UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM __________ TO ________

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-39384

VICARIOUS SURGICAL INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 868-1700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant (without admitting that any person whose securities are not included in such calculation is an affiliate) computed by reference to the price at which the Class A common stock was last sold as of June 30, 2021, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $337.6 million.

As of March 9, 2022, the registrant had 100,639,359 shares of Class A common stock outstanding and 19,789,860 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXPLANATORY NOTE

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Vicarious Surgical” mean Vicarious Surgical Inc. (formerly D8 Holdings Corp.) and our subsidiaries. On September 17, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), D8 Holdings Corp., a Delaware corporation that was previously a Cayman Islands exempted company (“D8” and after the Business Combination described herein, the “Company”) that migrated to and domesticated (the “Domestication”), consummated the previously announced business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of April 15, 2021 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among D8, Snowball Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), and Vicarious Surgical Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Vicarious”). Immediately upon the consummation of the Business Combination, the Domestication and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement (collectively, the “Transactions”, and such completion, the “Closing”), Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Vicarious, with Legacy Vicarious surviving the Business Combination as a wholly-owned subsidiary of D8 (the “Merger”). In connection with the Transactions, D8 changed its name to “Vicarious Surgical Inc.” and Legacy Vicarious changed its name to “Vicarious Surgical US Inc.”

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that relate to future events, our future operations or financial performance, or our plans, strategies and prospects. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management team. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or performance, are forward-looking statements. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “plans,” “scheduled,” “anticipates” or “intends” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. The forward-looking statements are based on projections prepared by, and are the responsibility of, our management team. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this report, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Important factors could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those indicated or implied by forward-looking statements such as those described under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings that we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” are not exhaustive. New risk factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. We undertake no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS

The risk factors described below are a summary of the principal risk factors associated with an investment in us. These are not the only risks we face. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with the risk factors set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other reports and documents filed by us with the Securities Exchange Commission.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

The following discussion reflects the business of Vicarious Surgical, as currently embodied by Vicarious Surgical. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the “Company”, “we,” “us” and “our” generally refer to Vicarious Surgical in the present tense or Vicarious Surgical from and after the Business Combination.

Overview

Prior to the Domestication and the Closing, we were a blank check company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. On September 16, 2021, we incorporated as a Delaware corporation in connection with the Domestication. On September 17, 2021, we completed the Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement dated April 15, 2021 that we entered into with Legacy Vicarious. In connection with the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination, we changed our name to “Vicarious Surgical Inc.” and the business of Legacy Vicarious became our business.

We are combining advanced miniaturized robotics, computer science and 3D visualization to build an intelligent and affordable, single-incision surgical robot, called the Vicarious System, that virtually transports surgeons inside the patient to perform minimally invasive surgery, or MIS. With our disruptive next-generation robotics technology, we are seeking to increase the efficiency of surgical procedures, improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Led by a visionary team of engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, we intend to deliver the next generation in robotic-assisted surgery, designed to solve the shortcomings of open surgery, and current laparoscopic and robot-assisted MIS. We have developed multiple prototypes, and had pre-submission meetings with the FDA to align on our regulatory strategy and plan to file a de novo application with the FDA for ventral hernia procedures as our first indication.

The Vicarious System is uniquely designed to overcome the deficiencies that have limited broad adoption of robot-assisted MIS to date. By fundamentally engineering a better solution, we believe we have created a more capable surgical robot than those currently available on the market, and if approved by the FDA, the Vicarious System will offer surgeons the ability to perform surgical procedures with greater dexterity and greater access to the entire abdomen, with better visibility and sensor-based feedback, through a small single incision in the abdomen. The Vicarious System features proprietary “de-coupled” actuators, which are intended to enable a cascade of benefits, including improved robotic mobility, reduced size, improved functionality and lower materials costs. The Vicarious System is designed to enable surgeons to perform procedures, if approved by the FDA, inside the abdomen with human-equivalent motion, with a full nine degrees of freedom per robotic arm, providing an experience that is more natural, and more akin to the surgeon’s own upper body movements. In surgical procedures conducted on cadavers, the Vicarious System provides exceptional reach within the abdomen, and if approved by the FDA, it will enable the surgeon to enter the abdomen from nearly any angle and work in nearly any direction, without having to triangulate to the surgical area from multiple incisions or to operate only within the limited area directly in front of a single incision. The Vicarious System is designed to provide exceptional visualization, with a high-performance, stereoscopic camera that rotates in three degrees of freedom (yaw, pitch, and roll) to provide the surgeon with stereoscopic imaging of nearly every surface in the abdomen. The Vicarious System also contains 28 sensors per instrument arm, which allows the system to provide real-time feedback to the surgeon on force, motion and other key data that are intended to enhance surgical procedures and patient outcomes.

The Vicarious System is being developed to provide attractive advantages to hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers, or ASCs, which we believe will drive rapid and widespread adoption. Unlike the large footprints of legacy surgical robotic systems that require a construction build-out and a dedicated operating room, the Vicarious System is much smaller and could be easily moved to any operating room throughout a medical facility. We anticipate that, if approved by the FDA, the smaller size and advanced engineering of the Vicarious System and related disposable instruments will be offered at a cost-effective price point compared to existing legacy robotic systems. Hospitals and ASCs would not be required to dedicate permanent space and would reduce expenses relating to sterilization and operating room turnover. We believe that, if approved by the FDA, adoption of the Vicarious System could be facilitated by a streamlined training regimen, where surgeons will be able to develop proficiency much more quickly than for legacy robotic systems. This is due to the design features of the Vicarious System, such as the ease of use and more natural, human-equivalent motion of the Vicarious System, the reduced surgeon burden during setup, and the fact that the Vicarious System would not be confined to a dedicated operating suite and therefore could have more availability for training purposes. In addition, with its increased capability and dexterity, the Vicarious System is designed to enable many procedures to be performed faster and more effectively, with less injury and risk to the patient, significantly reducing overall healthcare costs. Because the Vicarious System had not yet been approved by the FDA or commercialized, the intended advantages of the Vicarious System have not yet been realized and are dependent upon the successful development of the Vicarious System and a timely approval by the FDA.

We estimate that there are 39 million soft tissue abdominal and gynecological surgical procedures performed annually worldwide that could be addressed with the Vicarious System, including ventral hernia, other types of hernia, hysterectomy, cholecystectomy (gall bladder) and certain other gastrointestinal procedures. We intend for ventral hernia procedures to be the first clinical application for the Vicarious System, of which there are estimated to be 4.1 million cases worldwide and 0.9 million in the U.S. We then intend to seek FDA approval to enable the expansion into the other applications addressable by the Vicarious System.

Industry Background

Despite the advancements in manual and robot-assisted MIS over the last 40 years, of the estimated 39 million procedures addressable by the Vicarious System, it is estimated that more than 50% are currently performed by open surgery and less than 5% are performed by existing robot-assisted MIS technologies today. The large incisions required for open surgery, while allowing the surgeon to see with their own eyes and operate with their own hands, create significant trauma to the patient, resulting in long hospitalization and recovery times, high hospitalization costs, as well as significant pain and suffering. Due to the significant trauma to the patient associated with open surgery, 15% to 20% of such surgeries result in tissue or internal organs pushing through the muscle into the abdomen, or incisional hernias, caused by the operation, requiring additional complex surgery to correct. Although there have been significant improvements in MIS procedures over open surgery, the following limitations associated with MIS still exist:

We believe the slow adoption of robot-assisted surgery, estimated to be less than 5% of the estimated 39 million addressable abdominal soft-tissue surgical procedures performed worldwide annually, has occurred because of several factors, including the following:

The Vicarious System

The single-port Vicarious System with advanced, miniaturized robotics and exceptional visualization is designed to address the significant limitations of open surgery and existing single- and multi-port robotic surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes and enhance adoption by hospitals and other medical facilities. The Vicarious System is designed with a fundamentally different architecture, and proprietary “de-coupled actuators,” to overcome many of the limitations of open surgery or existing robot-assisted surgical procedures with a minimally invasive and more capable robotic system. This architecture enables unprecedented dexterity inside the abdomen through an ultra-thin support tube, providing significant improvement over existing legacy robotic systems and minimizing the complications and trauma associated with open surgery. The Vicarious System has not yet been approved by the FDA. We have had pre-submission meetings with the FDA to align on our regulatory strategy and plan to file a de novo application with the FDA for ventral hernia procedures as our first indication.

The Vicarious System consists of the following components:

Vicarious System Advantages

We believe that to overcome the issues that have limited broad adoption of robot-assisted MIS procedures to date: cost, size, capability, ease of use, fast setup, high throughput, streamlined training, and improved patient outcomes, it is imperative to provide a solution that addresses all these concerns. The Vicarious System, with its advanced engineering and “de-coupled actuators,” which enable a revolutionary approach to the development of surgical robotics, is designed to be uniquely able to significantly improve upon each of these factors. Because of its proprietary engineering advantage, the Vicarious System is designed to offer more degrees of freedom and dexterity with which the surgeon can more naturally operate, and to provide greater visibility, sensing and functionality to the surgeon, all through a small, single port that is designed to offer more capability and fewer challenges than any single or multi-port surgical modality available. Because the Vicarious System had not yet been approved by the FDA or commercialized, the intended advantages of the Vicarious System have not yet been realized and are dependent upon the successful development of the Vicarious System and a timely approval by the FDA.

Our Strategy

With revolutionary advancements in design, we seek to democratize surgery through widespread access to a more capable and more affordable surgical robotic platform. Our objective is to become the leading provider of surgical robotic platforms for soft tissue surgery. To achieve this objective, we are pursuing the following business strategies, all of which are dependent upon the receipt of FDA clearance:

Historical Development of the Vicarious System and Regulatory Pathway

The technology for our robot was developed by Legacy Vicarious founders Adam Sachs, Sammy Khalifa, and Barry Greene between 2009 and 2015. After considerable prototyping and experimentation, the team discovered and patented a cable pathway through the robotic arm to fully de-couple the motion of the robotic device. This series of innovations enabled the first successful prototype of a complete robotic arm that resembles the motion of the surgeon’s body. The founding team went on to take this design and create a full prototype of the device, machining the parts themselves and funding the project out of pocket. After the first fully functioning robotic arm was created, integrated with software designed by the Legacy Vicarious founders, as well as a surgeon input tracking system, the founding team was able to raise outside capital and successfully grow the team in order to continue to drive development and growth.

We have conducted, and continue to conduct, several cadaver studies with the prototype Vicarious System. The goal of each study was to refine the performance of the Vicarious System. In these cadaver studies, the Vicarious System prototype was used to perform several ventral hernia repair procedures, hysterectomy procedures and cholecystectomy procedures. In addition, in these cadaver studies surgeons have used the Vicarious System prototype to perform various techniques for ventral hernia repair, including robotic transabdominal preperitoneal, or rTAPP, retrorectus, and intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (IPOM) plus. These studies were used to gather insights regarding:

In November 2019, we received FDA Breakthrough Device designation for a prior version of the Vicarious System with a proposed indication for use of ventral hernia repair. The Vicarious System is considered a Class II medical device. We have had pre-submission meetings with the FDA to align on our regulatory strategy and plan to file a de novo application with the FDA for ventral hernia procedures as our first indication.

A preliminary meeting with the FDA was conducted in December 2021 to discuss with the FDA our decision to make two technology changes to the Vicarious System design that was granted Breakthrough Device designation in November 2019. Based on these changes, the FDA has determined that the current Vicarious System design that is planned for the initial limited launch and was submitted to the FDA in the November 2021 FDA pre-submission meeting request is different from the device that was granted Breakthrough Device designation for the device design filed in November 2019. The FDA stated that the Breakthrough Device designation remains active for the prior device design granted Breakthrough Device designation in November 2019. In the future, we may attempt to reincorporate the technologies from such prior device design to leverage the previously granted Breakthrough Device designation. The process of medical device development is inherently uncertain and there is no guarantee that a Breakthrough Device designation will be granted to a different device design, and if it were granted, there is no guarantee that such designation will accelerate the timeline for approval or make it more likely that the Vicarious System will be approved.

In February 2022 a pre-submission meeting was held with the FDA to gain alignment on the current Vicarious System. Feedback provided by the FDA indicated that each robotic-assisted surgical system has distinctive kinetics, connections, data transmission and interfaces, including interfaces for the user, patient and environment, the combination of which composes a unique and multifaceted system. Additionally, the FDA indicated that each robotic-assisted surgical system has unique inputs and outputs and must account for uncertainty and instability in different ways. Taken together, these different technological characteristics raise different questions of safety or effectiveness that are not applicable to a predicate device and may pose a significant safety or effectiveness concern for the Vicarious System. For example, the way that a robotic-assisted surgical system is constructed and implemented will have a direct bearing on the safety and effectiveness profile of the device and different robotic-assisted surgical systems are not sufficiently similar to allow for meaningful comparison between the Vicarious System and predicate robotic-assisted surgical systems. The FDA indicated that the evaluation of the complex Vicarious System requires a holistic approach of the performance testing, such as software, bench, animal, human factors and usability, and clinical data to determine how each element establishes the Vicarious System’s integration approach to the intended use and more specifically the indicated procedures. Therefore, each robotic-assisted surgical system carries new or different risks and an evaluation of these risks will require an independent evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of the Vicarious System due to the technology and the implementation into the clinical care. Based on this feedback, the FDA has determined that a 510(k) submission would likely be found not substantially equivalent to a predicate robotic-assisted surgical system. In accordance with this FDA feedback, we have revised our regulatory roadmap for market clearance, as discussed below.

Regulatory Roadmap for Market Clearance

Based on the outcome of the pre-submission meeting with the FDA in February 2022, the FDA has determined that there is no legally marketed predicate device. Therefore, we will plan to file a de novo classification request for the proposed initial indication of ventral hernia repair as a regulatory pathway to classify the Vicarious System. Devices that are classified into Class I or Class II through a de novo classification request may be marketed and used as predicates for future premarket notification 510(k) submissions, when applicable. Accordingly, we believe that 510(k) filings will be available as a regulatory pathway for the Vicarious System with respect to future indications.

We will conduct a prospective human pivotal clinical investigation under a FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and performance of the Vicarious System to obtain U.S. market clearance for the proposed indication of ventral hernia repair. In addition to conducting a human pivotal clinical investigation, we will conduct non-clinical testing activities to verify and validate the safety, performance, effectiveness, functionality, usability and reliability characteristics of the Vicarious System with respect to the intended use and defined requirements. A verification and validation process is expected to provide the necessary data to submit to the FDA for IDE approval.

Non-clinical verification and validation testing will be conducted to verify and validate that the Vicarious System meets all design specifications for its intended use. These tests will include in-vitro, simulated clinical bench testing and cadaver studies, as well as animal studies to support and demonstrate the safety, performance, effectiveness, functionality, usability, and reliability characteristics of the Vicarious System with respect to the intended use and defined requirements. Cadaver studies, representing realistic dimensions and contours of the human abdominal space, will be used primarily to verify and validate system functionality, performance, and safety relevant to patient anatomy and contexts of use with respect to insertion, access and movement within the abdominal cavity, visualization, manipulating tissue, cutting, and suturing as needed during a simulated ventral hernia repair. Animal studies will be used primarily to demonstrate performance, safety, efficacy, and usability of the system as relevant to a live model with respect to insertion, access and movement within the abdominal cavity, visualization, manipulating tissue, cutting, coagulating, and suturing, during a simulated ventral hernia repair. This testing may also be used to demonstrate that applicable risk mitigation features, including software alarms, alerts, extraction of multi-jointed instrumentation in case of system failure, misuse, or other errors are adequate and perform to specifications. Summative usability testing will be conducted by surgeons, nurses and technicians in a simulated operating room environment to provide objective evidence that the Vicarious System can be used safely and effectively by end users for its intended uses, the device functions as expected and intended, and all risk mitigations implemented are safe and effective. In addition, we will conduct simulated bench-top testing on transparent anatomical models to evaluate, among other things, how the Vicarious System performs in “worst case” scenarios to verify and validate safe anatomical access, instrument/camera angulation and movement at the extremes of various surgical procedures with respect to patient anatomy and dimensions that cannot be readily controlled for when using live animal and human cadaver models.

Future Indications

We plan to expand upon our claims and/or indication for use to address additional unmet clinical needs in different anatomical areas as well as therapeutic procedures. Following the initial clearance for ventral hernia repair under a de novo classification, if obtained by the FDA, we plan to submit additional 510(k) filings for other indications for use, using the Vicarious System’s first de novo authorization as a predicate, along with other predicate devices with similar cleared indications for use. We have identified several potential future indications and procedures that align well with the Vicarious System’s ability to access and visualize the abdominal cavity. Possible future indications may include but not be limited to inguinal and hiatal hernias, hysterectomy, cholecystectomy (gallbladder), colorectal and other gastrointestinal procedures. We will perform an assessment to determine the appropriate regulatory strategy required to expand claims and obtain applicable regulatory approvals in the United States and in other global markets.

Intellectual Property

General

We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technology, inventions and improvements that are important to our business by seeking, maintaining and defending our intellectual property, all of which has been developed internally and not in-licensed from third parties. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen and maintain our proprietary position in the field of surgical robotics. Additionally, we intend to rely on regulatory protection afforded through data exclusivity and market exclusivity as well as patent term extensions, where available.

We currently do not rely heavily on technologies from third parties. However, in the future, we may need to rely or be dependent on patented or proprietary technologies that we may license from third parties.

We maintain a patent portfolio that includes issued U.S. and foreign patents as well as pending U.S. and foreign patent applications, which include claims directed towards our proprietary technology. We intend to pursue additional intellectual property protection to the extent we believe it would be beneficial and cost-effective. As of March 1, 2022, we owned approximately six (6) issued U.S. patents, approximately two (2) issued patents in foreign jurisdictions including one (1) in China and one (1) in Japan, and approximately 40 pending patent applications in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, including in Canada, China, Europe, Japan and India. These issued patents and pending patent applications (if they were to issue as patents) are all utility patents and have expected expiration dates ranging between 2035 and 2042. Our patents and patent applications are directed to, among other things, our core technology. This includes the surgical robotic and camera system; sensing capabilities, controls and visualization interfaces; the surgical tools suite; and related technologies.

The term of individual patents may vary based on the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued for applications filed in the United States are effective for 20 years from the earliest effective non-provisional filing date. In addition, in certain instances, a patent term can be extended to recapture a portion of the term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period. The restoration period cannot be longer than five years and the total patent term, including the restoration period, must not exceed 14 years following FDA approval. The duration of patents outside of the United States varies in accordance with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is also 20 years from the earliest effective filing date.

In addition to patents and patent applications, we rely on trade secrets and know-how to develop and maintain our competitive position. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, and obtain and maintain ownership of certain technologies, in part, through confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors and commercial partners. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and know-how, including by implementing measures intended to maintain the physical security of our premises and the physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.

