(14)(14)— — 
Proceeds from sale of securities463 332 131 — 
Investments in securities(1,078)(866)(212)— 
Other – net41 41 — — 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,882)(1,185)(1,005)308 
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,238)(1,238)(75)75 
5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued(22)(22)— — 
Common shares repurchased(1,829)(1,829)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (4)— 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)3,299 — 3,299 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(2,303)(95)(2,208)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(406)(3)(403)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(2,499)(3,191)613 79 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(60)(12)(48)— 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash381 279 102 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period7,013 6,049 964 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$7,394 $6,328 $1,066 $— 
 
1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.
5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation
Financial
Products
Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$3,210 $2,868 $346 $(4)
1
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,110 715 395 — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(283)(232)(51)— 
Other49 (54)(93)196 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other283 (32)12 303 
2,3
Inventories(2,003)(2,003)— — 
2
Accounts payable427 396 11 20 
2
Accrued expenses(80)(89)— 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits(445)(428)(17)— 
Customer advances514 515 (1)— 
Other assets – net86 (44)(25)155 
2
Other liabilities – net(322)(323)149 (148)
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities2,546 1,289 735 522 
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(586)(583)(5)
2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(688)(11)(683)
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment468 43 433 (8)
2
Additions to finance receivables(6,705)— (7,175)470 
3
Collections of finance receivables6,519 — 6,896 (377)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — 615 (615)
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables21 — 21 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— — (3)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(36)(36)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)— — 
Proceeds from sale of securities1,204 1,014 190 — 
Investments in securities(2,118)(1,724)(394)— 
Other – net32 58 (26)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,888)(1,238)(125)(525)
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,187)(1,187)— — 
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued— — 
Common shares repurchased(1,924)(1,924)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (3)— 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)4,015 — 4,015 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(4,246)(13)(4,233)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(553)(141)(412)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(3,891)(3,264)(630)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(7)— (7)— 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(3,240)(3,213)(27)— 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period9,263 8,433 830 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$6,023 $5,220 $803 $— 

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.
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Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) catastrophic events, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.
 
Item 4.  Controls and Procedures
 
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
 
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting
 
During the second quarter of 2023, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.



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PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased2,3
Average Price
Paid per Share2,3
Total Number
of Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly Announced Program
Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet be Purchased
under the Program (in billions)1
April 1-30, 20231,049,531 $220.26 1,049,531 $12.168 
May 1-31, 20234,437,549 $222.58 4,437,549 $11.062 
June 1-30, 2023427,328 $213.52 427,328 $10.970 
Total5,914,408 $221.51 5,914,408 
1 In May 2022, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. As of June 30, 2023, $11.0 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.
2 During the second quarter of 2023, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement ("ASR") with a third-party financial institution to purchase $750 million of our common stock. In May 2023, upon payment of the $750 million to the financial institution, we received 2.8 million shares. In July 2023, upon final settlement of the ASR, we received an additional 0.5 million shares. In total, we repurchased 3.3 million shares under this ASR at an average price per share of $228.66.
3 In April, May and June of 2023, we repurchased 1.0 million, 1.7 million and 0.4 million shares, respectively, for an aggregate of $679 million in open market transactions at an average price per share of $220.26, $212.56 and $213.52, respectively.
Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans
 
As of June 30, 2023, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 14,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the second quarter of 2023, approximately 84,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.



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Item 6. Exhibits
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
31.1
31.2
32
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)
*Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 6 of this report.

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 CATERPILLAR INC. 
   
   
August 2, 2023/s/ D. James Umpleby IIIChairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
 D. James Umpleby III 
   
August 2, 2023/s/ Andrew R.J. BonfieldChief Financial Officer
 Andrew R.J. Bonfield 
   
   
August 2, 2023/s/ Derek OwensSenior Vice President and General Counsel
 Derek Owens
   
   
August 2, 2023/s/ William E. SchauppVice President and Chief Accounting Officer
 William E. Schaupp 

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