Our future commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business; defend and enforce our patents; preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets; and operate without infringing the valid enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products will depend on the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities. Moreover, we may be unable to obtain patent protection for the Vicarious System generally, as well as with respect to certain surgical indications. See the section entitled “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” for a more comprehensive description of risks related to our intellectual property.

Research and Development

As of March 1, 2022, our research and development programs are generally pursued by our 89 engineering, scientific and technical personnel employed by us in our offices in Massachusetts and California on a full-time basis or as consultants, or through partnerships with industry leaders in manufacturing and design and with researchers in academia. We are also working with subcontractors in developing specific components of our technologies.

The primary objectives of our research and development efforts are to continue to introduce incremental enhancements to the capabilities of the Vicarious System and to advance development.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred research and development expenses of approximately $22.1 million compared to research and development expenses of approximately $9.8 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Manufacturing

We are expanding our manufacturing capabilities with the development of a manufacturing facility, including a clean room, within our new headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts, and has hired key manufacturing personnel. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the manufacturing of certain products for preclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacturing.

We purchase both custom and off-the-shelf components from a large number of suppliers and subjects them to stringent quality specifications and processes. Some of the components necessary for the assembly of the Vicarious System are currently provided to us by sole-sourced suppliers or single-sourced suppliers.

Competition

We face competition in the forms of existing open surgery, conventional MIS, drug therapies, radiation treatment, and emerging interventional surgical approaches. Our success depends on continued clinical and technical innovation, quality and reliability, as well as educating hospitals, surgeons, and patients on the results associated with robotic-assisted surgery using the Vicarious System and our value proposition relative to other techniques. We also face competition from several companies that have introduced or are developing new approaches and products for the MIS market. We believe that the entrance or emergence of competition validates robotic-assisted surgery.

We face competition from larger and well-established companies. The companies that have introduced products in the field of robotic-assisted surgery or have made explicit statements about their efforts to enter the field, include, but are not limited to: Intuitive Surgical, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson (including their wholly-owned subsidiaries Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Auris Health, Inc. and Verb Surgical Inc.); Medtronic plc (including their wholly-owned subsidiary Covidien LP); Virtual Incision Corporation; Titan Medical Inc.; Stryker Corporation; and CMR Surgical Ltd. Other companies with substantial experience in industrial robotics could potentially expand into the field of surgical robotics and become a competitor. In addition, research efforts utilizing computers and robotics in surgery are underway at various companies and research institutions. Our ability to generate future revenue may be adversely impacted as competitors announce their intent to enter these markets and as our potential customers anticipate the availability of competing products.

Commercialization

We have not yet established a sales or product distribution infrastructure for the Vicarious System. We plan to access the U.S. market with the Vicarious System through strategic partnerships and will also develop our own focused, specialized sales force or distribution channels once we have commercialized the Vicarious System.

Government Regulation

Our operations are subject to comprehensive federal, state, and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we or our research and development partners or affiliates do business. The laws and regulations governing our business and interpretations of those laws and regulations and are subject to frequent change. Our ability to operate profitably will depend in part upon our ability, and that of our research and development partners and affiliates, to operate in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The laws and regulations relating to medical products and healthcare services that apply to our business and that of our partners and affiliates continue to evolve, and we must, therefore, devote significant resources to monitoring developments in legislation, enforcement, and regulation in such areas. As the applicable laws and regulations change, we are likely to make conforming modifications in our business processes from time to time. We cannot provide assurance that a review of our business by courts or regulatory authorities will not result in determinations that could adversely affect our operations or that the regulatory environment will not change in a way that restricts our operations.

FDA Regulation

Medical devices are strictly regulated by the FDA, in the United States. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, a medical device is defined as “an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component, part or accessory which is, among other things: intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals; or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes.” This definition provides a clear distinction between a medical device and other FDA regulated products such as drugs. If the primary intended use of a medical product is achieved through chemical action or by being metabolized by the body, the product is usually a drug or biologic. If not, it is generally a medical device.

We are currently developing a robotic-assisted surgical system, which is regulated by the FDA as a medical device under the FDCA, as implemented and enforced by the FDA. The FDA regulates the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, installation, servicing, advertising, promotion, marketing, distribution, import, export, and post-market surveillance of our medical devices.

Device Premarket Regulatory Requirements

Before being introduced into the U.S. market, each medical device must obtain marketing clearance or approval from the FDA through the premarket notification (or 510(k)) process, the de novo classification process, or the premarket approval, or PMA, process, unless they are determined to be Class I devices or to otherwise qualify for an exemption from one of these available forms of premarket review and authorization by the FDA. Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes — Class I, Class II or Class III — depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of control needed to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness. Classification of a device is important because the class to which a device is assigned determines, among other things, the necessity and type of FDA review required prior to marketing the device. Class I devices are those for which reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness can be maintained through adherence to general controls that include compliance with the applicable portions of the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or the QSR, as well as regulations requiring facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse medical events, and appropriate, truthful and non-misleading labeling, advertising, and promotional materials. The Class I designation also applies to devices for which there is insufficient information to determine that general controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device or to establish special controls to provide such assurance, but that are not life-supporting or life-sustaining or for a use which is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, and that do not present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury.

Class II devices are those for which general controls alone are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness and there is sufficient information to establish “special controls.” These special controls can include performance standards, post-market surveillance requirements, patient registries and FDA guidance documents describing device-specific special controls. While most Class I devices are exempt from the premarket notification requirement, most Class II devices require a premarket notification prior to commercialization in the United States; however, the FDA has the authority to exempt Class II devices from the premarket notification requirement under certain circumstances. As a result, manufacturers of most Class II devices must submit premarket notifications to the FDA under Section 510(k) of the FDCA (21 U.S.C. § 360(k)) in order to obtain the necessary clearance to market or commercially distribute such devices. To obtain 510(k) clearance, manufacturers must submit to the FDA adequate information demonstrating that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a “predicate device” that is already on the market. A predicate device is a legally marketed device that is not subject to PMA, meaning, (i) a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (“preamendments device”) and for which a PMA is not required, (ii) a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I, or (iii) a device that was found substantially equivalent through the 510(k) process. If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device identified by the applicant in a premarket notification submission, the FDA will grant 510(k) clearance for the new device, permitting the applicant to commercialize the device. Premarket notifications are subject to user fees, unless a specific exemption applies.

If there is no adequate predicate to which a manufacturer can compare its proposed device, the proposed device is automatically classified as a Class III device. In such cases, a device manufacturer must then fulfill the more rigorous PMA requirements or can request a risk-based classification determination for its device in accordance with the de novo classification process.

Devices that are intended to be life sustaining or life supporting, devices that are implantable, devices that present a potential unreasonable risk of harm or are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of health, and devices that are not substantially equivalent to a predicate device and for which safety and effectiveness cannot be assured solely by the general controls and special controls are placed in Class III. Such devices generally require FDA approval through the PMA process, unless the device is a preamendments device not yet subject to a regulation requiring premarket approval. The PMA process is more demanding than the 510(k) process. For a PMA, the manufacturer must demonstrate through extensive data, including data from preclinical studies and one or more clinical trials, that the device is safe and effective for its proposed indication. The PMA must also contain a full description of the device and its components, a full description of the methods, facilities and controls used for manufacturing, and proposed labeling. Following receipt of a PMA submission, the FDA determines whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the FDA accepts the application for review, it has 180 days under the FDCA to complete its review and determine whether the proposed device can be approved for commercialization, although in practice, PMA reviews often take significantly longer, and it can take up to several years for the FDA to issue a final decision. Before approving a PMA, the FDA generally also performs an on-site inspection of manufacturing facilities for the product to ensure compliance with the QSR.

The de novo classification process allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request down-classification of its device to Class I or Class II, on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, as an alternative to following the typical Class III device pathway requiring the submission and approval of a PMA application. Under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012, the FDA is required to classify a device within 120 days following receipt of the de novo classification request from an applicant; however, the most recent FDA premarket review goals state that in fiscal year 2021, FDA will attempt to issue a decision within 150 days of receipt on 65% of all de novo classification requests received during the year and on 70% of de novo requests received during fiscal year 2022. If the manufacturer seeks reclassification into Class II, the classification request must include a draft proposal for special controls that are necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the medical device. The FDA may reject the classification request if it identifies a legally marketed predicate device that would be appropriate for a 510(k) notification or determines that the device is not low to moderate risk or that general controls would be inadequate to control the risks and special controls cannot be developed. De novo classification requests are subject to user fees, unless a specific exemption applies.

Clinical trials are almost always required to support PMAs and are sometimes required to support 510(k) and de novo classification submissions. All clinical investigations of devices to determine safety and effectiveness must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s investigational device exemption, or IDE, regulations that govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion of investigational devices, and specify recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. If the device presents a “significant risk,” as defined by the FDA, the FDA requires the device sponsor to submit an IDE application to the FDA, which must become effective prior to commencing human clinical trials. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA denies the application or notifies us that the investigation is on hold and may not begin until the sponsor provides supplemental information about the investigation that satisfies the FDA’s concerns. If the FDA determines that there are deficiencies or other concerns with an IDE that require modification of the study, the FDA may permit a clinical trial to proceed under a conditional approval. In addition, the study must be approved by, and conducted under the oversight of, an institutional review board, or IRB, for each clinical site. If the device presents a non-significant risk to the patient according to criteria established by the FDA as part of the IDE regulations, a sponsor may begin the clinical trial after obtaining approval for the trial by one or more IRBs without separate authorization from the FDA, but must still comply with abbreviated IDE requirements, such as monitoring the investigation, ensuring that the investigators obtain informed consent, and labeling and record-keeping requirements.

Post-Marketing Restrictions and Enforcement

After a device is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements apply. These include, but are not limited to:

In addition, under the FDA medical device reporting, or MDR, regulations, medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or a similar device of such manufacturer were to recur. The decision to file an MDR involves a judgment by the manufacturer. If the FDA disagrees with the manufacturer’s determination, the FDA can take enforcement action.

The medical device reporting requirements also extend to health care facilities that use medical devices in providing care to patients, or “device user facilities,” which include hospitals, ambulatory surgical facilities, nursing homes, outpatient diagnostic facilities, or outpatient treatment facilities, but not physician offices. A device user facility must report any device-related death to both the FDA and the device manufacturer, or any device-related serious injury to the manufacturer (or, if the manufacturer is unknown, to the FDA) within 10 days of the event. Device user facilities are not required to report device malfunctions that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur but may voluntarily report such malfunctions through MedWatch, the FDA’s Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program.

The FDA also has the authority to require the recall of commercialized medical device products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. The authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious adverse health consequences or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any distributed devices fail to meet established specifications, are otherwise misbranded or adulterated under the FDCA, or if any other material deficiency is found. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA within ten working days after the recall is initiated.

The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions:

To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, medical device manufacturers are subject to market surveillance and periodic, pre-scheduled and unannounced inspections by the FDA, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of subcontractors.

Breakthrough Device Designation

The 21^st Century Cures Act, which was signed into law on December 13, 2016, established and directed FDA to implement the Breakthrough Devices Program. Under the program, device manufacturers may voluntarily request breakthrough designation for devices that provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating human disease or conditions over currently available technology and that meet at least one of the following criteria:

The goal of the Breakthrough Devices Program is to accelerate the timeline to market for novel devices that will likely provide a benefit to terminally or critically ill patients. A Breakthrough Device designation offers multiple benefits to the device manufacturer, including priority review of the pre-market submission for the device, opportunities to interact directly with FDA’s experts throughout the process, and engagement of FDA senior management.

In November 2019, we received FDA Breakthrough Device designation for a prior version of the Vicarious System with a proposed indication for use of ventral hernia repair. The Vicarious System is considered a Class II medical device. We have had pre-submission meetings with the FDA to align on our regulatory strategy and plan to file a de novo application with the FDA for ventral hernia procedures as our first indication.

A preliminary meeting with the FDA was conducted in December 2021 to discuss with the FDA our decision to make two technology changes to the Vicarious System design that was granted Breakthrough Device designation in November 2019. Based on these changes, the FDA has determined that the current Vicarious System design that is planned for the initial limited launch and was submitted to the FDA in the November 2021 FDA pre-submission meeting request is different from the device that was granted Breakthrough Device designation for the device design filed in November 2019. The FDA stated that the Breakthrough Device designation remains active for the prior device design granted Breakthrough Device designation in November 2019. In the future, we may attempt to reincorporate the technologies from such prior device design to leverage the previously granted Breakthrough Device designation. The process of medical device development is inherently uncertain and there is no guarantee that a Breakthrough Device designation will be granted to a different device design, and if it were granted, there is no guarantee that such designation will accelerate the timeline for approval or make it more likely that the Vicarious System will be approved.

Federal Trade Commission Regulatory Oversight

Our advertising for our products and services is subject to federal truth-in-advertising laws enforced by the Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, as well as comparable state consumer protection laws. Under the Federal Trade Commission Act, or FTC Act, the FTC is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; and (c) gather and compile information and conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce. The FTC has very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by the substantive requirements of the FTC Act and other consumer protection laws can result in administrative or judicial penalties, including civil penalties, injunctions affecting the manner in which we would be able to market services or products in the future, or criminal prosecution.

Healthcare Law and Regulation

If the Vicarious System or our other product candidates are approved in the United States, we will have to comply with various U.S. federal and state laws, rules and regulations pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral laws, rules and regulations. Violations of the fraud and abuse laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including, in some instances, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. These laws include the following:

Some state laws require pharmaceutical or medical device companies to comply with the relevant industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug and device manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures.

State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. We also may be subject to, or may in the future become subject to, U.S. federal and state, and foreign laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, use, disclose, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could result in liability or reputational harm and could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base and thereby decrease our future revenues.

Third-Party Coverage and Reimbursement

In the United States, third-party payors, including government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations, are responsible for hospital and surgeon reimbursement for covered surgical procedures. Third-party payors generally reimburse hospitals and physicians for surgery when the procedure is considered medically necessary. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, manages the Medicare program and administers the Medicaid program in conjunction with applicable state governments. Many commercial health insurers model their reimbursement methodologies after the Medicare program. As the single largest payor, the Medicare program has a significant impact on other third-party payors’ payment systems.

Generally, reimbursement for professional services performed at a facility by physicians is reported under billing codes issued by the American Medical Association, or AMA, known as Current Procedural Terminology, or CPT, codes. Physician reimbursement under Medicare generally is based on a fee schedule and determined by the relative value of the professional service rendered. In addition, CMS and the National Center for Health Statistics are jointly responsible for overseeing changes and modifications to billing codes used by hospitals to report inpatient procedures, known as ICD-10-PCS codes. Under the Medicare program, CMS generally reimburses hospitals for services provided during an inpatient stay based on a prospective payment system that is determined by a classification system known as Medicare-Severity Diagnostic Related Groupings, or MS-DRGs. MS-DRGs are assigned using a number of factors, including the principal diagnosis, major procedures, discharged status, patient age, and complicating secondary diagnoses, among other things. Hospital outpatient services, reported by CPT codes, are assigned to clinically relevant Ambulatory Payment Classifications used to determine the payment amount for services provided.

Since October 1, 2015, a new family of ICD-10-PCS codes can be used, in conjunction with other applicable procedure codes, to describe various robotic-assisted procedures. An inpatient surgical procedure, completed with or without robotic assistance, continues to be assigned to the clinically relevant MS-DRG.

Third-party payors carefully review and increasingly challenge the prices charged for medical products and surgical services. Reimbursement rates from commercial health insurers vary depending on the procedure performed, the specific payor’s reimbursement policies, contract terms, and other factors. Because both hospitals and physicians may receive the same reimbursement for a surgical procedure, whether it is performed with robotic assistance or not and regardless of actual costs incurred in furnishing the patient care, including for the specific medical products or supplies used during that procedure, hospitals and physicians may decide not to use our products if reimbursement amounts are insufficient to cover any additional costs incurred when purchasing and using our products.

For procedures that would involve assistance from our robotic-assisted surgical system, U.S. health care institutions typically bill various third-party payors, such as government health programs (e.g., Medicare and Medicaid) and commercial health insurance plans, for the primary surgical procedure only. If our robotic-assisted surgical system receives marketing authorization from the FDA, coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors will generally be determined by the medical necessity of the primary surgical procedure. Government health programs and other third-party payors may also consider additional factors when determining coverage and reimbursement, including the designation of the surgical procedure as a covered benefit, the appropriateness of the procedure for the specific patient, guidelines for the procedure established by the relevant professional college or medical society, and a payor determination that the procedure is neither experimental nor investigational. We believe that the procedures we intend to pursue as indications for use for our robotic-assisted surgical system are established surgical procedures that are generally already reimbursable by government health programs, commercial health insurers, and managed care organizations for appropriately selected patients. If hospitals do not obtain sufficient reimbursement from third-party payors for procedures performed with our products, or if government and commercial payors’ policies do not cover surgical procedures performed using our products, we may not be able to generate the revenues necessary to support our business.

In the United States, there have been, and continue to be, a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”), was enacted. The ACA made changes that have significantly impacted healthcare providers, insurers, and manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. For example, the ACA included a number of provisions designed to generate the revenues necessary to fund health insurance coverage expansion, including, but not limited to, fees or taxes on certain health-related industries, including medical device manufacturers.

There remain judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and as a result certain of its sections have not been fully implemented or effectively repealed. In particular, in December of 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the individual mandate was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, effective January 1, 2019. In December 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court’s ruling that the individual mandate in the ACA was unconstitutional but remanded the case to the district court to determine whether other reforms enacted as part of the ACA but not specifically related to the individual mandate or health insurance could be severed from the rest of the ACA so as not to have the law declared invalid in its entirety. On March 2, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case and allocated one hour for oral arguments, which occurred on November 10, 2020. On February 10, 2021, the Department of Justice sent a letter to the U.S. Supreme Court that stated the new administration believes the individual mandate and its tax penalty are constitutional, and if the Court determines that they are not, the provision can be severed from the remainder of the act. With this letter, the Biden administration reversed the Trump administration position that was presented to the Court. The Trump administration had claimed that the tax provision is unconstitutional and could not be separated from the ACA, making the entire ACA unconstitutional as a result. The U.S. Supreme Court held in a 7–2 opinion that the states and individuals that brought the lawsuit challenging the ACA’s individual mandate do not have standing to challenge the law. The U.S. Supreme Court did not reach the merits of the challenge, but the decision ends the case. It is unclear how potential litigation and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will affect the implementation of that law, the pharmaceutical and medical device industries more generally, and our business. Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminates the health insurer tax. In addition, CMS published a final rule that would give states greater flexibility, effective January 1, 2020, in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through such marketplaces. We continue to evaluate the potential impact of the ACA and its possible repeal or replacement on our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action is taken. However, the Medicare sequester reductions under the Budget Control Act of 2011 was suspended from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, pursuant to provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, which also extended the sequester by one year, through 2030, in order to offset the added expense of the 2020 cancellation. The 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act was subsequently signed into law on December 27, 2020 and extends the CARES Act suspension period to March 31, 2021.

On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers, and cancer treatment centers. The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, enacted on April 16, 2015 (“MACRA”), repealed the formula by which Medicare made annual payment adjustments to physicians and replaced the former formula with fixed annual updates and a new system of incentive payments that began in 2019 and are based on various performance measures and physicians’ participation in alternative payment models, such as accountable care organizations. Individual states in the U.S. have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control medical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints and discounts, and require marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. Most recently, the Biden Administration has indicated that lowering healthcare costs and ensuring equitable patient access to medical care is a priority, but we do not yet know what steps the administration will take or whether such steps will be successful.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. We expect that additional state and federal health care reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for health care products and services. Moreover, if we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our medical devices may lose any marketing authorization that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

Human Capital

We take pride in our work and value unique backgrounds and experiences. We aim to be inclusive, so that everyone can be their true, authentic self at work every day. To attract and retain top talent, we offer strong compensation and benefits packages that are evolving to meet the changing needs of our employees. Compensation and benefits are paired with talent development programs to retain and develop our team.

As of March 1, 2022, we had 165 employees, 89 of whom were engaged directly in research, development, regulatory and clinical activities, 31 in manufacturing and quality assurance and 45 in marketing, sales, and administrative activities. None of our employee are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we believe that our relationship with our employees is good.

Safety and Wellness

The safety and wellness of our employees is a top priority for the organization, which we will continue to invest in. In light of COVID-19, we have put in place conservative safety protocols to keep our employees and anyone entering our facility safe, in addition to offering work from home arrangements. To protect employees and guests, our efforts include providing personal protective equipment (“PPE”), instituting mandatory screening before accessing buildings, and maximizing workspaces. In addition, we have invested heavily in overall employee wellness, and will continue to do so.

Physical, mental, and financial wellness are front and center of our benefits. We provide access to external experts who can assist employees and their families who are going through challenging times. Additionally, we offer multiple incentives and rewards to encourage healthy behaviors. Financially, we provide access to a financial advisory service, access to an online financial wellness assessment and education service, free webinars, and offers a company 401(k) match.

Legal Proceedings

As of March 1, 2022, we were not a party to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm and other factors.

Facilities

Our principal executive offices are currently located at 78 Fourth Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, consisting of approximately 42,000 square feet. On October 14, 2021, we entered into a lease amendment pursuant to which we agreed to lease additional space consisting of approximately 30,000 square feet located at 62 Fourth Avenue Waltham, MA 02451. Pursuant to the lease amendment, we also extended the term of the original lease for an additional period of three years and one month. Both leased spaces will expire conterminously on March 31, 2032, with an option to renew for an additional five years until March 31, 2037.

Information Available on the Internet

Our internet address is https://www.vicarioussurgical.com, to which we regularly post copies of our press releases as well as additional information about us. We also maintain an Investor Relations website as a routine channel for distribution of important information, including news releases, presentations, and financial statements (https://investor.vicarioussurgical.com). We intend to use our Investor Relations website as a means of complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor our Investor Relations website in addition to press releases, Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, will be available to you free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We include our web site address in this Annual Report on Form 10-K only as an inactive textual reference. Information contained in our website does not constitute a part of this report or our other filings with the SEC.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Careful consideration should be given to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section of titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, and in other documents that we file with the SEC, in evaluating our company and our business. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected and the trading price of our securities could decline. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to Vicarious Surgical Inc. and its subsidiaries following the Business Combination, or to Legacy Vicarious or D8 prior to the Business Combination, as the case may be.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We have a limited operating history on which to assess the prospects for our business, we have not generated any revenue from sales of the Vicarious System, and have incurred losses since inception. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for at least the next several years as we develop and commercializes the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair and future indications.

Since inception, we have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to developing our surgical robot. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities. We have not generated revenue from the sale of the Vicarious System to date and have incurred significant losses. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on future sales and on-going development of the Vicarious System, the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations or grants. We expect to continue to incur significant losses for at least the next several years as we commercialize the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair and seeks to develop and commercialize new surgical applications for the Vicarious System, such as gynecological, urological or other general surgical applications. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

Our ability to generate future revenue from the Vicarious System sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

We have incurred significant losses since inception. As such, you cannot rely upon our historical operating performance to make an investment or voting decision regarding us.

Since inception, we have engaged in research and development activities. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities, and have incurred net losses of $35.2 million and $12.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2021 was $66.8 million. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends upon our ability to accelerate the commercialization of the Vicarious System in line with the demand from new partnerships and our aggressive business strategy. We may be unable to achieve any or all of these goals.

We may need to raise additional funding to develop and commercialize the Vicarious System and to expand our research and development efforts. This additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product commercialization or development efforts or other operations.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to expend substantial additional amounts to commercialize the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair and to develop new surgical applications for the Vicarious System. We expect to use the funds received in connection with the Business Combination to scale our operations, develop and commercialize the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair, develop new surgical applications for the Vicarious System, such as gynecological, urological or other general surgical applications, expand internationally, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. We will require additional capital to develop and commercialize the Vicarious System for abdominal surgeries and to develop the Vicarious System for new surgical applications. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned.

We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any future financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or otherwise agree to terms that are unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. In addition, raising additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities would cause dilution to holders of our equity securities, and may affect the rights of then-existing holders of our equity securities. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We are a development stage company with a limited history of operations and no products with marketing authorization in any jurisdiction, and we cannot assure you that we will ever have a commercialized product.

We are a development stage medical device company with a limited operating history, and we currently do not have any products authorized for commercialization in any country or jurisdiction or any source of revenue. We have been engaged in research and product development since our inception in 2014 and have invested all of our time and resources in developing our technology and the Vicarious System, which we intend to commercialize initially for ventral hernia repair, followed by subsequent indications. The future success of our business will depend on our ability to obtain regulatory authorization to market our Vicarious System, drive adoption, successfully introduce new surgical applications for the Vicarious System, establish our sales force and distribution network, and control costs, all of which we may be unable to do. We have a limited history of operations upon which you can evaluate our business and our operating expenses are increasing. Our lack of a significant operating history also limits your ability to make a comparative evaluation of us, the Vicarious System and our prospects.

If we do not successfully manage the development and launch of the Vicarious System, we will not meet the long term forecasts we presented to D8 Holdings and our business, operating and financial results and condition could be adversely affected.

We aim to launch the Vicarious System initially for use in ventral hernia repair, but to later expand the product to other abdominal surgical applications, including gynecological, urological and general surgery uses. We face risks associated with developing and launching the Vicarious System for the first indication specific use and other surgical applications. We are in the process of developing the Vicarious System, and will need to complete beta testing, verification and validation prior to filing for FDA clearance, which is expected to occur in 2023. If we encounter development or manufacturing challenges or discovers errors during our development cycle, the launch dates of the initial and new surgical applications may be delayed, which will cause delays in our ability to achieve our forecasted results. The expenses or losses associated with unsuccessful product development or launch activities or lack of market acceptance of the Vicarious System could adversely affect our business or financial condition.

The market for the Vicarious System and the use of robotic-assisted surgical technology is rapidly evolving, and increasingly competitive, as the healthcare industry is undergoing significant structural change, which makes it difficult to forecast demand for our products and technologies.

The market for the Vicarious System and the use of robotic-assisted surgical technology is rapidly evolving, and it is uncertain whether we will achieve and sustain high levels of demand and market adoption. Our future financial performance will depend in part on growth in this market and on our ability to adapt to the changing demands of customers. It is difficult to predict the future growth rate and size of our target market. As a result, the addressable market projections provided to D8 Holdings for purposes of considering the Business Combination may not be achieved. Negative publicity concerning the Vicarious System could limit market acceptance of the Vicarious System. If our customers do not perceive the benefits of the Vicarious System, when or if it is authorized for marketing, or if the Vicarious System does not attract new customers, then our market may not develop at all, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of healthcare organizations to increase their use of our technology and our ability to demonstrate the value of our technology relative to competing products to existing and potential customers. If healthcare organizations do not recognize or acknowledge the benefits of the Vicarious System or if we are unable to reduce healthcare costs or drive positive health outcomes, then the market for our solutions might not develop at all, or it might develop more slowly than we expect.

Because our markets are highly competitive, customers may choose to purchase our competitors’ products or services or may not accept the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair, which would result in a reduced ability to generate future revenue.

Robotic-assisted surgery using the Vicarious System is a technology that competes with established and emerging treatment options in both disease management and reconstructive medical procedures. These competitive treatment options include conventional open surgery and minimally invasive approaches. Some of these procedures are widely accepted in the medical community and, in many cases, have a long history of use. Studies could be published that show that other treatment options are more beneficial and/or cost-effective than robotic-assisted surgery. We cannot be certain that physicians will use our products to replace or supplement established treatments or that our products will be competitive with current or future technologies, when or if those products are authorized for marketing.

Additionally, we face or expect to face competition from companies that develop or have developed robotic-assisted surgical systems and products. Companies have introduced products in the field of robotic surgery or have made explicit statements about their efforts to enter the field including, but not limited to, the following companies: Intuitive Surgical, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson (including their wholly-owned subsidiaries Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Auris Health, Inc. and Verb Surgical Inc.); Medtronic plc (including their wholly-owned subsidiary Covidien LP); Virtual Incision Corporation; Titan Medical Inc.; CMR Surgical Ltd.; and Stryker Corporation. Other companies with substantial experience in industrial robotics could potentially expand into the field of surgical robotics and become competitors. Our ability to generate future revenue may be reduced due to pricing pressure if our competitors develop and market products that are more effective or less expensive than our future commercial products. If we are unable to compete successfully, our ability to generate future revenue will suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, or cash flows.

Our success depends upon market acceptance of the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair, our ability to develop and commercialize the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair and additional surgical applications and generate revenues, and our ability to identify new markets for our technology.

We have developed and are engaged in the development of the Vicarious System initially for ventral hernia repair. Achieving physician, patient, and third-party payor acceptance of robotic-assisted surgery as a preferred method of performing surgery is crucial to our success. Our success will depend on the acceptance of the Vicarious System in the United States and global health care markets, when or if it is authorized for marketing in those jurisdictions. We are faced with the risk that the marketplace will not be receptive to the Vicarious System over competing products, including traditional and existing robotic-assisted surgical procedures used in hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers, or ASCs, and that we will be unable to compete effectively. Factors that could affect our ability to successfully commercialize the Vicarious System for ventral hernia repair and to commercialize any potential future products and technologies include:

Even if we can prove the safety and effectiveness of the Vicarious System and they receive marketing authorization, hospitals, ASCs, or surgeons may elect not to use it. In addition, hospitals, ASCs and surgeons may be slow to adopt the Vicarious System because of the perceived liability risks arising from the use of new products and the uncertainty of reimbursement from third-party payors, particularly in light of ongoing healthcare reform initiatives and the evolving healthcare environment.

Broad use of the Vicarious System will require training of surgical teams. We expect that there will be a learning process involved for surgical teams to become proficient in the use of the Vicarious System. Market acceptance could be delayed due to the time required to complete this training. We may not be able to rapidly train surgical teams in numbers sufficient to generate adequate demand for our products. We cannot assure investors that the Vicarious System or any future products and technologies will gain broad market acceptance. If the market for the Vicarious System or any future products and technologies fail to develop or develops more slowly than expected, or do not achieve or sustain market acceptance, our business and operating results would be materially and adversely affected.

Surgeons, hospitals, ASCs and distributors may have existing relationships with other medical device companies that make it difficult for us to establish new relationships with them, and as a result, we may not be able to sell and market the Vicarious System effectively.

We believe that to sell and market the Vicarious System effectively, when or if the product receives marketing authorization, we must establish relationships with key surgeons, hospitals and ASCs in the field of abdominal surgery. Many of these key surgeons, hospitals and ASCs already have long-standing relationships with large, well-known companies that dominate the medical device industry through collaborative research programs and other relationships. Because of these existing relationships, some of which may be contractually enforced, surgeons, hospitals and ASCs may be reluctant to adopt the Vicarious System, particularly if it competes with or has the potential to compete with products and technologies supported by these existing relationships or through their own collaborative research programs. Even if these surgeons, hospitals and ASCs purchase the Vicarious System, they may be unwilling to enter into collaborative relationships with us to promote joint marketing programs or to provide us with clinical and financial data.

Any failure in our efforts to train surgeons, hospital or ASC staff could result in lower than expected product sales and potential liabilities.

A critical component of our future sales and marketing efforts is the training of a sufficient number of surgeons and hospital staff to properly use the Vicarious System, when or if it is authorized for marketing. We rely on surgeons and hospital staff to devote adequate time to learn to use our future products and technologies. Convincing surgeons, hospital and ASC staff to dedicate the time and resources necessary for adequate training in the use of the Vicarious System will be challenging, and we cannot assure you we will be successful in these efforts. If surgeons, hospital or ASC staff are not properly trained, they may misuse or ineffectively use the Vicarious System. If nurses or other members of the hospital or ASC staff are not adequately trained to assist in using the Vicarious System, surgeons may be unable to use the Vicarious System. Insufficient training may result in unsatisfactory patient outcomes, patient injury and related liability or negative publicity, which could have an adverse effect on our product sales or create substantial potential liabilities.

Robotic-assisted surgical device development is costly and involves continual technological change, which may render the Vicarious System obsolete.

The market for robotic-assisted surgical devices is characterized by rapid technological change, medical advances and evolving industry standards. Any one of these factors could reduce the demand for the Vicarious System, when or if it is authorized for marketing, or require substantial resources and expenditures for research, design and development to avoid technological or market obsolescence.

Our success will depend on our ability to enhance our current technology, services and systems and develop or acquire and market new technologies to keep pace with technological developments and evolving industry standards, while responding to changes in customer needs. A failure to adequately develop or acquire device enhancements or new devices that will address changing technologies and customer requirements adequately, or to introduce such devices on a timely basis, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We might have insufficient financial resources to improve existing devices, advance technologies and develop new devices at competitive prices. Technological advances by one or more competitors or future entrants into the field may result in the Vicarious System becoming non-competitive or obsolete, which may decrease revenues and profits and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may encounter significant competition across our existing and future planned products and technologies and in each market in which we sell or plan to sell the Vicarious System from various companies, many of which have greater financial and marketing resources than us. Our primary competitors include Intuitive Surgical, Johnson & Johnson (including their wholly-owned subsidiaries Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Auris Health, Inc. and Verb Surgical Inc.), and Medtronic, which are currently the top manufacturers of robotic-assisted surgical devices.

In addition, our primary competitors, which are well-established medical device manufacturers with significant resources, may engage in aggressive marketing tactics. Competitors may also possess the ability to commercialize additional lines of products, bundle products or offer higher discounts and incentives to customers in order to gain a competitive advantage. If the prices of competing products are lowered as a result, we may not be able to compete effectively.

We are highly dependent upon the continued contributions of our co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and President, Adam Sachs, our co-founder and Chief Technology Officer, Sammy Khalifa. The loss of their services could harm our business, and if we are unable to attract, recruit, train, retain, motivate and integrate key personnel, we may not achieve our goals.

Our future success depends on our ability to attract, recruit, train, retain, motivate and integrate key personnel, including our co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and President, Adam Sachs, our co-founder and Chief Technology Officer, Sammy Khalifa, as well as our recently expanded management team and our research and development, manufacturing, sales and marketing personnel. Our future business and results of operations depend in significant part upon the continued contributions of Messrs. Sachs and Khalifa. If we were to lose their services or if they fail to perform in their current positions, or if we are not able to attract and retain skilled employees in addition to Messrs. Sachs and Khalifa, this could adversely affect the development and implementation of our business plan and substantially harm our business. Competition for qualified personnel is intense.

In addition, we rely upon technical and scientific employees or third-party contractors to effectively establish, manage and grow our business. Consequently, we believe that our future viability will depend largely on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled robotics engineers, artificial intelligence engineers, software engineers, hardware engineers and optical engineers, as well as other managerial, sales, scientific and technical personnel. In order to effectively recruit these personnel, we may need to pay higher compensation or fees to our employees or consultants than we currently expect, and such higher compensation payments may have a negative effect on our operating results. Competition for experienced, high-quality personnel is intense, and we cannot assure investors that we will be able to recruit and retain such personnel. Our growth depends, in particular, on attracting and retaining highly-trained sales personnel with the necessary technical background and ability to understand the Vicarious System at a technical level to effectively identify and sell to potential new customers and develop new uses for the Vicarious System. Because of the technical and complex nature of the Vicarious System and the dynamic market in which we compete in, any failure to attract, recruit, train, retain, motivate and integrate qualified personnel could materially delay development of the Vicarious System and harm our operating results and growth prospects.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in recruiting needed additional employees and consultants, which could disrupt our operations.

As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we will need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial, legal and other resources. The competition for qualified personnel in the medical device industry is intense. Due to this intense competition, we may be unable to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement personnel.

Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of our attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional surgical applications for the Vicarious System. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize the Vicarious System and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

We have no experience in marketing and selling the Vicarious System and if we are unable to successfully commercialize the Vicarious System, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.

We have no experience marketing and selling the Vicarious System, should we receive marketing authorization from the FDA and other regulatory authorities. We currently intend to sell the Vicarious System to hospitals and ASCs. Future sales of the Vicarious System will depend in large part on our ability to effectively market and sell the Vicarious System, successfully manage and expand our sales force, and increase the scope of our marketing efforts. We may also enter into distribution arrangements in the future. Because we have limited experience in marketing and selling the Vicarious System, our ability to forecast demand, the infrastructure required to support such demand and the sales cycle to customers is unproven. If we do not build an efficient and effective marketing and sales force, our business and operating results will be adversely affected.

We expect to generate an increasing portion of our revenue internationally in the future and may become subject to various additional risks relating to our international activities, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We intend to generate revenues from international sources as we expand our sales and marketing opportunities internationally. We have limited experience operating internationally and engaging in international business involves a number of difficulties and risks, including:

We dedicate significant resources to our international operations and are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

If we experience decreasing prices for our products and technologies and are unable to reduce our expenses, including the per unit cost of producing our products and technologies, there may be a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We may experience decreasing prices for the Vicarious System upon regulatory authorization due to pricing pressure from managed care organizations and other third-party payors and suppliers, increased market power of our payors as the medical device industry consolidates, and increased competition among suppliers, including manufacturing services providers. If the prices for the Vicarious System decrease and we are unable to reduce our expenses, including the cost of sourcing materials, logistics and the cost to manufacture the Vicarious System, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected. To the extent that we engage in sales to large hospital networks, we may be subject to procurement discounts, which could have a negative impact on the prices of our products and technologies.

We may experience manufacturing problems or delays that could limit the growth of our revenue or increase our losses.

We may encounter unforeseen situations that would result in delays or shortfalls in our production as well as delays or shortfalls caused by our outsourced manufacturing suppliers and by other third-party suppliers who manufacture components for the Vicarious System. The FDA has established comprehensive and prescriptive regulations for manufacturers of finished medical devices and device components, which require them to establish and maintain processes and procedures to adequately control device manufacturing operations and environmental conditions that could adversely affect product quality and impact patient safety. Clean room standards are an example of these requirements. Failure of us or our third-party component manufacturers or suppliers to comply with applicable standards and regulatory requirements could delay the production of the Vicarious System.

We or our third-party component manufacturers or suppliers may encounter difficulties in scaling up or maintaining production relating to the Vicarious System, including:

If we are unable to keep up with demand for the Vicarious System, our future revenue could be impaired, market acceptance for the Vicarious System could be adversely affected and our customers might instead purchase our competitors’ products. Our inability to successfully manufacture the Vicarious System would have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

We rely on limited or sole suppliers for some of the materials and components used in the Vicarious System, and may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers, which could require us to redesign aspects of the Vicarious System and which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We rely on limited or sole suppliers for certain materials and components that are used in the Vicarious System. While we periodically forecast our needs for such materials and enters into standard purchase orders with them, we do not have long-term contracts with some of these suppliers. If we were to lose such suppliers, or if such suppliers were unable to fulfill our orders or to meet our manufacturing specifications, there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify or enter into agreements with alternative suppliers on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, if at all. Furthermore, if we are required to change the manufacturer of a key component of the Vicarious System, we would be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines, and we may be required to redesign aspects of the Vicarious System to accommodate the new component, which would result in significant delays and additional costs. An interruption in our operations could occur if we encounter delays or difficulties in redesigning the Vicarious System, or securing these materials and components, or if the quality of the materials and components supplied do not meet our requirements, or if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. The time and effort required to redesign the Vicarious System, or to qualify a new supplier and ensure that the new materials and components provide the same or better quality results could result in significant additional costs. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. While we believe that our supplies of components and materials are currently sufficient for us to continue the development of our products and technologies without a disruption to our business, in the event that we must replace one of our suppliers, there can be no assurance that we can maintain this level of inventory in the future.

Acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic alliances could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our stockholders and otherwise harm our business.

We may acquire other businesses or products and technologies, as well as pursue strategic alliances, joint ventures, technology licenses or investments in complementary businesses. We have not engaged in any of these strategic transactions to date, and our ability to do so successfully is unproven. Any of these strategic transactions could be material to our financial condition and operating results and expose us to many risks, including:

Foreign acquisitions involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned above, including those related to the integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.

In addition, the anticipated benefit of any acquisition may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses or write-offs of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition. We cannot predict the number, timing or size of future joint ventures, strategic alliances or acquisitions, if any, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

If we do not successfully develop, optimize and operate our sales and distribution channels or we do not effectively expand and update infrastructure, our operating results and customer experience may be negatively impacted.

If we do not adequately predict market demand or otherwise develop, optimize and operate our sales and distribution channels successfully, it could result in excess or insufficient inventory or fulfillment capacity, increased costs, or immediate shortages in product or component supply, or harm our business in other ways. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate infrastructure to enable us to, among other things, manage our purchasing and inventory, it could negatively impact our operating results.

If we are unable to continue the development of an adequate sales and marketing organization and/or if our direct sales organization is not successful, we may have difficulty achieving market awareness and selling our product and technologies in the future.

We must develop and grow our sales and marketing organization and enter into partnerships or other arrangements to market and sell our products and technologies and/or collaborate with third parties, including distributors and others, to market and sell our products and technologies to develop and maintain the commercial success of the Vicarious System, when or if we are authorized for marketing, and to achieve commercial success for any of our future products and technologies. Developing and managing a direct sales organization is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming process.

To develop our sales and marketing organization to successfully achieve market awareness and sell our products and technologies after they receive appropriate marketing authorization, we must:

We may not be able to successfully manage our sales force or increase our product sales at acceptable rates.

If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales and marketing capabilities or enter into and maintain arrangements with third parties to sell and market the Vicarious System, our business may be harmed.

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish and maintain an adequate volume of sales in the future. A substantial reduction in sales could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance. To the extent that we enter into additional arrangements with third parties to perform sales or marketing services in the United States, Europe or other countries, our product margins could be lower than if we directly marketed and sold the Vicarious System. To the extent that we enter into co-promotion or other marketing and sales arrangements with other companies, any revenue received will depend on the skills and efforts of others, and we cannot predict whether these efforts will be successful. In addition, the growth of market acceptance of the Vicarious System by healthcare practitioners outside of the United States will largely depend on our ability to continue to demonstrate the relative safety, effectiveness, reliability, cost-effectiveness and ease of use of the Vicarious System. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to increase product revenue from our sales efforts in other countries. If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, our future revenue may be reduced and our business may be harmed.

Quality problems could lead to recalls or safety alerts and/or reputational harm and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Quality of our product and technologies and future commercial products and technologies is very important to us and our customers due to the serious and costly consequences of product failure. Our success depends on the quality and reliability of the Vicarious System. Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the design, manufacture, and marketing of medical devices. While we take measures to ensure that components, products and technologies are manufactured to stringent quality specifications, The Vicarious System incorporates mechanical parts, electrical components, optical components, packaging and computer software, any of which may contain errors or exhibit failures, especially when the finished system is first introduced. In addition, new products or modifications may contain undetected errors or performance problems that, despite testing, are discovered only after marketing authorization and commercial shipment. Because the Vicarious System is being designed to perform complex surgical procedures, due to the serious and costly consequences of product failure, we and our future customers have an increased sensitivity to such defects.

Although the Vicarious System is subject to stringent quality processes and controls, we cannot provide assurance that our system will not experience component aging, errors, performance problems, manufacturing nonconformities, or design defects or that unexpected risks to users or patients will not be discovered during commercial use. If we experience product flaws or performance problems, any or all of the following could occur:

Additionally, the manufacture and production of the Vicarious System requires a highly controlled and clean environment to minimize particles and other yield- and quality-limiting contaminants. Weaknesses in process control or minute impurities in materials may result in defective products. If we are not able to maintain stringent quality controls, or if contamination problems arise, we may experience delays in development and commercialization efforts and may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions, which would harm our business and results of operations.

If we or our third-party component manufacturers or suppliers fail to meet any applicable product quality standards and the Vicarious System is the subject of recalls, safety alerts or other regulatory enforcement actions, our reputation could be damaged, we could lose customers, and our revenue and results of operations could decline.

If we are not able to develop and release new surgical applications for the Vicarious System, or successful enhancements, new features and modifications to the Vicarious System or to achieve adequate clinical utility, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The markets in which we operate are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions and enhancements, changing customer demands, and evolving industry standards. The introduction of products embodying new technologies can quickly make existing products obsolete and unmarketable. Additionally, changes in laws and regulations could impact the usefulness of the Vicarious System and could necessitate changes or modifications to the Vicarious System to accommodate such changes. We invest substantial resources in researching and developing new developments to the Vicarious System and enhancing the Vicarious System by incorporating additional features, improving functionality, and adding other improvements to meet customers’ evolving needs. The success of any enhancements, improvements or any new features to the Vicarious System, when or if authorized for marketing by the FDA, depends on several factors, including timely completion, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with new and existing technologies and third-party partners’ technologies and overall market acceptance. We may not succeed in developing, marketing and delivering on a timely and cost-effective basis enhancements or improvements to the Vicarious System or any new products and technologies that respond to continued changes in market demands or new customer requirements, and any enhancements or improvements to the Vicarious System or any new solutions may not achieve market acceptance or authorization. Since developing the Vicarious System is complex, the timetable for the release of new enhancements is difficult to predict, and we may not offer new updates as rapidly as our customers require or expect. Any new products and technologies that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate sufficient revenue. Moreover, even if we introduce new products and technologies, we may experience a decline in revenue from the Vicarious System that is not offset by revenue from the new products and technologies. For example, customers may delay making purchases of new products and technologies to permit them to make a more thorough evaluation of these products and technologies or until industry and marketplace reviews become widely available. Customers may also delay purchasing a new product because their existing Vicarious System or other devices continues to meet their needs. Some customers may hesitate to migrate to a new product due to concerns regarding the performance of the new product. In addition, we may lose existing customers who choose a competitor’s products. This could result in a temporary or permanent revenue shortfall and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The introduction of new products and solutions by competitors, the development of entirely new technologies to replace existing offerings or shifts in healthcare benefits trends could make our future commercial products and technologies obsolete or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may experience difficulties with industry standards, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of new products and technologies, enhancements, additional features or capabilities. If customers do not widely purchase and adopt our future products and technologies, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment. If we do not accurately anticipate customer demand or if we are unable to develop, license or acquire new features and capabilities on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such enhancements do not achieve market acceptance, it could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenue or market acceptance or claims by customers brought against us, each of which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic has and could continue to negatively affect various aspects of our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, and it has since spread throughout other parts of the world, including the United States. Any outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a material adverse effect on our business operations. These impacts to our operations have included, and could again in the future include, disruptions or restrictions on the ability of our employees’ and customers’ to travel or the ability of us to pursue collaborations and other business transactions, oversee the activities of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers and make shipments of materials. We may also be impacted by the temporary closure of the facilities of suppliers, manufacturers or customers. The COVID-19 pandemic may also continue to have an impact on potential customers, as elective surgeries are increasingly postponed and there is greater focus on areas of care with lower profitability, leading, as a consequence, to lower expenditures on new products and devices by health care institutions.

In an effort to halt the outbreak of COVID-19, a number of countries, including the United States, have placed significant restrictions on travel and many businesses have announced extended closures. These travel restrictions and business closures have and may in the future adversely impact our operations locally and worldwide, including our ability to manufacture, market, sell or distribute the Vicarious System, when or if we are authorized by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for marketing, and such restrictions and closure have caused or may cause temporary closures of facilities of suppliers, manufacturers or customers. Any disruption in the operations of our employees, suppliers, customers, manufacturers or access to customers would likely impact our future sales and operating results. In addition, travel restrictions could make it more difficult for us to monitor the quality of our third party manufacturing operations if we are unable to conduct in-person quality audits of those facilities. We are continuing to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations. However, we cannot at this time accurately predict what effects these conditions will ultimately have on our operations due to uncertainties relating to the ultimate geographic spread of the virus, the severity of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, and the length of the travel restrictions and business closures imposed by the governments of impacted countries. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for the Vicarious System and likely impact our operating results.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets, including changes in inflation, interest rates and overall economic conditions and uncertainties. To the extent inflation or other factors increase our business costs, it may not be feasible to offset higher costs through manufacturing efficiencies. An economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our future products and technologies and our inability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also result in further constraints on our third-party component manufacturers and suppliers or cause future customers to delay making payments for our products and technologies. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely affect our business.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We will also continue to incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the NYSE. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. For example, our management team will need to devote substantial time regarding operations as a public company and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to successfully remediate this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial condition or results of operations accurately or in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, materially and adversely affect our business and the value of our Class A common stock.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The material weaknesses we identified were as follows:

These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Had we performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404, additional control deficiencies may have been identified by management, and those control deficiencies could have also represented one or more material weaknesses.

In an effort to remediate the material weaknesses, we have retained an accounting consulting firm to provide additional depth and breadth in our technical accounting and financial reporting capabilities. We have also hired additional qualified accounting and finance personnel to provide needed levels of expertise in our internal accounting function and maintain appropriate segregation of duties. We intend to complete an appropriate risk assessment to identify relevant risks and specify needed objectives. We intend to formalize and communicate our policies and procedures surrounding our financial close, financial reporting and other accounting processes. We intend to further develop and document necessary policies and procedures regarding our internal control over financial reporting, such that we are able to perform a Section 404 analysis of our internal control over financial reporting when and as required following the completion of the Merger. We cannot assure you that these measures will significantly improve or remediate the material weaknesses described above. We also cannot assure you that we have identified all or that we will not have additional material weaknesses in the future. Accordingly, a material weakness may still exist when we report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for purposes of our attestation when required by reporting requirements under the Exchange Act or Section 404 after the Merger. Further, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm.

We expect to incur additional costs to remediate these control deficiencies, though there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or avoid potential future material weaknesses. If we are unable to successfully remediate our existing or any future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we identify any additional material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and our stock price may decline as a result. We also could become subject to investigations by NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

The enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other tax reform policies or changes in tax legislation or policies in jurisdictions outside of the United States could materially impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We will be subject to income tax in the numerous international jurisdictions in which we intend to operate. Reforming the taxation of international businesses has been a priority for politicians, and a wide variety of potential changes have been proposed. Some proposals, several of which have been enacted, impose incremental taxes on gross revenue, regardless of profitability.

Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future income may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2021, we had federal net operating loss carry forwards (“NOLs”) to offset future taxable income of approximately $67.3 million, of which approximately $2.8 million will expire at various dates from 2034 through December 31, 2037, if not utilized. A lack of future taxable income would adversely affect our ability to utilize these NOLs. In addition, under Section 382 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset post-change taxable income. For these purposes, an ownership change generally occurs where the equity ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s stock increases its ownership by more than 50 percentage points over its lowest ownership percentage within a three-year period (calculated on a rolling basis). Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising out of previous ownership changes and we may be limited as to the amount that can be utilized each year as a result of such previous ownership changes. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, including future offerings, as well as other changes that may be outside of our control, could result in additional ownership changes under Section 382 of the Code. Our NOLs may also be impaired under similar provisions of state law. We have not conducted a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred, whether there have been multiple ownership changes since inception or whether there has been an ownership change as the result of the Business Combination due to the significant complexity and costs associated with such a study. We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOLs and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

In addition to the limitations discussed above under Sections 382 of the Code, the utilization of NOLs incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, are subject to limitations, as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). In general, NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 may offset no more than 80 percent of such year’s taxable income and there is no ability for such NOLs to be carried back to a prior taxable year. The CARES Act modifies this limitation on the deduction of NOLs and provides that NOLs arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021, may be carried back to each of the five taxable years preceding the tax year of such loss, but NOLs arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 may not be carried back. In addition, the CARES Act eliminates the limitation on the deduction of NOLs to 80 percent of current year taxable income for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021. As a result of such limitation, we may be required to pay federal income tax in some future year notwithstanding that we have a net loss for all years in the aggregate.

U.S. taxation of international business activities or the adoption of tax reform policies could materially impact our future financial position and results of operations.

Limitations on the ability of taxpayers to claim and utilize foreign tax credits and the deferral of certain tax deductions until earnings outside of the United States are repatriated to the United States, as well as changes to U.S. tax laws that may be enacted in the future, could impact the tax treatment of future foreign earnings. Should the scale of our international business activities expand, any changes in the U.S. taxation of such activities could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our future financial position and results of operations.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other worldwide anti-bribery laws by us or our agents.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making payments in violation of law to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing any other improper advantage. Our possible future reliance on independent distributors or strategic partners to sell the Vicarious System internationally demands a high degree of vigilance in enforcing our policy against participation in corrupt activity, because these distributors or strategic partners could be deemed to be our agents, and we could be held responsible for their actions. Other U.S. companies in the medical device and pharmaceutical fields have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their agents to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business with such non-U.S. government officials. We are also subject to similar anti-bribery laws in the jurisdictions in which we plan to operate, including the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act of 2010, which also prohibits commercial bribery and makes it a crime for companies to fail to prevent bribery. We have limited experience in complying with these laws and in developing procedures to monitor compliance with these laws by our agents. These laws are complex and far-reaching in nature, and, as a result, we cannot assure investors that we would not be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or the interpretation thereof.

Any violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our operations, involve significant management distraction, involve significant costs and expenses, including legal fees, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, or results of operations. We could also incur severe penalties, including criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement, and other remedial measures.

Risks Related to Health Care Industry Shifts and Changing Regulations

We are subject to extensive government regulation, which could restrict the development, marketing, sale and distribution of our products and technologies and could cause us to incur significant costs.

We and the Vicarious System are subject to extensive pre-market and post-market regulation by the FDA and various other federal, state, local and foreign government authorities. Government regulation of medical devices is meant to assure their safety and effectiveness, and includes requirements for, among other things:

The laws and regulations to which we and our products, technologies and future commercial products will be subject are complex and subject to periodic changes. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations, and may result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales.

Before a new medical device, or a significant modification of a medical device, including a new use of, or claim for, an existing product, can be marketed in the United States, it must first receive either 510(k) clearance or premarket approval (“PMA”) from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. In the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a device legally on the market, known as a “predicate” device, with respect to intended use, technology and safety and effectiveness, in order to clear the proposed device for marketing. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence.

Obtaining marketing authorization for Class II or III medical devices through the 510(k) premarket notification process, the PMA process, or the de novo classification process can be expensive and time-consuming, and entails significant user fees to the FDA, unless an exemption is available. The FDA’s review of premarket notifications for 510(k) clearance usually takes 90 to 180 days and review of de novo classification applications usually takes 120 to 280 days, but both review processes can last longer. In addition, after a device is cleared or authorized under a reclassification order, any modification that could significantly affect the device’s safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, will require a new clearance, or possibly a PMA, depending on the extent of the modification and the associated risks.

In the PMA approval process, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is safe and effective for its intended use based, in part, on extensive data, including but not limited to, technical, pre-clinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The process for obtaining a PMA is more costly and uncertain and approval can take anywhere from 180 days to, in some cases, more than one year from the time the application is initially filed with the FDA. Modifications to devices that are approved through a PMA application generally require FDA approval of a supplemental PMA application. The Vicarious System and some of our future products and technologies may require PMA approval. In addition, the FDA may require that we obtain a PMA prior to marketing future changes of the Vicarious System. Further, we may not be able to obtain additional 510(k) clearances or PMAs for new products and technologies or for modifications to, or additional indications for, the Vicarious System in a timely fashion or at all. Delays in obtaining future clearances or approvals could adversely affect our ability to introduce new or enhanced products and technologies in a timely manner, which in turn could harm our revenue and future profitability.

In order to conduct a clinical investigation involving human subjects for the purpose of demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of a medical device, if necessary, for a PMA application, 510(k) premarket notification or de novo classification request, a company must, among other things, apply for and obtain institutional review board, or IRB, approval of the proposed investigation. In addition, if the clinical study involves a “significant risk” (as defined by the FDA) to human health, the sponsor of the investigation must also submit and obtain FDA approval of an investigational device exemption, or IDE, application and follow applicable IDE regulations. Unless IDE-exempt, nonsignificant risk devices are still subject to certain abbreviated IDE requirements; however, an IDE application is not required if such abbreviated requirements are met. We may not be able to obtain any necessary FDA and/or IRB approval to undertake clinical trials in the United States for future devices we develop and intend to market in the United States. If we do obtain such approvals, the FDA may find that our studies do not comply with the IDE or other regulations governing clinical investigations or the data from any such trials may not support marketing authorization of the investigational device. Moreover, certainty that clinical trials will meet desired endpoints, produce meaningful or useful data and be free of unexpected adverse effects, or that the FDA will accept the validity of foreign clinical study data (if applicable) cannot be assured, and such uncertainty could preclude or delay marketing authorization resulting in significant financial costs and reduced revenue.

To ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, medical device manufacturers are subject to post-market surveillance and periodic, pre-scheduled and unannounced inspections by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of our subcontractors.

We, as well as our third-party manufacturers or suppliers that are regulated by the FDA, is also subject to numerous post-marketing regulatory requirements, which include quality system regulations related to the manufacture of the Vicarious System, labeling regulations and medical device reporting (“MDR”) regulations. The last of these regulations requires us to report to the FDA if our commercial devices cause or contribute to a death or serious injury, or malfunction in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction recurred. The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement actions by the FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions:

The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is no guarantee that the FDA will grant marketing authorization for the Vicarious System or any of our future products and technologies, and failure to obtain necessary marketing authorization for the Vicarious System and our future products and technologies would adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

The Vicarious System and our new or modified products and technologies will require FDA marketing authorization before they may be marketed in the United States. The FDA may refuse our requests for pre-market review of new products and technologies or may not grant marketing authorization for these products and technologies for the indications that are necessary or desirable for successful commercialization. Early stage review may also result in delays or other issues. For example, the FDA has issued guidance intended to explain the procedures and criteria used in assessing whether pre-market review submissions may be accepted for substantive review. Under the “Refuse to Accept” guidance, the FDA conducts an early review against specific acceptance criteria to notify applicants whether a pre-market submission for a device is administratively complete, and if not, such notification will identify the missing element(s). Applicants are given the opportunity to provide the FDA with any information identified as missing. If the information is not provided within a specified time, the submission will not be accepted for FDA review and will be considered abandoned. The FDA may also change its marketing authorization policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions that may prevent or delay authorization of our products and technologies under development or impact our ability to obtain marketing authorization for modifications to our authorized products in a timely manner. Significant delays in receiving or failure to receive FDA marketing authorization for our new products and technologies would have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our business.

Unsuccessful animal studies, clinical trials or procedures relating to products and technologies under development could have a material adverse effect on our prospects.

The regulatory approval process for new device products, technologies and new indications for existing device products and technologies requires extensive data and procedures, including the development of regulatory and quality standards and, potentially, studies involving animals or human subjects. Based on pre-submission communications with the FDA, we intend to file a de novo classification request for the Vicarious System with respect to ventral hernia procedures, which would require human clinical studies to ensure that the product candidate is safe and effective. Unfavorable or inconsistent data from future animal studies, clinical trials or other studies conducted by us or third parties, or perceptions regarding such data, could adversely affect our ability to obtain necessary device regulatory authorization and the market’s view of our future prospects.

Failure to successfully complete any required studies in a timely and cost-effective manner could have a material adverse effect on our prospects with respect to the Vicarious System or other products and technologies. Because animal studies, clinical trials and other types of scientific studies are inherently uncertain, there can be no assurance that these trials or studies will be completed in a timely or cost-effective manner, be suitable to support marketing authorization or result in a commercially viable product. Clinical trials or other studies may experience significant setbacks even if earlier preclinical or animal studies have shown promising results. Furthermore, preliminary results from animal studies or clinical trials may be contradicted by subsequent clinical analysis. Results from animal studies or clinical trials may also not be supported by actual long-term studies or clinical experience. If preliminary study results are later contradicted, or if initial results cannot be supported by actual long-term studies or clinical experience, our business could be adversely affected. Clinical trials also may be suspended or terminated by us, the FDA, the responsible IRB or other regulatory authorities at any time if it is believed that the trial participants face unacceptable health risks. The FDA may disagree with our interpretation of the data from the animal studies or clinical trials, or may find the design, conduct or results of such studies or trials inadequate to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of the product candidate. The FDA may also require additional pre-clinical studies or clinical trials for ventral hernia or other indications, which could further delay approval of our products and technologies.

Recent initiatives by the FDA to enhance and modernize various regulatory pathways for device products and technologies and its overall approach to safety and innovation in the medical technology industry creates the possibility of changing product development costs, requirements, and other factors and additional uncertainty for our products, technologies and business.

Regulatory requirements may change in the future in a way that adversely affects us. Any change in the laws or regulations that govern pre-market authorization processes or the post-market compliance requirements relating to our current and future product candidates could make it more difficult and costly to obtain marketing authorization for new product candidates, or to produce, market and distribute existing product candidates that receive such authorization.

For example, the FDA and other government agencies have been focusing on the cybersecurity risks associated with certain medical devices and encouraging device manufacturers to take a more proactive approach to assessing the cybersecurity risks of their devices both during development and on a periodic basis after the devices are in commercial distribution. These regulatory efforts could lead to new FDA requirements in the future or additional product liability or other litigation risks if the Vicarious System is considered to be susceptible to third-party tampering. In December 2016, Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act, which made multiple changes to the FDA’s rules for medical devices as well as for clinical trials, and in August 2017, Congress passed the most recent iteration of the five-year medical device user fee reauthorization package, which affects medical device regulation both pre- and post-approval and could have certain impacts on our business. Since that time, the FDA has announced a series of efforts to modernize and streamline the 510(k) notification and regulatory review process and monitoring post-market safety, and issued a Proposed Rule to formalize the de novo classification process to provide clarity to innovative device developers. Changes in the FDA 510(k) process could make clearance more difficult to obtain, increase delay, add uncertainty and have other significant adverse effects on our ability to obtain and maintain clearance for our product candidates. The negotiation process for the next cycle of medical device user fee programs began in 2020, as those programs must be reauthorized by Congress in mid-2022, and additional regulatory changes or new agency programs may be implemented as a result.

It is unclear at this time whether and how various activities initiated or announced by the FDA to modernize the U.S. medical device regulatory system could affect our business, as some of the FDA’s new medical device safety and innovation initiatives have not been formalized and remain subject to change. For example, a 2018 Medical Device Safety Action Plan included a particular focus on post-market surveillance and how to respond when new safety concerns emerge once a product is on the market. The increased attention that the medical technology industry is receiving from regulators, lawmakers, and other stakeholders creates the possibility of unanticipated regulatory and other potential changes to the Vicarious System and our overall business. In response to the COVID-19 public health emergency, for example, the FDA’s device center leadership has exercised a significant amount of enforcement discretion to meet the medical community’s and patients’ needs for remote monitoring and other innovative solutions that involve digital health products and product candidates. The FDA has signaled that some of its policy changes adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic could remain in place after the public health emergency subsides, but it is unclear which policies will be retained or how those policies could impact the medical device industry in the future.

If we fail to obtain regulatory authorizations in other countries for existing product candidates or product candidates under development, we will not be able to commercialize these products and technologies in those countries.

In order for us to market the Vicarious System in countries outside of the United States, we must comply with extensive safety and quality regulations in other countries regarding the quality, safety and efficacy of the Vicarious System. These regulations, such as the requirements for obtaining marketing authorization, including CE mark grant in the European Union, as well as regulatory authorization in the Asia-Pacific region and the time required for regulatory review, vary from country to country. Failure to obtain marketing authorization in any foreign country in which we plan to market the Vicarious System may harm our ability to generate revenue and harm our business. Marketing authorization requirements and processes vary between countries and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain marketing authorization in other countries might differ from that required to obtain FDA authorization. The pre-market review and authorization process in other countries may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA clearance in the United States, as well as other potential risks relating to delays, refusals, or uncertainties in the application preparation, submission, and review procedures specific to the regulatory processes in such countries. Regulatory authorization of a product in one country does not ensure regulatory authorization in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining marketing authorization in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory authorization in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such authorization could have the same adverse effects described above regarding FDA authorization in the United States.

If we, our contract manufacturers or our component suppliers are unable to manufacture the Vicarious System in sufficient quantities, on a timely basis, at acceptable costs and in compliance with regulatory and quality requirements, the manufacturing and distribution of our devices could be interrupted, and our product sales and operating results could suffer.

We, our contract manufacturers and our component suppliers are required to comply with the QSR, which is a complex regulatory framework that covers the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage, distribution and servicing of our devices. We and our contract manufacturers and regulated component suppliers will be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities to monitor and ensure compliance with post-market regulatory requirements. We cannot assure investors that the FDA or other regulatory authorities will not discover evidence of noncompliance at our facilities or the facilities of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers during a future quality system inspection.

Accordingly, assuming we receive marketing authorization for one or more products, we and our contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance, and quality control. Failure of us or our third-party manufacturers and component suppliers to adhere to QSR requirements or take adequate and timely corrective action in response to an adverse regulatory inspection finding could delay production of the Vicarious System and lead to fines, difficulties in obtaining regulatory authorizations recalls, enforcement actions, including injunctive relief or consent decrees, or other consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Any such failure, including the failure of our contract manufacturers, to achieve and maintain the required high manufacturing standards could result in delays or failures in product testing or delivery, cost overruns, increased warranty costs or other problems that could harm our business and prospects.

Our current or future products and technologies may be subject to product recalls even after receiving marketing authorization from the FDA. A recall of the Vicarious System, either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA, or the discovery of serious safety issues with our future products, could have a significant adverse impact on us.

The FDA and similar governmental bodies in other countries have the authority to require the recall of the Vicarious System and any accessory devices if we or our third-party manufacturers fail to comply with relevant regulations pertaining to, among other things, manufacturing practices, labeling or if new information is obtained concerning deficiencies in the safety or efficacy of the Vicarious System. For example, under the FDA’s MDR regulations, we are required to report to the FDA any incident in which the Vicarious System may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or in which the Vicarious System malfunctioned in a manner likely to cause or contribute to death or serious injury if that malfunction were to recur. Repeated incidents of the same or similar adverse events or product malfunctions may result in a voluntary or mandatory product recall, or administrative or judicial seizure or injunction, when warranted. A government-mandated recall may be ordered if the FDA finds that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious, adverse health consequences or death. A voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of a discovery of any material deficiency in a device, such as manufacturing defects, labeling deficiencies, packaging defects or other failures to comply with applicable regulations. It is possible that the FDA could disagree with our initial classification for a voluntary recall. The FDA requires that reports of corrections or removals of any device be submitted to the FDA within 10 working days after the correction or removal is initiated; however, any recall initiated due to a discovery that a device violates the FDCA must be reported to FDA immediately. If a change to a device addresses a violation of the FDCA, that change would generally constitute a medical device recall and require submission of a recall report to the FDA.

Recalls of the Vicarious System would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations and financial condition, which could impair our ability to produce the Vicarious System in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet our customers’ demands. We may also be subject to product liability claims, be required to bear other costs, or be required to take other actions that may have a negative impact on our future sales and our ability to generate profits. Companies are required to maintain certain records of product withdrawals or removals, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary field actions involving the Vicarious System in the future that we determine do not require notification to the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, the FDA could require us to report those actions as recalls. A future recall, withdrawal, or seizure of any product could materially and adversely affect consumer confidence in our brand, lead to decreased demand for the Vicarious System and negatively affect our sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report recalls when they were conducted by us or one of our agents.

We may be subject to enforcement action if we engage in improper or off-label marketing or promotion of the Vicarious System, including fines, penalties and injunctions.

The FDA regulates the promotional labeling for our products to ensure that the claims we make are consistent with the relevant marketing authorizations, that there is scientific data to substantiate the claims and that our promotion and advertising is neither false nor misleading. The off-label marketing or false advertising of our products may harm our image in the marketplace, result in injuries that lead to product liability suits, which could be costly to our business, or result in costly investigations and sanctions from the FDA and other regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in off-label promotion or false advertising. In addition to the FDA, depending on the form of marketing authorization that the Vicarious System and future products and technologies receive, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) may have overlapping authority to oversee the advertising of our products and any related services offered by us. The FTC’s focus would be on ensuring such advertising is truthful and not deceptive under the FTC Act rather than enforcing any of the regulatory requirements in the FDCA and FDA’s implementing regulations.

In September 2020 the FDA issued a proposed rule to revise its regulation governing the types of evidence relevant to determining the “intended use” of a drug or device under the FDCA, which once finalized will have implications for when a manufacturer or distributor has engaged in off-label marketing. Public comments have been solicited, and FDA is expected to publish in the near future a final regulation and justify any additional revisions it may make to this regulatory language.

We are subject to federal, state and foreign laws prohibiting “kickbacks” and false or fraudulent claims, and other fraud and abuse laws, transparency laws, and other health care laws and regulations, which, if violated, could subject us to substantial penalties. Additionally, any challenge to or investigation into our practices under these laws could cause adverse publicity and be costly to respond to, and thus could harm our business.

If we obtain FDA marketing authorization for our Vicarious System, we will be subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other health care laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing authorization. Restrictions under applicable federal and state health care laws and regulations include the following:

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable health care laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other health care laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other health care providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded health care programs.

Health care policy and payment changes may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. In the United States and in some other jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the health care system that could prevent or delay marketing authorization of our products and technologies or any of our potential future products and technologies, restrict or regulate post-authorization activities, or affect our ability to profitably sell any products and technologies for which we obtain marketing authorization. Increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s medical device authorization process may significantly delay or prevent marketing authorization, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. Congress also must reauthorize the FDA’s user fee programs every five years and often makes changes to those programs, in addition to policy or procedural changes that may be negotiated between the FDA and industry stakeholders as part of this periodic reauthorization process. The negotiation process for the next cycle of medical device user fee programs began in 2020 as those programs must be reauthorized by Congress in mid-2022.

In March 2010, Congress passed the ACA, which substantially changed the way health care is financed by both the government and private insurers, and significantly impacts the United States medical device industry. As another example, the 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act signed into law on December 27, 2020 incorporated extensive health care provisions and amendments to existing laws.

There remain judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and as a result certain sections of the ACA have not been fully implemented or effectively repealed. In particular, in December of 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the individual mandate was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, effective January 1, 2019. In December 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court’s ruling that the individual mandate in the ACA was unconstitutional, but remanded the case to the district court to determine whether other reforms enacted as part of the ACA, but not specifically related to the individual mandate or health insurance could be severed from the rest of the ACA so as not to have the law declared invalid in its entirety. On March 2, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the petitions for writs of certiorari to review this case and allocated one hour for oral arguments, which occurred on November 10, 2020. On February 10, 2021, the Department of Justice sent a letter to the U.S. Supreme Court that stated the new administration believes the individual mandate and its tax penalty are constitutional, and if the Court determines that they are not, the provision can be severed from the remainder of the act. With this letter, the Biden administration reversed the Trump administration position that was presented to the Court. The Trump administration had claimed that the tax provision is unconstitutional and could not be separated from the ACA, making the entire ACA unconstitutional as a result. The U.S. Supreme Court held in a 7–2 opinion that the states and individuals that brought the lawsuit challenging the ACA’s individual mandate do not have standing to challenge the law. The U.S. Supreme Court did not reach the merits of the challenge, but the decision ends the case. It is unclear how potential litigation and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will affect the implementation of that law, the pharmaceutical and medical device industries more generally, and our business. Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the ACA-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminates the health insurer tax. In addition, CMS published a final rule that would give states greater flexibility, effective January 1, 2020, in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the ACA for plans sold through such marketplaces. We continue to evaluate the potential impact of the ACA and its possible repeal or replacement on our business.

The uncertainty around the future of the ACA, and in particular the impact to reimbursement levels, may lead to uncertainty or delay in the purchasing decisions of our future customers, which may in turn negatively impact product sales. If there are not adequate reimbursement levels, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which began in 2013 and will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional Congressional action is taken. However, the Medicare sequester reductions under the Budget Control Act of 2011 were suspended from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, pursuant to provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, which also extended the sequester by one year, through 2030, in order to offset the added expense of the 2020 cancellation. The 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act was subsequently signed into law on December 27, 2020 and extended the CARES Act suspension period to March 31, 2021.

We cannot predict whether future health care initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level or in countries outside of the United States in which we may do business in the future, or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on us.

Inadequate funding for the FDA and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and technologies from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve or clear new medical device products and technologies can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the FDA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also increase the time necessary for new products and technologies to be reviewed and/or authorized by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times, and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities. Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020, the FDA announced its intention to temporarily postpone most inspections of foreign manufacturing facilities and products and technologies, as well as to temporarily postpone routine surveillance inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities. Subsequently, on July 10, 2020, the FDA announced its intention to resume certain on-site inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities subject to a risk-based prioritization system.

As of January 29, 2021, the FDA noted it was continuing to ensure timely reviews of applications for medical products and technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic in line with its user fee performance goals and conducting “mission-critical” domestic and foreign inspections to ensure compliance of manufacturing facilities with FDA quality standards. Utilizing a rating system to assist in determining when and where it is safest to conduct such inspections based on data about the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a given state and locality and the rules and guidelines that are put in place by state and local governments, the FDA is either continuing to, on a case-by-case basis, conduct only “mission-critical” inspections, or, where possible to do so safely, resuming prioritized domestic inspections, which generally include pre-approval inspections. Foreign pre-approval inspections that are not deemed mission-critical remain postponed, while those deemed mission-critical will be considered for inspection on a case-by-case basis. The FDA will use similar data to inform resumption of prioritized operations abroad as it becomes feasible and advisable to do so, and it has recently resumed inspections in China and plans to also resume such activities in India as soon as possible. The FDA’s assessment of whether an inspection is mission-critical considers many factors related to the public health benefit of U.S. patients having access to the product subject to inspection, including whether the products and technologies are used to diagnose, treat, or prevent a serious disease or medical condition for which there is no other appropriate substitute. Both for-cause and pre-approval inspections can be deemed mission-critical. The FDA may not be able to maintain this pace and delays or setbacks are possible in the future.

Additionally, regulatory authorities outside the United States may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. If a prolonged government shutdown or slowdown occurs, or if global health concerns continue to prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our future business. Further, following the completion of the Business Combination and in our operations as a public company, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, our ability to maintain any technological or competitive advantage over our competitors and potential competitors would be adversely impacted, and our business may be harmed.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. If we fail to obtain, maintain, and protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us, and we may lose our technological or competitive advantage. We may also incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to defend, enforce recover or restrict the use of our intellectual property.

We cannot assure investors that any of our currently pending or future patent applications will result in granted patents, and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patents to be granted or whether the scope of such patents, if granted, will adequately protect the Vicarious System from competitors. It is possible that, for any of our patents that have been granted or that may be granted in the future, other parties will design alternatives that do not infringe our patents. Further, we cannot assure investors that other parties will not challenge any patents granted to us or that courts or regulatory agencies will hold our patents to be valid or enforceable. We cannot guarantee investors that we will be successful in defending challenges made against our patents. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, or to such patents being interpreted narrowly or otherwise in a manner adverse to our interests. Our ability to establish or maintain a technological or competitive advantage over our competitors may be diminished because of these uncertainties. For these and other reasons, our intellectual property may not provide us with any competitive advantage. For example:

The strength of patents involves complex legal questions and can be uncertain. Even if one or more patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability, inventorship or scope thereof. Such a challenge may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, our technology. Further, if we encounter delays in clinical trials, the period of time during which we could market our products under patent protection would be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we are the first to file any patent application related to our products.

Even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. For example, we may become involved in opposition, interference, derivation, inter partes review or other proceedings challenging our patent rights, and the outcome of any proceedings are highly uncertain. Such challenges may result in the patent claims of our patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop or prevent us from stopping others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new technology, patents protecting such technology might expire before or shortly after such technology is commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to our products or otherwise provide us with a competitive advantage.

To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate coverage over our products and technologies and protection against our competitors’ products and technologies, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business.

The measures that we use to protect the security of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may not be adequate, which could result in the loss of legal protection for, and thereby diminish the value of, such intellectual property and other rights.

The patenting process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in issued patents that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part. In addition, our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technology or from developing competing products and technologies.

If we delay in filing a patent application, and a competitor files a patent application on the same or a similar technology before we do, we may face a limited ability to secure patent rights. We may not be able to patent the technology at all. Even if we can patent the technology, we may be able to patent only a limited scope of the technology, and the limited scope may be inadequate to protect our products, or to block competitor products that are similar or adjacent to ours. Our earliest patent filings have been published. A competitor may review our published patents and arrive at the same or similar technology advances for our products as we developed. If the competitor files a patent application on such an advance before we do, then we may no longer be able to protect the technology. We may require a license from the competitor, and if the license is not available on commercially-viable terms, then we may not be able to launch our products.

In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we also rely upon trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and unfair competition laws and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. In addition, we take steps to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisors. Our suppliers may also have access to the patented technology owned or used by us as well as other proprietary information, and these suppliers are subject to confidentiality provisions under their agreements with us.

Such agreements or provisions may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure. Notwithstanding any such agreements, there is no assurance that our current or former manufacturers or suppliers will not use and/or supply our competitors with our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information to which these parties gained access or generated from their relationship with us. This could lead to our competitors gaining access to patented or other proprietary information. Moreover, if a party to an agreement with us has an overlapping or conflicting obligation to a third party, our rights in and to certain intellectual property could be undermined. Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, the outcome would be unpredictable, and any remedy may be inadequate. Courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

In addition, competitors could purchase our products and technologies and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our protected technology or develop their own competitive technologies that fall outside of our intellectual property rights. If our intellectual property does not adequately protect our market share against competitors’ products and technologies and methods, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business.

We may need or may choose to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our current or future products and technologies, and we cannot provide any assurances that we would be able to obtain such licenses.

We may need or may choose to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our current or future products and technologies, and we cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist that might be enforced against our current or future products and technologies in the absence of such a license. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. If we could not obtain a license, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected products and technologies, which could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties, damages and/or other forms of compensation.

Licensing intellectual property involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:

If disputes over licensed intellectual property prevent or impair our ability to maintain the licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product, or the dispute may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

In addition to agreements pursuant to which we in-licenses intellectual property, we may in the future grant licenses under our intellectual property. Like in-licenses, out-licenses are complex, and disputes may arise between us and our licensees, such as the types of disputes described above. Moreover, our licensees may breach their obligations, or we may be exposed to liability due to our failure or alleged failure to satisfy our obligations. Any such occurrence could have an adverse effect on our business.

The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive practice, and companies that may be more established, or have greater resources than we do, may also be pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive for commercializing our technology. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their larger size, cash resources, or commercialization capabilities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete such negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property that we may seek to acquire.

We and our partners may be sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. If that happens, such litigation would be costly and time consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in any such litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our success also depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell the Vicarious System without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are developing the Vicarious System. As part of a business strategy to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets, competitors may claim that the Vicarious System infringes their intellectual property rights and may suggest that we enter into license agreements. Such competitors may bring litigation against us or our partners to enforce such claims.

Such claims may or may not be meritorious, but even if such claims are without merit, we could incur substantial costs and the attention of our management and technical personnel could be diverted in defending us against or settling such claims. Any adverse ruling by a court or administrative body, or perception of an adverse ruling, may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and on our finances. Moreover, third parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive relief against us, which could block our ability to offer the Vicarious System and could result in a substantial award of damages against us. In addition, since we could sometimes agree to indemnify customers, collaborators or licensees, we may have additional liability in connection with any infringement or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be pending applications, some of which are unknown to us, that may result in issued patents that the Vicarious System or proprietary technologies infringe. Moreover, we may fail to identify issued patents of relevance or incorrectly conclude that an issued patent is invalid or not infringed by our technology or the Vicarious System. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the medical device space in general and in the robotic surgery field in particular. As we face increasing competition and as our business grows, we will likely face claims of infringement. If a third party claims that we or any of our licensors, customers or collaboration partners infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may have to do any or all of the following:

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can, because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may choose to challenge the patentability of claims in a third party’s U.S. patent by requesting that the USPTO review the patent claims in an ex-parte re-exam, inter partes review or post-grant review proceedings. These proceedings are expensive and may consume time or other resources. We may choose to challenge a third party’s patent in patent opposition proceedings in the European Patent Office, or EPO, or other foreign patent office. The costs of these opposition proceedings could be substantial, and may consume time or other resources. If we fail to obtain a favorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office, then we may be exposed to litigation by a third party alleging that the patent is infringed by our products or proprietary technologies.

During the course of any intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the initiation of the litigation, as well as results of hearings, rulings on motions and other interim proceedings in the litigation. If securities analysts or investors regard these announcements as negative, the perceived value of our products, programs or intellectual property could be diminished. Accordingly, the market price of shares of our common stock may decline. Such announcements could also harm our reputation or the market for our future products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents that we license. In the event of infringement or unauthorized use, we may file one or more infringement lawsuits, which can be expensive and time-consuming. An adverse result in any such litigation proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, being found to be unenforceable or being interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. An adverse result could also require us to pay the legal fees of the opposing party. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

Many of our competitors are larger than us and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely to be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation longer than we could. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise any funds necessary to continue our operations, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring the Vicarious System to market.

In addition, patent litigation can be very costly and time-consuming. An adverse outcome in any such litigation or proceedings may expose us or any of our future development partners to loss of our proprietary position, expose us to significant liabilities, or require us to seek licenses that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.

If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on the technology or process claimed by the patent. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents or those of our future licensors is threatened, it could dissuade other companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be required to protect our patents through procedures created to attack the validity of a patent at the USPTO. The USPTO hears post-grant proceedings, including PGR, IPR and derivation proceedings. An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding could reduce the scope or enforceability of, or invalidate, our patent rights, which could adversely affect our competitive position. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Thus, the America Invents Act (the “AIA”) and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our issued patents could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged or invalidated despite measures we take to obtain patent and other intellectual property protection with respect to our products and proprietary technology. For example, if we or any of our partners were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering the Vicarious System, the defendant in such litigation could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement, or failure to claim patent eligible subject matter. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with the prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement during prosecution either in the U.S. or abroad. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO or foreign patent offices, even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which we and the patent examiner were unaware or was otherwise not considered during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the challenged patent. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their other clients or former employers to us, which could subject us to costly litigation.

As is common in the medical device industry, we engage the services of consultants and independent contractors to assist us in the development of the Vicarious System. Many of these consultants and independent contractors were previously employed at, or may have previously provided or may be currently providing consulting or other services to, universities or other technology or medical device companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may become subject to claims that we, a consultant or an independent contractor, inadvertently or otherwise, used or disclosed trade secrets or other information proprietary to their former employers or their former or current clients. We may similarly be subject to claims stemming from similar actions of an employee, such as one who was previously employed by another company, including a competitor or potential competitor. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team. If we were not successful, we could lose access or exclusive access to valuable intellectual property.

In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. This type of litigation or proceeding could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could adversely affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We generally enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, and contractors. These agreements generally provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property. However, those agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. For example, even if we have a consulting agreement in place with an academic advisor pursuant to which such academic advisor is required to assign any inventions developed in connection with providing services to us, such academic advisor may not have the right to assign such inventions to us, as it may conflict with his or her obligations to assign all such intellectual property to his or her employing institution.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents, trade secrets, or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. Also, former employees may become employed by competitors who develop similar technology, and could assist the competitor in designing around our patents. While it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment agreements entered into by us may not be self-executing or may be breached, and litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our ownership of our patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our products. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could materially, negatively affect our business.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on current and future products and technologies in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and many markets outside the United States will likely be smaller than the United States for commercializing the Vicarious System. We may therefore choose to pursue a more limited set of patent filings outside the United States, such that our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States may be less extensive than those in the United States, or may not be pursued at all in such countries. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, regardless of whether we are able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in the United States, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products and technologies made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not pursued and obtained patent protection to develop their own products and technologies, and further, may export otherwise infringing products and technologies to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as it is in the United States. These products and technologies may compete with our products and technologies, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Even if we pursue and obtain issued patents in particular jurisdictions, our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent third parties from competing in such jurisdictions. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products and technologies in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. These proceedings could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, these proceedings could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license and may adversely impact our business.

In addition, we also face the risk that the Vicarious System will be imported or reimported into markets with relatively higher prices from markets with relatively lower prices, which would result in a decrease of sales and any payments we receive from the affected market. Recent developments in U.S. patent law have made it more difficult to stop these and related practices based on theories of patent infringement.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on technology for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our products are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new products, patents protecting such products might expire before or shortly after such products are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to our products for a meaningful amount of time, or at all.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies also require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment (such as annuities) and other similar provisions during the patent application process and beyond. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In some cases, our licensors may be responsible for these payments or filings, thereby decreasing our control over compliance with these requirements.

If we fail to comply with such procedural, documentary, payment and other provisions for any item of intellectual property, such intellectual property may become abandoned or may lapse.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

In addition, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in, or diminish the goodwill associated with, our trademarks and trade names. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Numerous factors may limit any potential competitive advantage provided by our intellectual property rights.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, provide a barrier to entry against our competitors or potential competitors, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. Moreover, if a third party has intellectual property rights that cover the practice of our technology, we may not be able to fully exercise or extract value from our intellectual property rights. The following examples are illustrative:

Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

Litigation Risks

In addition to IP litigation risks (referenced above), we face the risk of product liability claims and may be subject to damages, fines, penalties and injunctions, among other things.

Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of medical devices, including those which may arise from the misuse (including system hacking or other unauthorized access by third parties to our systems) or malfunction of, or design flaws in, our products, when or if authorized for marketing. This liability may vary based on the FDA classification associated with our devices and with state law governing product liability standards applied to specification developers and/or manufacturers in a given negligence or strict liability lawsuit. We may be subject to product liability claims if the Vicarious System causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury. Claims may be made by patients, healthcare providers or others selling the Vicarious System. The risk of product liability claims may also increase if our products are subject to a recall or seizure. Product liability claims may be brought by individuals or by groups seeking to represent a class.

Although we have insurance at levels that we believe to be appropriate, this insurance is subject to deductibles and coverage limitations. Our current product liability insurance may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, and, if available, the coverage may not be adequate to protect us against any future product liability claims. If we are unable to maintain insurance at an acceptable cost or on acceptable terms with adequate coverage or otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, we may be exposed to significant liabilities, which may harm our business. A product liability claim, recall or other claim with respect to uninsured liabilities or for amounts in excess of insured liabilities could result in significant costs and significant harm to our business.

We may be subject to claims against us even if the apparent injury is due to the actions of others or misuse of the device or a partner device. Healthcare providers may use the Vicarious System in a manner inconsistent with the labeling and that differs from the manner in which it was used in clinical studies and authorization for use by the FDA. Off-label use of medical products by healthcare providers is common, and any such off-label use of the Vicarious System could subject us to additional liability, or require design changes to limit this potential off-label use once discovered. Defending a suit, regardless of merit, could be costly, could divert management attention and might result in adverse publicity, which could result in the withdrawal of, or result in reduced acceptance of, the Vicarious System in the market.

Additionally, we may enter into various agreements where we indemnify third parties for certain claims relating to the Vicarious System. These indemnification obligations may require us to pay significant sums of money for claims that are covered by these indemnification obligations. We are not currently subject to any product liability claims; however, any future product liability claims against it, regardless of their merit, may result in negative publicity about us that could ultimately harm our reputation and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Securities and to Being a Public Company

Our outstanding warrants become exercisable for our Class A common stock 30 days after the closing of our Business Combination, which could increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

Following the Business Combination, there were (i) 17,249,991 outstanding public warrants to purchase 17,249,991 shares of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, (ii) 8,900,000 outstanding private placement warrants issued in connection with D8’s initial public offering exercisable for 8,900,000 shares of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, and (iii) 1,500,000 outstanding private placement warrants issued upon conversion of working capital loans made to D8 exercisable for 1,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The warrants became exercisable 30 days after the closing of our Business Combination, which occurred on September 17, 2021. In certain circumstances, the warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Class A common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Class A common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock, the impact of which is increased as the value of our stock price increases. However, there is no guarantee that the warrants will remain in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the warrants may expire worthless.

Our warrants are accounted for as liabilities and changes in the value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

On April 12, 2021, the Acting Director of the Division of Corporation Finance and Acting Chief Accountant of the SEC together issued a statement regarding the accounting and reporting considerations for warrants issued by special purpose acquisition companies entitled “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “SEC Statement”). Specifically, the SEC Statement focused on certain settlement terms and provisions related to certain tender offers following a business combination, which terms are similar to those contained in the warrant agreement governing our warrants. As a result of the SEC Statement, D8 reevaluated the accounting treatment of its public warrants and private placement warrants, and determined to classify the warrants as derivative liabilities measured at fair value, with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings.

As a result, included on D8’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 are derivative liabilities related to D8’s warrants. Accounting Standards Codification 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides for the remeasurement of the fair value of such derivatives at each balance sheet date, with a resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in earnings in the statement of operations. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly, based on factors that are outside of our control. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, it is expected that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses on the warrants each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material.

We may face litigation and other risks as a result of the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting.

Following the issuance of the SEC Statement, after consultation with its independent registered public accounting firm, D8’s management and its audit committee concluded that it was appropriate to restate its previously issued audited financial statements as of and for the period ended December 31, 2021. See “— Our warrants are accounted for as liabilities and changes in the value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.” As part of the Restatement, D8 identified a material weakness in its internal controls over financial reporting.

As a result of such material weakness, the Restatement, the change in accounting for the warrants, and other matters raised or that may in the future be raised by the SEC, we face potential for litigation or other disputes which may include, among others, claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, contractual claims or other claims arising from the Restatement and material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements. We can provide no assurance that such litigation or dispute will not arise in the future. Any such litigation or dispute, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to “emerging growth companies” or “smaller reporting companies,” this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of any second quarter of a fiscal year, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the last day of such fiscal year. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a registration statement under the Securities Act declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company that is not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is greater than or equal to $250 million as of the end of that fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter, and (ii) our annual revenues are greater than or equal to $100 million during the last completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of that fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible.

We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the stock price of our Class A common stock.

We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. Under these policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. As a result, the market price of shares of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our securities, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our securities is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price and trading volume of our securities to decline. Further, if any of these analysts issues an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our industry or our stock performance or if our operating results fail to meet analyst expectations, the price of our securities could also decline.

Delaware law and our organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

The provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”) and our organizational documents contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock. Additionally, these provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our organizational documents include provisions regarding:

These anti-takeover provisions as well as certain provisions of Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if the third party’s offer may be considered beneficial by many of our stockholders. As a result, our stockholders may be limited in their ability to obtain a premium for their shares. If prospective takeovers are not consummated for any reason, we may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on the price of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions that our stockholders desire.

In addition, the provisions of the Director Nomination Agreement entered into on September 17, 2021 (the “Director Nomination Agreement”) with D8 Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”) provide the Sponsor with certain board nomination rights which could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control.

The provisions of our certificate of incorporation requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against us or our directors, officers or other employees, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, any other court located in the State of Delaware with subject matter jurisdiction), will be the sole and exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or stockholder of ours to us or our stockholders, (c) any action asserting a claim against us or our officers or directors arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or the Charter or Bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, (d) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the Charter or the Bylaws or any provision thereof, (e) any action asserting a claim against us or any current or former director, officer, employee, stockholder or agent of ours governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the law of the State of Delaware or (f) any action asserting an “internal corporate claim” as defined in Section 115 of the DGCL. The Charter also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolutions of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision in the Charter does not address or apply to claims that arise under the Exchange Act. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder; to the extent these provisions could be construed to apply to such claims, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions in connection with such claims, and our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of the Charter described in the preceding paragraph. These provisions may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against us and our directors and officers, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation or bylaws has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in the Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action. Furthermore, if a court were to find these provisions of our certificate of incorporation inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

Although we are not a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules, we might become a “controlled company” in the future, and, as a result, our stockholders may not have certain corporate governance protections that are available to stockholders of companies that are not controlled companies.

If more than 50% of the voting power for the election of our directors is held by an individual, a group or another company, we will become a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. Following the completion of the Business Combination, Adam Sachs, Sammy Khalifa, and Barry Greene held approximately 80.0% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Messrs. Sachs, Khalifa and Greene have no agreement or arrangement to act together with respect to voting of the Class B common stock, and thus they have not formed a “group” for purposes of controlled company status. Although no individual, group or other company will have more than 50% of our voting power, Messrs. Sachs, Khalifa and Greene may in the future decide to act as a group, and this concentration of voting power would cause us to become a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards.

As a result, if we become a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards, then we will not be subject to the requirements that would otherwise require it to have: (i) a majority of independent directors; (ii) a nominating committee comprised solely of independent directors; (iii) compensation of our executive officers determined by a majority of the independent directors or a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors; and (iv) director nominees selected, or recommended for our board of directors’ selection, either by a majority of the independent directors or a nominating committee comprised solely of independent directors. Each share of Class A common stock initially entitles its holders to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders generally and each share of Class B common stock initially entitles its holders to twenty votes on all matters presented to stockholders generally. Accordingly, Messrs. Sachs, Khalifa and Greene, by virtue of their Class B common stock, hold approximately 80.0% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Accordingly, those owners, if voting in the same manner, will be able to control the election and removal of the directors of our board of directors (subject to the Director Nomination Agreement) and thereby determine corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, payment of dividends, asset sales, amendment of the Charter and Bylaws and other significant corporate transactions of ours for so long as they retain significant ownership of Class B common stock. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control of us, which may adversely affect the market price of shares of our Class A common stock.

Our principal stockholders and management will exert significant influence over us and their interests may conflict with yours in the future.

Each share of Class A common stock initially entitles its holders to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders generally and each share of Class B common stock initially entitles its holders to twenty votes on all matters presented to stockholders generally. Accordingly, Messrs. Sachs, Khalifa and Greene, by virtue of their Class B common stock, hold approximately 80.0% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Accordingly, those owners, if voting in the same manner, will be able to control the election and removal of the directors of our board of directors (subject to the Director Nomination Agreement) and thereby determine corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, payment of dividends, asset sales, amendment of the Charter and Bylaws and other significant corporate transactions of ours for so long as they retain significant ownership of Class B common stock. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control of us, which may adversely affect the market price of shares of our Class A common stock.

ITEM IB. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We currently maintain our executive offices at 78 Fourth Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451. We also occupy manufacturing and laboratory space located at 62 Fourth Avenue Waltham, MA 02451. We lease office space under operating leases. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to our knowledge, we are not party to and our property is not subject to any material pending legal proceedings. However, from time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Regardless of the outcome, such legal proceedings or claims could have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm, and other factors.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our Class A common stock and public warrants are currently listed on the NYSE under the symbols “RBOT,” and “RBOT WS,” respectively. We do not intend to list the private placement warrants on any securities exchange.

Holders

As of March 1, 2022, there were approximately 77 holders of record of our Class A common stock, three holders of record of our Class B common stock, one holder of record of the public warrants and two holders of record of the private placement warrants.

Such numbers do not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names. There is no public market for our Class B common stock.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A common stock or Class B common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such time.

Unregistered Sales of Securities

Not applicable.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Not applicable.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. 

The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we”, “us”, “our”, and “the Company” are intended to mean the business and operations of Vicarious Surgical Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

We are combining advanced miniaturized robotics, computer science and 3D visualization to build a new category of intelligent and affordable, single-incision surgical robot that virtually transports surgeons inside the patient to perform minimally invasive surgery, or MIS. With our next-generation robotics technology and proprietary human-like surgical robots, we are seeking to improve patient outcomes, as well as the cost and efficacy of surgical procedures. Led by a visionary team of engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, we intend to deliver the next generation in robotic surgery, designed to solve the shortcomings of both open surgery, as well as current manual and robot-assisted MIS.

We estimate there are over 39 million soft tissue surgical procedures addressable by our technology. Of these procedures, it is estimated that more than 50% are performed using open surgery, and less than 5% are performed by current robot-assisted MIS.

We believe this slow adoption of robot-assisted surgery has occurred because of several factors, including the following:

Our single-port system with advanced, miniaturized robotics and advanced visualization is designed to address the significant limitations of open surgery and existing single- and multi-port robotic surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes and enhance adoption by hospitals and other medical facilities. The Vicarious System is designed with a fundamentally different architecture, and proprietary “de-coupled actuators,” to overcome many of the limitations of open surgery or existing robot-assisted surgical procedures with a minimally invasive and more capable robotic system. This architecture enables unprecedented dexterity inside the abdomen through an ultra-thin support tube, providing significant improvement over existing legacy robotic systems and minimizing the complications and trauma associated with open surgery.

Financial Highlights

We are pre-revenue generating as of December 31, 2021.

We incurred a net loss of $35.2 million and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing a period-over-period loss of 173%. The 2021 net loss is inclusive of a gain of $3.1 million related to the decrease in the fair value of our warrant obligations due to our stock price decrease during Q4. Our loss from operations prior to the warrant gain and other income and expense items was $38.2 million and $13.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing a period-over-period loss of 194%, which was primarily due to a 70% increase in our average headcount and a 467% increase in our G&A expenses which was primarily related to expenses associated with our becoming a public company during 2021. Our increase in average headcount was driven almost entirely by our ramp up in R&D personnel for which our average headcount increased by 65% from an average of 51 people in the year ended December 31, 2020 to an average of 84 people for the year ended December 31, 2021.

COVID-19

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the global outbreak of COVID-19 to be a pandemic. We continue to closely monitor the recent developments surrounding the continued spread and potential resurgence of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse impact on our operations, particularly as a result of preventive and precautionary measures that we, other businesses, and governments are taking. Refer to “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information. We are unable to predict the full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our future results of operations, liquidity and financial condition due to numerous uncertainties, including the duration of the pandemic, the actions that may be taken by government authorities across the United States. However, COVID-19 is not expected to result in any significant changes in costs going forward. We will continue to monitor the performance of our business and reassess the impacts of COVID-19.

Business Combination

On September 17, 2021, we completed the Business Combination. The Business Combination was approved by D8’s stockholders at its special meeting held on September 15, 2021. The transaction resulted in the combined company being renamed “Vicarious Surgical Inc.,” Legacy Vicarious being renamed “Vicarious Surgical Operating Co.” and the combined company’s Class A common stock and warrants to purchase Class A common stock commencing trading on the NYSE on September 20, 2021 under the symbol “RBOT” and “RBOT WS”, respectively. As a result of the Business Combination, we received gross proceeds of approximately $142.0 million. On October 6, 2021, Legacy Vicarious changed its name from “Vicarious Surgical Operating Co.” to “Vicarious Surgical US Inc.”

Factors Affecting Results of Operations

The following factors have been important to our business and we expect them to impact our results of operations and financial condition in future periods:

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue. We do not expect to generate revenue until at least 2023 and only if it receives FDA approval of our product. Any revenue from initial sales of a new product is difficult to predict and in any event will initially only modestly reduce our continued net losses resulting from our increasing research and development and marketing activities.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development, or R&D, expenses consist primarily of engineering, product development, clinical studies to develop and support our products, regulatory expenses, medical affairs, and other costs associated with products and technologies that are in development. These expenses include employee compensation, including stock-based compensation, supplies, consulting, prototyping, testing, materials, travel expenses, depreciation and an allocation of facility overhead expenses. Additionally, R&D expenses include costs associated with our clinical studies, including clinical trial design, clinical trial site initiation and study costs, data management, related travel expenses and the cost of products used for clinical trials, internal and external costs associated with our regulatory compliance and quality assurance functions and overhead costs. We expect R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue to vary over time depending on the level and timing of our new product development efforts, as well as our clinical development, clinical trial and other related activities.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative, or G&A, expenses consist primarily of compensation for personnel, including stock-based compensation, related to executive, finance and accounting, information technology and human resource functions. Other G&A expenses include travel expenses, professional services fees (including legal, audit and tax fees), insurance costs, general corporate expenses and allocated facilities-related expenses. We expect G&A expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we expand our infrastructure to both drive and support the anticipated growth due to additional legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses associated with being a public company.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing, or S&M, expenses consist primarily of compensation for personnel, including stock-based compensation, related to selling and marketing functions and physician education programs. Other S&M expenses include training, travel expenses, promotional activities, marketing initiatives, market research and analysis, conferences and trade shows, professional services fees and allocated facilities-related expenses. We expect S&M expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we increase potential customers’ awareness of our presence and prepares our sales and marketing function for our product launch at a future, yet undetermined date.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of warrant liability represents the mark-to-market fair value adjustments to the outstanding public and private placement warrants assumed as part of the consummation of the Business Combination on September 17, 2021. The change in fair value of our Private Warrants is primarily the result of the change in the underlying stock price of our stock used in the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model while the Public Warrants are marked to market based on their price on the NYSE. The warrant liability was measured at fair value initially on September 17, 2021 and is remeasured at exercise, and for warrants that remain outstanding at the end of the reporting period.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest incurred on our outstanding term and equipment loans.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased $12.3 million, or 125%, to $22.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $9.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to increases of $7.9 million of personnel-related expenses, $1.4 million in professional services, $1.3 million in facility expenses, $1.0 million in materials and supplies, $0.3 million in equipment and depreciation costs, $0.1 million for travel and $0.3 million of other operating expense. The increase in personnel-related expense was due primarily to an increase in average headcount of 65%, from an average of 51 people in 2020 to an average of 84 people in 2021.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses increased $2.1 million, or 244%, from $0.9 million in the year ended 2020 to $3.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in sales and marketing costs was primarily due to increases of $1.6 million in personnel-related expenses, $0.3 million in advertising, $0.1 million in facility expense, and $0.1 million in travel expense. The increase in personnel-related expense was due to an average headcount increase of 50%, from an average of 4 people in 2020 to an average of 6 people in 2021 with the remainder of the increase attributable to increases in wages and benefits.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $10.9 million, or 467%, to $13.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $2.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in general and administrative costs was due to an increase of $4.5 million in personnel-related expenses, an increase of $2.7 million in professional fees, $1.8 million in insurance as a result of becoming a public company, $1.0 million of facilities expenses associated with our expansion and new lease, $0.2 million in computer equipment, $0.1 million in travel and $0.6 million of other expense. The increase in professional fees resulted from consulting, audit and legal fees associated with work performed in the year ended December 31, 2021 to produce public company financial statements for the past two years and with becoming a public company.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities. The change in fair value of warrant liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2021 was a $3.1 million gain. The change in fair value of warrant liability resulted from the remeasurement of the public and private placement warrant liabilities between September 17, 2021 and the end of the reporting period, December 31, 2021.

Interest Income. Interest income decreased by $0.1 million, or 82% during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in interest income was primarily due to a decrease in average short-term investments during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased by $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily due to having the $1.5 million term loan outstanding for nine months in 2021.

Income Taxes. Our income tax provision consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax law. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against our U.S. and state deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

To date, our primary sources of capital had been private placements of preferred stock prior to the Business Combination and recapitalization with D8. We have incurred a net loss in each of our annual periods since our inception. We incurred net losses of $35.2 million and $12.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we held cash and cash equivalents of $173.5 million and had an accumulated deficit of $66.8 million.

We expect net losses to continue in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to invest in commercialization and new product development. We believe our current cash balance of $173.5 million will be sufficient to support our operations beyond the next twelve months.

We may seek to sell additional common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, enter into an additional credit facility or another form of third-party funding or seek other debt financing. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and, in the case of preferred equity securities or convertible debt, those securities could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings pursuant to a credit agreement could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our platform technologies or products or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all.

Cash

Our cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2021 was $173.5 million. Our future capital requirements may vary from those currently planned and will depend on various factors, including the timing and extent of R&D spending and spending on other strategic business initiatives.

Cash Flows Summary

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020

Cash flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $33.3 million, attributable to a net loss of $35.2 million and a net change in our net operating assets and liabilities of $1.0 million and non-cash items that generated a change of $0.9 million. Non-cash items consisted of $3.7 million in stock-based compensation and $0.3 million of depreciation and amortization, partially offset by a $3.1 million gain due to the change in fair value of our warrant liabilities. The $1.0 million change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $3.7 million increase in accrued expenses, a $1.1 million increase in accounts payable, and a $0.8 million increase in deferred rent partially offset by a $4.6 million increase in prepaid and other assets.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $12.0 million, attributable to a net loss of $12.9 million and a net change in our net operating assets and liabilities of $0.3 million and non-cash items of $0.6 million. Non-cash items consisted of $0.4 million in stock-based compensation and $0.2 million in depreciation. The $0.3 million change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $0.2 million increase in accounts payable and a $0.1 million increase in accrued expenses.

Cash flows used in Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $1.3 million for equipment purchases.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $13.2 million and related to the sales and maturities of short-term investments of $13.3 million, offset by purchases of property and equipment of $0.1 million.

Cash flows provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $192.2 million resulting from $190.4 million of proceeds from the reverse recapitalization and $1.5 million related to proceeds from a term loan, $0.4 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants, partially offset by $0.2 million of cash used to pay back a portion of the outstanding term and equipment loans and $0.1 million for other items.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $13.5 million and related to proceeds of $13.5 million from the issuance of our Series A3 convertible preferred stock.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the consolidated balance sheet date, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

While our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our historical financial statements (see Note 2 of the accompanying financial statements), we believe the following critical accounting policy requires significant judgment and estimates in the preparation of our financial statements:

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for all stock-based compensation, including stock options and warrants, at fair value and recognize stock-based compensation expense for those equity awards, net of actual forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award.

The fair value of our stock options and warrants on the date of grant is determined by a Black-Scholes pricing model utilizing key assumptions such as the fair value of the common stock, expected volatility and expected term. Our estimates of these assumptions are primarily based on the fair value of our stock, historical data, peer company data and judgment regarding future trends. The fair value of our common stock has been determined by our board of directors at each award grant date based upon a variety of factors, including the results obtained from an independent third-party valuation, our financial position and historical financial performance, the status of technological developments within our proposed products, the illiquid nature of the common stock, arm’s length sales of our capital stock, including convertible preferred stock, the effect of the rights and preferences of the preferred shareholders, and the prospects of a liquidity event, among others, as our common stock is not actively traded. We use the simplified method when calculating the expected term due to insufficient historical exercise data. Our stock is currently publicly traded, the volatility is based on a benchmark of comparable companies within the automotive and energy storage industries. The dividend yield used is zero, as we have never paid any cash dividends and does not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. 

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in our condensed financial statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Emerging Growth Company

Following the Business Combination, we became an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. Pursuant to the JOBS Act, an emerging growth company is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by FASB or the SEC either (i) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to non-emerging growth companies or (ii) within the same time periods as private companies. We intend to take advantage of the exemption for complying with new or revised accounting standards within the same time periods as private companies. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies.

We also intend to take advantage of some of the reduced regulatory and reporting requirements of emerging growth companies pursuant to the JOBS Act so long as we qualify as an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute payments. 

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. 

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements of Vicarious Surgical Inc. (formerly D8 Holdings Corp.)

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

Not applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Background and Material Weakness

In connection with our evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures covering our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. We have concluded that material weaknesses exist in our evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures, including internal control over financial reporting, as we do not have the necessary business processes, personnel and related internal controls to operate in a manner to satisfy the accounting and financial reporting requirements of a public company. These material weaknesses manifested themselves in ways that included the improper segregation of duties relating to the recording of journal entries and the reconciliation of key accounts, as well as the analysis of accounting for certain transactions and accounts.

We are focused on designing and implementing effective internal controls measures to improve our evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures, including internal control over financial reporting, and remediate the material weaknesses. In order to remediate these material weaknesses, we have taken and plan to take the following actions:

These actions and planned actions are subject to ongoing evaluation by management and will require testing and validation of design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting over future periods. We are committed to the continuous improvement of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to review the internal controls over financial reporting.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were not effective as of December 31, 2021 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Securities and Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than the material weakness described above, and the acquisition of D8, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation of such internal control required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act that occurred during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

Board of Directors and Management

The following table sets forth certain information concerning our executive officers and directors as of March 1, 2022:

Executive Officers

Adam Sachs has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as Legacy Vicarious’ President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of Legacy Vicarious’ board of directors, or the Legacy Vicarious Board, since 2014. Mr. Sachs received his B.S. in Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2014. Prior to founding Legacy Vicarious in 2014, from June 2012 to January 2013, Mr. Sachs worked in Manufacturing Design at Apple. Mr. Sachs’ qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving on the Legacy Vicarious Board, his deep experience founding, managing and directing all aspects of Legacy Vicarious operations for over six years and his extensive experience in robotics, engineering, manufacturing and product development.

Sammy Khalifa has served as our Chief Technology Officer and as a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as Legacy Vicarious’ Chief Technology Officer since 2015 and as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since 2018. Prior to working full time at Legacy Vicarious, Mr. Khalifa worked at Apple as a Product Design Engineer from December 2013 to May 2015. Prior to that, Mr. Khalifa worked as a Biomedical Design Engineer at Hemedex, Inc. Mr. Khalifa received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2012. Mr. Khalifa’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving on the Legacy Vicarious Board as well as his extensive experience in robotics, product development and engineering.

William Kelly has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as Legacy Vicarious’ Chief Financial Officer since January 2021. Prior to joining Legacy Vicarious, Mr. Kelly served as Chief Financial Officer at Exosome Diagnostics, a privately held life science company focused on developing and commercializing revolutionary biofluid-based diagnostics, from 2014 to 2018. Before joining Exosome Diagnostics, Inc., Mr. Kelly served as Chief Financial Officer of Repligen Corporation from 2008 to 2014, a global life sciences company that develops and commercializes highly innovative bioprocessing technologies and systems. Mr. Kelly received a B.A. from the College of the Holy Cross and an M.B.A. and M.S. in Accounting from the Graduate School of Professional Accounting at Northeastern University.

June Morris has served as our Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Secretary since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as Legacy Vicarious’ Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel since February 2021. Prior to joining Legacy Vicarious, Ms. Morris served as Managing Partner and General Counsel of FT Management & Associates, a private consulting firm, from March 2017 until February 2021 and as VP & General Counsel of Northern Power Systems from 2016 to February 2017. Ms. Morris has also served as General Counsel and Chief Legal Officer at Picis Inc., Pegasystems, Sequoia Systems and LISP Machine. Ms. Morris holds an M.P.A. from the Sawyer Graduate School of Management at Suffolk University and a Juris Doctorate from Suffolk University School of Law.

Non-Employee Directors

David Styka has served as the chairman and a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since October 2020. Mr. Styka served as the Chief Financial Officer for Auris Health, a company specializing in robotic medical platform development, from August 2014 till June 2019. In addition to the responsibilities associated with his role of Chief Financial Officer at Auris Health, Mr. Styka was also responsible for investor relations and securing financing for the company. Mr. Styka received his B.A. in Business Economics from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1991. Mr. Styka’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board, his experience managing companies and his extensive business and finance experience.

Dror Berman has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since January 2018. In 2010, Mr. Berman co-founded Innovation Endeavors, a venture fund focused on transformational technologies. At Innovation Endeavors, Mr. Berman oversees investment activities and personnel. Mr. Berman also currently serves on the board of several private companies in connection with his role at Innovation Endeavors. Mr. Berman received his M.B.A. from the Stanford Graduate School of Business in 2009 and his B.S. in Computer Science from Ben-Gurion University in 2005. Mr. Berman’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board and his extensive business and finance experience at Innovation Endeavors.

Samir Kaul has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since January 2018. Mr. Kaul has been a General Partner at Khosla Ventures, a venture capital firm focusing on technology investing, since February 2006. He has served on the board of directors of Guardant Health, Inc. since April 2014 and currently serves on the boards of directors of several private companies. Previously, Mr. Kaul served as a member of the board of directors of Gevo, Inc. from March 2013 to May 2014 and Amyris, Inc. from May 2006 to May 2012. Mr. Kaul holds a B.S. degree in Biology from the University of Michigan, an M.S. degree in Biochemistry from the University of Maryland and an M.B.A. degree from Harvard Business School. Mr. Kaul’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board, his wide-ranging experience in technology companies and insight in the management of startup companies and the building of companies from early stage to commercial scale.

Philip Liang has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since July 2020. Since December 2016, Mr. Liang has been a managing partner of E15VC, a global technology venture fund. At E15VC, Mr. Liang’s responsibilities include assisting emerging growth companies and investors through the venture capital life cycle. Mr. Liang sits on the board of directors for several of the companies affiliated with E15VC. Mr. Liang received his Master of Science in Media Laboratory from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2006. Mr. Liang’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board as well as his business and finance experience at E15VC.

Ric Fulop has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as member of the Legacy Vicarious Board since June 2020. Mr. Fulop has also served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the board of directors of Desktop Metal, Inc. since December 2020. Prior to that, Mr. Fulop served as the Chief Executive Officer of Legacy Desktop Metal from its incorporation in 2015. Prior to the founding of Legacy Desktop Metal, Mr. Fulop was a general partner at North Bridge Venture Partners from 2010 to 2015 and served as a founder of A123 Systems, Inc. from 2001 to 2010. Mr. Fulop currently serves on the board of governors of World Economic Forum Advanced Manufacturing Initiative (nonprofit). Mr. Fulop holds an M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management. Mr. Fulop’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of the Legacy Vicarious Board, his experience managing public companies and his extensive business and finance experience.

Donald Tang has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as D8’s President and as a member of D8’s board of directors since June 2020. In 2018, he founded Celadon Partners, a private equity firm focused on mispriced opportunities ready for operational or strategic transformation. From 2004 to 2017, Mr. Tang worked at D.E. Shaw & Co., most recently as chief executive officer of D.E. Shaw & Co. (Asia-Pacific). He was the sole D.E. Shaw & Co. partner on the investment side in Asia, and a founding member of the firm’s Asian private equity business. Mr. Tang started his career at Citadel Investment Group in 2003. He is a member of the Harvard Kennedy School Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government Advisory Council, Special Advisor (China) to the Milken Institute and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. Mr. Tang graduated from Carnegie Mellon University with a degree in computer science and business administration, and a minor in computational finance. Mr. Tang’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of D8’s board of directors, his experience managing public companies and his extensive business, finance and private equity experience.

David Ho has served a member of our board of directors since the Closing of the Business Combination in September 2021, and had served as a member of D8’s board of directors since April 2021. Dr. Ho has been employed and has served on the board of directors of Columbia University since January 2020. Dr. Ho is the Founding Scientific Director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, where he previously served as the CEO, a director and professor at the ADARC from 1990 to December 2019. Dr. Ho is the Clyde and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Dr. Ho serves as a member of the Trustees of Caltech, and was previously a board member of the MIT Corporation for 12 years and Harvard Board of Overseers for 6 years. Dr. Ho has been at the forefront of AIDS research for 40 years, publishing over 450 papers. Dr. Ho’s studies unraveled the nature of HIV replication in vivo and revolutionized society’s basic understanding of the AIDS disease. This knowledge led Dr. Ho to champion combination antiretroviral therapy that resulted in unprecedented control of HIV in patients. Dr. Ho’s research team is now devoting considerable efforts on vaccine and antibody research in order to halt or slow the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Recently, Dr. Ho has been devoting a considerable effort to develop novel strategies to diagnose, treat and prevent Covid-19 infection. Dr. Ho received his degrees from California Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School (Harvard-MIT Health Science and Technology program). Dr. Ho’s qualifications to serve on our board of directors include his previous board experience serving as a member of D8’s board of directors and his extensive research experience and medical background.

There are no family relationships between or among any of our directors or executive officers.

Role of Board in Risk Oversight

Our board of directors will have extensive involvement in the oversight of risk management related to us and our business and will accomplish this oversight through the regular reporting to the board of directors by the audit committee. The audit committee will represent our board of directors by periodically reviewing our accounting, reporting and financial practices, including the integrity of our financial statements, the surveillance of administrative and financial controls and our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Through its regular meetings with management, including the finance, legal, internal audit and information technology functions, the audit committee will review and discuss all significant areas of our business and summarize for our board of directors all areas of risk and the appropriate mitigating factors. In addition, our board of directors will receive periodic detailed operating performance reviews from management.

Composition of the Board of Directors

Our business and affairs will be managed under the direction of our board of directors. Our board of directors is declassified, and the directors will be elected annually.

Independence of the Board of Directors

NYSE rules generally require that independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors. Based upon information requested from and provided by each proposed director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, we have determined that Messrs. Kaul, Berman, Fulop, Liang and Styka and Dr. Ho, representing six of our directors, are “independent” as that term is defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing requirements and rules of the NYSE.

Board Committees

The standing committees of our board of directors consist of an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. Our board of directors may from time to time establish other committees.

Our chief executive officer and other executive officers will regularly report to the non-executive directors and the audit, the compensation and the nominating and corporate governance committees to ensure effective and efficient oversight of our activities and to assist in proper risk management and the ongoing evaluation of management controls. We believe that the leadership structure of our board of directors will provide appropriate risk oversight of our activities.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Styka, who serves as the chairperson, and Messrs. Fulop and Berman. Each proposed member of the audit committee qualifies as an independent director under the NYSE corporate governance standards and the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Styka qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K and possesses financial sophistication, as defined under the rules of the NYSE.

The purpose of the audit committee is to prepare the audit committee report required by the SEC to be included in our proxy statement and to assist our board of directors in overseeing and monitoring (1) the quality and integrity of the financial statements, (2) compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (3) our independent registered public accounting firm’s qualifications and independence, (4) the performance of our internal audit function and (5) the performance of our independent registered public accounting firm.

Our board of directors has adopted a written charter for the audit committee, which is available on our website at https://www.vicarioussurgical.com under Investors — Governance — Governance Documents.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Kaul, who serves as the chairperson, Mr. Liang and Dr. Ho.

The purpose of the compensation committee is to assist our board of directors in discharging its responsibilities relating to (1) setting our compensation program and compensation of our executive officers and directors, (2) monitoring our incentive and equity-based compensation plans and (3) preparing the compensation committee report required to be included in our proxy statement under the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Our board of directors has adopted a written charter for the compensation committee, which is available on our website at https://www.vicarioussurgical.com under Investors — Governance — Governance Documents.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Styka, who serves as the chairperson, and Mr. Liang. The purpose of the nominating and corporate governance committee is to assist our board of directors in discharging its responsibilities relating to (1) identifying individuals qualified to become new board of directors members, consistent with criteria approved by our board of directors, (2) reviewing the qualifications of incumbent directors to determine whether to recommend them for reelection and selecting, or recommending that our board of directors select, the director nominees for the next annual meeting of stockholders, (3) identifying members of the board of directors qualified to fill vacancies on any committee of our board of directors and recommending that our board of directors appoint the identified member or members to the applicable committee, (4) reviewing and recommending to our board of directors corporate governance principles applicable to us, (5) overseeing the evaluation of our board of directors and management and (6) handling such other matters that are specifically delegated to the committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Our board of directors have adopted a written charter for the nominating and corporate governance committee, which is available on our website at https://www.vicarioussurgical.com under Investors — Governance — Governance Documents.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, which is available on our website at https://www.vicarioussurgical.com under Investors — Governance — Governance Documents. Our code of business conduct is a “code of ethics,” as defined in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K.

Our Internet website address is provided as an inactive textual reference only. We will make any legally required disclosures regarding amendments to, or waivers of, provisions of our code of ethics on our Internet website.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of our officers currently serves, and in the past year has not served, (i) as a member of the compensation committee or the board of directors of another entity, one of whose officers served on the compensation committee, or (ii) as a member of the compensation committee of another entity, one of whose officers served on the board of directors.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted corporate governance guidelines in accordance with the corporate governance rules of the NYSE that serve as a flexible framework within which our board of directors and its committees operate. These guidelines cover a number of areas including board membership criteria and director qualifications, director responsibilities, board agenda, meetings of non-management directors, committee responsibilities and assignments, board member access to management and independent advisors, director communications with third parties, director compensation, director orientation and continuing education, evaluation of our chief executive officer, and management succession planning. A copy of our corporate governance guidelines is posted on our website at https://www.vicarioussurgical.com under Investors — Governance — Governance Documents.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our officers, directors and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of our equity securities to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. These reporting persons are also required to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file.

Based solely upon a review of such forms, we believe that, during the year ended December 31, 2021, all filing requirements applicable to our officers, directors and greater than ten percent beneficial owners were complied with, except that each of Adam Sachs, William Kelly, June Morris, David Styka, Philip Liang, Dror Berman, Barry Greene, Khosla Ventures Seed C, L.P., Innovation Endeavors III LP, Chelvey International Ltd, and Gates Frontier, LLC filed a late Form 3 and/or Form 4 upon the Closing of the Business Combination due to inadvertent administrative delays with respect to the Closing of the Business Combination.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

This section provides an overview of our executive compensation programs, including a narrative description of the material factors necessary to understand the information disclosed in the summary compensation table below.

As of December 31, 2021, our named executive officers, which we refer to as Named Executive Officers, or NEOs, were:

The objective of our compensation program is to provide a total compensation package to each NEO that will enable us to attract, motivate and retain outstanding individuals, align the interests of our executive team with those of our equity holders, encourage individual and collective contributions to the successful execution of our short- and long-term business strategies and reward NEOs for performance. Our board of directors has historically determined the compensation for the NEOs.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table shows information concerning the annual compensation for services provided to Legacy Vicarious prior to the Business Combination in September 2021 and to us for the period thereafter by our NEOs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021.

Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End

The following table shows information regarding outstanding equity awards held by the NEOs as of December 31, 2021.

Employment Arrangements

In July 2021, Legacy Vicarious entered into employment agreements with our executive officers, including our NEOs, which was assumed by us effective as of the Closing of the Business Combination, the material terms of which are described below.

Adam Sachs

Legacy Vicarious entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Sachs on July 13, 2021, pursuant to which Mr. Sachs will serve as our President and Chief Executive Officer and will report directly to our board of directors or our board of directors’ designee. Mr. Sachs’s service pursuant to the employment agreement will continue until terminated in accordance with its terms.

Under the employment agreement, Mr. Sachs will receive an initial annual base salary of $531,234, which will be subject to increase at the discretion of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof and will be eligible to receive an annual performance bonus targeted at 75% of Mr. Sachs’s then-current annual base salary. The actual amount of any such bonus will be determined by reference to the attainment of applicable company and/or individual performance objectives, as determined by our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof. Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Sachs will also be eligible to participate in customary welfare and fringe benefit plans, provided by us to our employees at the same level as Mr. Sachs.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, and subject to the approval of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof, in May of each calendar year that Mr. Sachs remains employed by us, Mr. Sachs shall be eligible to receive an annual equity award. Beginning in May 2022, the value of such annual equity award shall be $5,502,700, awarded 50% in restricted stock units (“Annual RSU Award”) with a value of $2,751,350 (the number of restricted stock units determined by reference to the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the day immediately preceding the date of grant) and 50%, or a fair value of $2,751,350, in our stock options to purchase a number of shares of our common stock (“Annual Option Award”) calculated by dividing the fair value of the stock option award by the then current Black-Scholes value of our stock options, at a per share exercise price equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan) of our common stock on the date of grant. On November 23, 2021, our board of directors granted Mr. Sachs a restricted stock unit award consisting of 194,887 RSUs (“Initial RSU Award”) and a stock option award to purchase 389,774 shares of our common stock (“Initial Option Award”). Provided that Mr. Sachs remains employed by us on the vesting date (except as otherwise provided in such agreement or the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan), (i) the shares and RSUs subject to the Annual RSU Awards and Annual Option Awards shall vest in equal installments on the last day of each successive month thereafter for a period of 48 months, (ii) the RSUs subject to the Initial RSU Award shall vest in 16 equal quarterly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial quarterly vesting installment shall not occur until December 20, 2021, and (iii) the shares subject to the Initial Option Award shall vest in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial three months of vesting shall not occur until December 20, 2021.

In the event that Mr. Sachs is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to one year of his then in-effect base salary plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 12 months. In the event that Mr. Sachs is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason within three months prior to or 12 months following a change in control, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to two times the sum of his then in-effect base salary for 12 months plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 24 months. In addition, his outstanding equity awards with time-based vesting will be vested in full.

We will reimburse Mr. Sachs for all ordinary and reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses incurred by Mr. Sachs in furtherance of our business in accordance with its policies with respect thereto as in effect from time to time. Mr. Sachs will be subject to our Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement, which includes a one year post-employment covenant not to compete with us subject to certain limitations, a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit, interfere with or service our customers, clients, vendors or partners or prospective customers, clients, vendors or partners to or for a competing business, and a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit or hire our employees or contractors.

Sammy Khalifa

Legacy Vicarious entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Khalifa on July 13, 2021, pursuant to which Mr. Khalifa will serve as our Chief Technology Officer and will report directly to our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Khalifa’s service pursuant to the employment agreement will continue until terminated in accordance with its terms.

Under the employment agreement, Mr. Khalifa will receive an initial annual base salary of $425,000, which will be subject to increase at the discretion of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof and will be eligible to receive an annual performance bonus targeted at 75% of Mr. Khalifa’s then-current annual base salary. The actual amount of any such bonus will be determined by reference to the attainment of applicable company and/or individual performance objectives, as determined by our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof. Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Khalifa will also be eligible to participate in customary welfare and fringe benefit plans, provided us to our employees at the same level as Mr. Khalifa.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, and subject to the approval of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof, in May of each calendar year that Mr. Khalifa remains employed by us, Mr. Khalifa shall be eligible to receive an annual equity award. Beginning in May 2022, the value of such annual equity award shall be $4,402,160, awarded 50% in restricted stock units (“Annual RSU Award”) with a value of $2,201,080 (the number of restricted stock units determined by reference to the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the day immediately preceding the date of grant) and 50%, or a fair value of $2,201,080, in our stock options to purchase a number of shares of our common stock (“Annual Option Award”) calculated by dividing the fair value of the stock option award by the then current Black-Scholes value of our stock options, at a per share exercise price equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan) of our common stock on the date of grant. On November 23, 2021, our board of directors granted Mr. Khalifa a restricted stock unit award consisting of 155,900 RSUs (“Initial RSU Award”) and a stock option award to purchase 311,819 shares of our common stock (“Initial Option Award”). Provided that Mr. Khalifa remains employed by us on the vesting date (except as otherwise provided in such agreement or the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan), (i) the shares and RSUs subject to the Annual RSU Awards and Annual Option Awards shall vest in equal installments on the last day of each successive month thereafter for a period of 48 months, (ii) the RSUs subject to the Initial RSU Award shall vest in 16 equal quarterly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial quarterly vesting installment shall not occur until December 20, 2021, and (iii) the shares subject to the Initial Option Award shall vest in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial three months of vesting shall not occur until December 20, 2021.

In the event that Mr. Khalifa is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to 75% of his then in-effect base salary for 12 months plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 9 months. In the event that Mr. Khalifa is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason within three months prior to or 12 months following a change in control, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to the sum of his then in-effect base salary for 12 months plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 12 months. In addition, his outstanding equity awards with time-based vesting will be vested in full.

We will reimburse Mr. Khalifa for all ordinary and reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses incurred by Mr. Khalifa in furtherance of our business in accordance with its policies with respect thereto as in effect from time to time. Mr. Khalifa will be subject to our Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement, which includes a one year post-employment covenant not to compete with us subject to certain limitations, a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit, interfere with or service our customers, clients, vendors or partners or prospective customers, clients, vendors or partners to or for a competing business, and a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit or hire our employees or contractors.

William Kelly

Legacy Vicarious entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Kelly on July 13, 2021, pursuant to which Mr. Kelly will serve as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer and will report directly to our Chief Executive Officer and our board of directors. Mr. Kelly’s service pursuant to the employment agreement will continue until terminated in accordance with its terms.

Under the employment agreement, Mr. Kelly will receive an initial annual base salary of $350,000, which will be subject to increase at the discretion of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof and will be eligible to receive an annual performance bonus targeted at 50% of Mr. Kelly’s then-current annual base salary. The actual amount of any such bonus will be determined by reference to the attainment of applicable company and/or individual performance objectives, as determined by our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof. Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Kelly will also be eligible to participate in customary welfare and fringe benefit plans, provided by us to our employees at the same level as Mr. Kelly.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, and subject to the approval of our board of directors or a subcommittee thereof, in May of each calendar year that Mr. Kelly remains employed by us, Mr. Kelly shall be eligible to receive an annual equity award. Beginning in May 2022, the value of such annual equity award shall be $1,470,000, awarded 50% in restricted stock units (“Annual RSU Award”) with a value of $735,000 (the number of restricted stock units determined by reference to the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the day immediately preceding the date of grant) and 50%, or a fair value of $735,000, in our stock options to purchase a number of shares of our common stock (“Annual Option Award”) calculated by dividing the fair value of the stock option award by the then current Black-Scholes value of our stock options, at a per share exercise price equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan) of our common stock on the date of grant. On November 23, 2021, our board of directors granted Mr. Kelly a restricted stock unit award consisting of 52,062 RSUs (“Initial RSU Award”) and a stock option award to purchase 104,125 shares of our common stock (“Initial Option Award”). Provided that Mr. Kelly remains employed by us on the vesting date (except as otherwise provided in such agreement or the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan), (i) the shares and RSUs subject to the Annual RSU Awards and Annual Option Awards shall vest in equal installments on the last day of each successive month thereafter for a period of 48 months, (ii) the RSUs subject to the Initial RSU Award shall vest in 16 equal quarterly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial quarterly vesting installment shall not occur until December 20, 2021, and (iii) the shares subject to the Initial Option Award shall vest in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on September 20, 2021, provided that the initial three months of vesting shall not occur until December 20, 2021.

In the event that Mr. Kelly is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to 75% of his then in-effect base salary for 12 months plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 9 months. In the event that Mr. Kelly is terminated without cause or resigns from his position for good reason within three months prior to or 12 months following a change in control, he would be entitled to receive a severance payment equal to the sum of his then in-effect base salary for 12 months plus the pro-rata portion of his target bonus, as well as any earned but unpaid annual bonus and payment of an amount equal to COBRA premiums for 12 months. In addition, his outstanding equity awards with time-based vesting will be vested in full.

We will reimburse Mr. Kelly for all ordinary and reasonable out-of-pocket business expenses incurred by Mr. Kelly in furtherance of our business in accordance with its policies with respect thereto as in effect from time to time. Mr. Kelly will be subject to our Non-Competition, Non-Solicitation, Non-Disclosure, and Intellectual Property Agreement, which includes a one year post-employment covenant not to compete with us subject to certain limitations, a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit, interfere with or service our customers, clients, vendors or partners or prospective customers, clients, vendors or partners to or for a competing business, and a one year post-employment covenant not to solicit or hire our employees or contractors.

Employee Benefits

Our NEOs participate in employee benefit programs available to our employees generally, including a tax-qualified 401(k) plan. We do not maintain any executive-specific benefit or perquisite programs.

Director Compensation

Legacy Vicarious’ directors classified as employees received no additional compensation for services as directors on the Legacy Vicarious Board. The following table summarizes the compensation paid to our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021: