UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019

OR

For the transition period from _____________ to _______________

Commission File Number: 001-38985

First Seacoast Bancorp

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(603) 742-4680

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes   ☐   No   ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.   Yes   ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes   ☒  No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes   ☒  No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes   ☐   No   ☒

As of June 30, 2019, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $-0-.

As of March 27, 2020, there were 6,083,500 outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, of which 3,345,925 shares were owned by First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to First Seacoast Bancorp.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements about the Company and its industry involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Statements other than statements of current or historical fact, including statements regarding the Company’s future financial condition, results of operations, business plans, liquidity, cash flows, projected costs, and the impact of any laws or regulations applicable to the Company, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “potential,” “target” and other similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements.  Such statements are subject to factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from anticipated results. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.  Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on such statements.  We are under no duty to and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

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Because of these and a wide variety of other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements.

First Seacoast Bancorp

First Seacoast Bancorp (together with its bank subsidiary, unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company”) is the savings and loan holding company for First Seacoast Bank (the “Bank”).  First Seacoast Bancorp conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, First Seacoast Bank, a federally chartered savings bank. At December 31, 2019, First Seacoast Bancorp had total consolidated assets of $409.5 million, loans of $344.9 million, deposits of $281.6 million and stockholders’ equity of $57.1 million.

First Seacoast Bancorp was formed as part of the mutual holding company reorganization of First Seacoast Bank, which was completed on July 16, 2019. In connection with the reorganization, First Seacoast Bancorp sold 2,676,740 shares of common stock at a price of $10.00 per share to depositors of First Seacoast Bank for net proceeds of $25.1 million, issued 3,345,925 shares of common stock to First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC and contributed 60,835 shares of common stock and $150,000 in cash to the First Seacoast Community Foundation, Inc. On July 17, 2019, shares of the Company’s common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol FSEA.

The Company’s executive offices are located at 633 Central Avenue, Dover, New Hampshire 03820, and the telephone number is (603) 742-4680.  Our website address is www.firstseacoastbank.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this annual report. First Seacoast Bancorp is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”).

First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC

First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC was formed as a federal mutual holding company and will, for as long as it is in existence, own a majority of the outstanding shares of First Seacoast Bancorp’s common stock. At December 31, 2019, 55% of First Seacoast Bancorp’s outstanding shares are owned by First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC.

First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC’s principal assets are the common stock of First Seacoast Bancorp it received in the reorganization and offering and $100,000 in cash as its initial capitalization. Presently, it is expected that the only business activity of First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC will be to own a majority of First Seacoast Bancorp’s common stock. First Seacoast Bancorp, MHC is authorized, however, to engage in any other business activities that are permissible for mutual holding companies under federal law, including investing in loans and securities.

First Seacoast Bank

First Seacoast Bank, a federally chartered savings bank headquartered in Dover, New Hampshire, has served residents of the Seacoast area of New Hampshire since 1890. Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, in one- to four-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate and multi-family loans, acquisition, development and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans.  In recent years, we have increased our focus, consistent with what we believe to be conservative underwriting standards, on originating higher yielding commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans.

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Our results of operations are largely dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on loans and securities and interest paid on deposits and borrowings, and non-interest income largely from its customer service fees. The results of operations are also affected by the level of operating expenses, the provision for loan losses, the impact of federal and state income taxes, the relative levels of interest rates and local and national economic activity.

Investment management services are offered through our wealth management office located in Dover. The assets held for wealth management customers are not assets of the Bank and, accordingly, are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

First Seacoast Bank is active in the communities we serve. The Bank makes contributions to various non-profits and local organizations, investments in community development lending and investments in low-income housing all of which strive to improve the communities we serve.  In connection with the reorganization and offering, First Seacoast Bancorp contributed 60,835 shares of common stock and $150,000 in cash to the First Seacoast Community Foundation, Inc., a charitable foundation dedicated to supporting charitable organizations operating in the Bank’s local community.

First Seacoast Bank is subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by its primary federal regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

Available Information

The SEC maintains an Internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Our Internet website is http://www.firstseacoastbank.com. You can obtain on our website, free of charge, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports or amendments with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Market Area

We conduct our operations from four full-service banking offices in Strafford County, New Hampshire, and one full-service banking office in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, located in the southeastern part of the state along New Hampshire Seacoast. We consider our primary lending market area to be Strafford and Rockingham Counties in New Hampshire and York County in southern Maine.

The New Hampshire and southern Maine Seacoast region’s economy is fairly diversified, with employment in education, healthcare, government, services, retail and manufacturing sectors. Our Strafford County branches are located in the cities of Dover, Durham, Barrington and Rochester. Top employment sectors in Strafford County include healthcare, government, education, insurance, retail and textile manufacturing. Our Rockingham County branch is located in the city of Portsmouth. Top employment sectors in Rockingham County include healthcare, government, insurance, and pharmaceuticals and biotech. Additionally, although we do not have a branch office in York County, Maine, many of our customers work and reside in York County, which is contiguous to Strafford County.  Our Dover headquarters is conveniently located approximately 65 miles from Boston and less than 50 miles from each of Manchester, New Hampshire and Portland, Maine.

We view the greater Seacoast region as a primary area for growth, in light of its favorable demographic characteristics, such as a growing population in some relatively affluent markets. At the same time, the attractive features of the region have fostered a highly competitive environment for financial service providers.

Competition

The financial services industry is highly competitive. The Company experiences substantial competition with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market funds, credit unions and other non-bank financial service providers in attracting deposits, making loans and attracting wealth management customers. The competing major commercial banks have greater resources that may provide them a competitive advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous branch offices and mount extensive advertising campaigns. The increasingly competitive environment is the result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems, additional financial service providers and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial services providers.

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The financial services industry has become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory, and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer virtually any type of financial service, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant banking. Also, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems.

Some of the Company’s non-banking competitors have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. In addition, some of the Company’s competitors have assets, capital and lending limits greater than that of the Company, greater access to capital markets, and offer a broader range of products and services than the Company. These institutions may have the ability to finance wide-ranging advertising campaigns and may also be able to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than the Company can offer.

Various in-state market competitors and out-of-state banks continue to enter or have announced plans to enter or expand their presence in the market areas in which the Company currently operates. With the addition of new banking presences within our market, the Company expects increased competition for loans, deposits and other financial products and services.  Our competition for loans comes primarily from financial institutions in our market area. Our experience in recent years is that many financial institutions in our market area, especially community banks that are seeking to significantly expand their commercial loan portfolios and banks located in lower growth regions in New Hampshire and Maine, have been willing to price commercial loans aggressively in order to gain market share.

The Company will continue to rely upon local promotional activities, personal relationships established by officers, directors, and employees with their customers, and specialized services tailored to meet the needs of the communities served. Management believes that it can compete effectively as a result of local market knowledge, local decision making and awareness of customer needs.

Lending Activities

Historically, our lending activities have emphasized one- to four-family residential real estate loans, and such loans continue to comprise the largest portion of our loan portfolio. Other areas of lending include commercial real estate loans and multi-family real estate loans, acquisition, development and land loans, commercial and industrial loans, home equity loans and lines of credit and consumer loans. Subject to market conditions and our asset-liability analysis, we expect to continue to increase our focus on commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans, in an effort to diversify our overall loan portfolio and increase the overall yield earned on our loans. We compete for loans through offering high quality personalized service, providing convenience and flexibility, providing timely responses on loan applications and by offering competitive pricing of loan products.

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Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated. At December 31, 2019, we had $565,000 of loans in process.

5

Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following tables set forth the contractual maturities of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2019.  Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. The table presents contractual maturities and does not reflect repricing or the effect of prepayments.  Actual maturities may differ.

Fixed vs. Adjustable Rate Loans. The following table sets forth our fixed- and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2019 that are contractually due after December 31, 2020.

One- to Four-Family Residential Real Estate Loans. Our one- to four-family residential loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, substantially all of which are collateralized by the primary residence of the borrower. At December 31, 2019, we had $213.3 million of loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate, representing 62.1% of our total loan portfolio. Generally, all of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans are secured by properties located in the New Hampshire and southern Maine Seacoast region.

Our one- to four-family residential real estate loans have terms of up to 30 years and are generally underwritten according to Freddie Mac guidelines in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by Freddie Mac. We refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” To a lesser extent, we also originate loans above the conforming limits, which are referred to as “jumbo loans.” We generally underwrite jumbo loans in a manner similar to conforming loans.

At December 31, 2019, 92.1% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans. We sell a portion of fixed-rate conforming loans that we originate on a servicing-retained basis. Secondary market investors that purchase our loans may include Freddie Mac, the New Hampshire Housing Finance Authority and other investors.

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At December 31, 2019, 7.9% of our one- to four-family residential real estate loans were adjustable-rate loans. Our adjustable-rate mortgage loans have initial repricing terms of one, three or five years. Following the initial repricing term, such loans adjust annually for the balance of the loan term. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans are indexed to the One-Year U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rate, plus a margin. The majority of such loans have an annual interest rate adjustment cap of 2.0% and a lifetime adjustment cap ranging from 4.0% to 6.0%. We typically hold our adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in our portfolio.

Loan-to-value ratios are determined by collateral type and occupancy level. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80%. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made in excess of this limit, pursuant to requirements set by the insurance provider.

We do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on permanent one- to four-family residential real estate loans (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan). We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not have a “subprime lending” program for one- to four-family residential real estate loans (i.e., loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories).

Generally, residential mortgage loans that we originate include “due-on-sale” clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable if, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. All borrowers are required to obtain title insurance for the benefit of First Seacoast Bank. We also require appropriate insurance coverage on properties securing real estate loans.

Commercial Real Estate and Multi-Family Real Estate Loans. Consistent with our strategy to diversify our loan portfolio and increase our yield, we have focused on increasing our origination of commercial real estate loans. At December 31, 2019, we had $75.1 million in commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans, representing 21.8% of our total loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $52.6 million in owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, $17.6 million in non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and $4.9 million in multi-family real estate loans.

Our commercial real estate loans are secured by a variety of properties in our primary market area, including retail spaces, distribution centers, office buildings, manufacturing and warehouse properties, convenience stores and other local businesses, without any material concentrations in property type. Our multi-family loans are secured by properties consisting of five or more rental units in our market area, including apartment buildings and student housing.

Commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans generally have higher balances and entail greater credit risks compared to one- to four-family residential real estate loans. The repayment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the property, as repayment of the loan generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. Changes in economic conditions that are not in the control of the borrower or lender could affect the value of the collateral for the loan or the future cash flow of the property. Additionally, any decline in real estate values may be more pronounced for commercial real estate than residential properties. If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

Our commercial real estate and multi-family loans are generally originated as 10-year balloon loans, which reprice after five years and are amortized over 20 years. Interest rates on such loans are generally indexed to the Federal Home Loan Bank Five-Year Regular Classic Rate, plus a margin. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial real estate loans is generally 80% of the lower of purchase price or appraised value of the properties securing the loan and generally requires a minimum debt-service coverage ratio of 1.2x.

We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. In addition to the debt-service coverage ratio, we evaluate the loan purpose, the quality of collateral, and the borrower’s qualifications, experience, credit history, cash flows and financial statements, and sources of repayment. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of closely-held companies. We gather information on environmental risks associated with commercial properties and also require appropriate insurance coverage on properties securing real estate loans. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates.

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On a limited basis, we also purchase and participate in commercial real estate loans from other financial institutions. Such loans are subject to the same underwriting criteria and loan approval requirements applied to loans originated by First Seacoast Bank.

At December 31, 2019, the average loan balance outstanding in the commercial real estate loans portfolio was $336,000 and the largest individual commercial real estate loan outstanding was a $4.1 million participation loan secured by a commercial building. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, the average loan balance outstanding in the multi-family real estate loans portfolio was $326,000 and the largest individual multi-family real estate loan outstanding was a $1.2 million loan secured by a 24-unit property. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2019.

Acquisition, Development and Land Loans. At December 31, 2019, acquisition, development and land loans were $18.8 million or 5.5% of our total loan portfolio. These loans consist of residential construction loans, commercial real estate and multi-family construction loans and land loans. At December 31, 2019, the average loan balance outstanding in the acquisition, development and land loan portfolio was $304,000.

We originate loans to finance the construction or rehabilitation of owner-occupied one- to four-family residential properties to the prospective homeowners primarily located in our market area. Upon completion of construction, such loans convert to permanent mortgage loans. At December 31, 2019, residential construction loan balances were $15.1 million, or 4.4% of our total loan portfolio, with an additional $10.0 million available for advance to borrowers.  Residential construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for nine months, with a loan to value ratio generally not exceeding 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less. However, if private mortgage insurance is obtained, we will consider a loan-to-value ratio up to 97%.  We work with a third-party construction management firm that reviews each project before we approve the loan and continues to monitor and inspect the project during the construction phase, as disbursements are made. Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within nine months, the loan will convert to a permanent, amortizing mortgage loan for the remaining term of the loan, generally up to a maximum of 30 years total, or 15 years for manufactured homes. The interest rate may be fixed or adjustable. At December 31, 2019, our largest individual residential construction loan outstanding was $1.0 million and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

We also originate loans to finance the construction of commercial properties, primarily owner-occupied properties located in our market area. Upon completion of construction, such loans generally convert to permanent commercial mortgage loans. At December 31, 2019, commercial construction loan balances totaled $3.7 million, or 1.1% of our total loan portfolio, with an additional $3.6 million available for advance to borrowers. Commercial real estate construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for up to 18 months, with a loan to value of 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or a loan to cost of completion ratio of up to 85%. We also originate commercial constructions loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio of 90% when coupled with the U.S. Small Business Administration 504 Loan program. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we originated 2 construction loans secured by owner-occupied properties under the Small Business Administration 504 Loan program, with aggregate original principal balances of $2.6 million.

We work with a third-party construction management firm that reviews each project before we approve the loan and continues to monitor and inspect the project during the construction phase, as disbursements are made. Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within 18 months, the loan will convert to a permanent, amortizing mortgage loan for the remaining term of the loan, generally up to a maximum of 20 years total (including the construction phase). The interest rate may be fixed or adjustable. At December 31, 2019, our largest commercial real estate construction loan had an outstanding balance of $1.6 million, and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

Construction loans generally involve greater credit risk than financing improved real estate, because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value before its completion. Risk of loss on a construction loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to accurately evaluate the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Construction loans also carry the risk that construction will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs.

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We also originate loans to finance the acquisition and development of land. Land development loans are generally secured by vacant land located in our primary market and in process of improvement. We generally originate commercial land development loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 70% where all approvals and permits for improvements are already in place, and up to 50% where approvals and permits are not yet in place. The maximum construction term is generally 12 months for residential development properties and 18 months for commercial development properties.  At December 31, 2019, our largest land loan had an outstanding balance of $1.3 million, and it was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms.

Land development loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on developed real estate. If a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a land development loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of development costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Land development loans also carry the risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. At December 31, 2019, we had $24.7 million of commercial and industrial loans, representing 7.2% of our total loan portfolio. We originate commercial and industrial loans, including equipment loans and business acquisition loans, and lines of credit to businesses operating in the local market area. Our commercial and industrial loans are generally used by the borrowers for working capital purposes or for acquiring equipment, inventory or furniture. Borrowers include professional organizations, family-owned businesses and not-for-profit businesses. These loans are generally secured by non-real estate business assets, including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable, although we may support this collateral with liens on real property such as buildings and equipment. We generally require our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, which improves our overall interest rate spread and profitability.

Our commercial and industrial loans include term loans and revolving lines of credit and are made with either variable or fixed rates of interest. Variable interest rates are indexed to the Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal, plus a margin. Commercial and industrial loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than commercial real estate loans.

When making commercial and industrial loans, we consider the financial history of the borrower, the debt service capabilities and cash flows of the borrower and other guarantors, and the value of the underlying collateral. We generally require personal guarantees by the principals, as well as other appropriate guarantors, when personal assets are in joint names or a principal’s net worth is not sufficient to support the loan. Depending on the collateral, commercial and industrial loans are made in amounts up to 80% of the value of the collateral securing the loan.

To assist small businesses with their credit needs for working capital, equipment and new real estate construction or acquisition, we make commercial and industrial loans under the Small Business Administration 7(a) and Express guarantee programs. Typically, a 7(a) loan carries a 75% guaranty and an Express loan carries a 50% guaranty from the U.S. Government. At December 31, 2019, we had 6 loans outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $3.6 million with Small Business Administration 7(a) guarantees totaling $2.5 million and 8 Small Business Administration Express loans with an aggregate principal balance of $818,000 with guarantees totaling $440,000.

We intend to expand our commercial and industrial lending activities in order to diversify our loan portfolio, increase our yield and offer a full range of products to our commercial customers. However, these loans have greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential real estate loans. Our commercial and industrial loans are made based primarily on historical and projected cash flows of the borrower, the borrower’s experience and stability, and the value and marketability of the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not behave as forecasted, and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value because of economic or individual performance factors. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial and industrial loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself and the general economic environment in our market area. In addition, commercial and industrial loans often result in larger outstanding balances to single borrowers, or related groups of borrowers, and also generally require substantially greater evaluation and oversight efforts. Accordingly, financial information is obtained from the borrowers to evaluate cash flow sufficiency and is periodically updated during the life of the loan.

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The average loan balance outstanding in the commercial and industrial loans portfolio was $196,000 and the largest individual commercial and industrial loan outstanding was $2.5 million at December 31, 2019. This loan was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms at December 31, 2019.

Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit. We offer home equity loans and lines of credit, which are multi-purpose loans used to finance various home or personal needs, where a one- to four-family primary or secondary residence serves as collateral, generally within our primary market area. At December 31, 2019, outstanding balances on home equity loans and lines of credit totaled $10.1 million, or 2.9% of our total loan portfolio, and the lines of credit had an additional $16.2 million available to draw.

Home equity loans are originated as fixed-rate term loans. Home equity lines of credit are tied to the Prime Rate as published in the Wall Street Journal and are offered for terms of up to 25 years, with a 10-year draw period and 15-year repayment period. Generally, our home equity loans and lines of credit are originated with loan-to-value ratios of up to 80%, inclusive of existing liens on the property.

Consumer Loans. We offer consumer loans to individuals who reside or work in our market area. At December 31, 2019, consumer loans totaled $1.8 million, or 0.5% of our total loan portfolio, of which $799,000 was unsecured.

Consumer lending has been a minor area of lending diversification for us. Consumer loans generally consist of installment loans extended directly to the borrower. Consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity, which reduces our exposure to changes in interest rates. In addition, management believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities. It is expected that growth of our consumer loan portfolio will be limited, with such loans extended primarily to pre-existing First Seacoast Bank customers.

Originations, Sales and Purchases of Loans

Our loan originations are generated by our loan personnel operating at our banking office locations. Residential real estate loans are generated by our mortgage loan officers through referrals from real estate brokers, builders, walk-in customers, online applications, participation in local home shows, events with local realtors, contacts in the local community and referrals. Commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans are originated through our commercial lenders, through previous lending relationships, referrals, direct solicitation and participation in industry-specific associations. Additionally, small business lending relationships are generated through our business development officers. Consumer loans are generated largely to existing customers and walk-ins. Loan generation is supported by our advertising campaigns.

While we originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans, our ability to generate each type of loan depends upon relative borrower demand and the pricing levels as set in the local marketplace by competing banks, thrifts, credit unions and mortgage banking companies. Our volume of real estate loan originations is influenced significantly by market interest rates, and, accordingly, the volume of our real estate loan originations can vary from period to period.

We consider our balance sheet as well as market conditions on an ongoing basis in making decisions as to whether to hold one- to four-family residential real estate loans we originate in our portfolio for investment or to sell such loans to investors, based on profitability and a risk management standpoint. We sell selected conforming, 15-year and 30-year fixed-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, on a servicing-retained basis, when we are able to, and strategically retain non-eligible fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in order to manage the duration and time to repricing of our loan portfolio. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, we sold $7.8 million and $5.7 million, respectively, of one- to four-family residential real estate loans.

In past years, we have purchased one- to four-family jumbo residential loans to supplement our own origination efforts. We did not purchase any such loans during the year ended December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. We purchased $10.9 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans secured by properties in a contiguous state during the year ended December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2019, those loans had an outstanding balance of $8.2 million and were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. Occasionally, we may purchase a participation interest in a commercial real estate loan in which we are not the lead originating lender. At December 31, 2019, we had outstanding participation interests totaling $12.3 million.

All loan purchases and participations interests are subject to the same underwriting criteria and loan approvals that apply to loans that we originate for our portfolio. The properties are independently appraised and subject to field inspections by our loan officers.

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Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by our board of directors and management. Decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of detailed information submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain, and property valuations. Our board of directors has established a Loan Officers Review Committee to oversee loan approvals. The voting members of the Loan Officers Review Committee consist of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Senior Vice President – Senior Commercial Loan Officer, Vice President – Senior Retail Loan Officer, Vice President – Bank Administration Officer and Enterprise Risk Management Officer.

The board of directors has granted loan approval authority to certain officers up to prescribed limits, depending on the seniority of the officer, the type of loan and underlying security. Our President and Chief Executive Officer has aggregate approval authority of up to $400,000 per relationship. Individual loan officers generally can approve secured commercial loans of up to $100,000 and residential real estate loans of up to $250,000. Loans in excess of individual officers’ lending limits generally can be approved by a second loan officer who is a voting member of our Loan Officers Review Committee, up to additional prescribed limits of $350,000 for secured commercial loans and $500,000 for residential real estate loans. Loans in excess of such additional limits require approval of the full Loan Officers Review Committee. The Loan Officers Review Committee generally may approve secured commercial loans of up to $1.0 million regardless of existing non-commercial loan exposure. Any relationships in excess of $1.0 million must be approved by the board of directors.

From time to time, a loan applicant may not meet one or more of the loan policy or loan program requirements, which would ordinarily result in a denial of the loan application. A loan officer may seek an exception on behalf of the applicant. Any loan made with an exception to policy requires one additional level of approval, except that loans requiring the approval of the Loan Officers Review Committee or the Board of Directors are exempt from the requirement of additional approval.

Loans-to-One Borrower

Pursuant to federal law, the aggregate amount of loans that we are permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of our unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by “readily marketable collateral” or 30% for certain residential development loans). At December 31, 2019, based on the 15% limitation, our loans-to-one-borrower limit was approximately $7.4 million. At December 31, 2019, our largest loan relationship with one borrower was for $4.6 million secured by commercial real estate and equipment, and the relationship was performing in accordance with its original repayment terms. 

Delinquent Loans and Non-Performing Assets

Our collection procedures for residential mortgage loans typically follow Freddie Mac collection guidelines, particularly the guidelines for residential mortgage loans serviced for others. When a residential real estate or consumer loan payment becomes more than 15 days past due, a notice is automatically sent to the customer. After 15 days, we will contact the customer by telephone.  Alternating telephone attempts and additional letters continue until a loan becomes 90 days past due, at which point we would place the loan on non-accrual status and generally refer the loan for foreclosure proceedings, unless management determines that it is in the best interest of First Seacoast Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a workout plan. The foreclosure process generally would begin when a loan becomes 120 days delinquent. We do not pursue multiple collections processes, such as considering modifications or workouts, while proceeding with foreclosure.

When a commercial loan or commercial real estate loan becomes 10 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. The loan officer assigned to the account may also contact the borrower. If the loan continues to run past due, the loan officer will continue to contact the borrower to determine the cause of the past due payment(s) and arrange for payments. If a loan payment becomes 30 days past due, it will be reviewed by the Loan Officers Review Committee to develop a plan to bring the past due payment(s) current and determine if the likelihood of repayment is in question. The loan will also be evaluated for a change to the risk rating. If necessary, we will engage an attorney to pursue further collection efforts.

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Delinquent Loans. The following table sets forth our loan delinquencies by type, by amount and by percentage of type at the dates indicated.

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Nonperforming Assets. Non-performing assets include loans that are 90 or more days past due or on non-accrual status, including troubled debt restructurings on non-accrual status, and real estate and other loan collateral acquired through foreclosure and repossession. Troubled debt restructurings include loans for which either a portion of interest or principal has been forgiven or loans modified at interest rates materially less than current market rates.

The following table sets forth information regarding our non-performing assets at the dates indicated.  Non-accrual loans include non-accruing troubled debt restructurings of $95,000 as of December 31, 2015.  We did not have any non-accruing troubled debt restructuring at December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017 or 2016.

Interest income that would have been recorded for the year ended December 31, 2019 had non-accruing loans been current according to their original terms was approximately $29,000.  We recognized approximately $36,000 of interest income for these loans for the year ended December 31, 2019.  In addition, no interest income would have been recorded for the year ended December 31, 2019 had accruing troubled debt restructurings been current according to their original terms.  We did not recognize any interest income for troubled debt restructurings for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Nonperforming Loans. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is impaired or nonperforming when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for loan losses is based on present value of expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis.

We generally cease accruing interest on our loans when contractual payments of principal or interest have become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is applied against principal or applied to interest on a cash basis. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

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Nonperforming loans were $1.1 million, or 0.31% of total loans, at December 31, 2019, compared to $68,000, or 0.02% of total loans, at December 31, 2018 and $1.2 million, or 0.39% of total loans, at December 31, 2017.

Troubled Debt Restructurings. Loans are considered troubled debt restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties that lead to a restructuring of the loan, and First Seacoast Bank grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. These concessions include a modification of terms, such as a reduction of the stated interest rate or loan balance, a reduction of accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market rate for a new loan with similar risk or some combination thereof to facilitate payment. Troubled debt restructurings are considered impaired loans.

Loans on non-accrual status at the date of modification are initially classified as non-accrual troubled debt restructurings. Our policy provides that troubled debt restructured loans are returned to accrual status after a period of satisfactory and reasonable future payment performance under the terms of the restructuring. Satisfactory payment performance is generally no less than six consecutive months of timely payments. At December 31, 2019, we had no troubled debt restructurings.

Foreclosed Assets. Foreclosed assets consist of property acquired through formal foreclosure, in-substance foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded at the lower of recorded investment or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs from recorded investment to fair value, which are required at the time of foreclosure, are charged to the allowance for loan losses.  We order a new appraisal before commencing foreclosure to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan satisfied over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for loan losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense, in either case during the applicable period of such determination. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell. At December 31, 2019, we had no foreclosed assets.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to be of lesser quality, as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as “special mention” by our management.

When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses in the loan portfolio. General allowances represent loss allowances, which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as “loss,” it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

In accordance with our loan policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Loans are listed on the “watch list” initially because of emerging financial weaknesses even though the loan is currently performing as agreed or if the loan possesses weaknesses although currently performing. If a loan deteriorates in asset quality, the classification is changed to “special mention,” “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” depending on the circumstances and the evaluation. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status and classified “substandard.” Management reviews the status of each impaired loan on our watch list on a quarterly basis.

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On the basis of this review of our assets, our classified assets (including commercial, residential and consumer loans) at the dates indicated were as follows:

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans and economic conditions. Allowances for impaired loans are generally determined based on collateral values or the present value of estimated cash flows. Because of uncertainties associated with regional economic conditions, collateral values and future cash flows on impaired loans, it is reasonably possible that management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the related allowance may change materially in the near-term. The allowance is increased by a provision for loan losses, which is charged to expense and reduced by full and partial charge-offs, net of recoveries. Changes in the allowance relating to impaired loans are charged or credited to the provision for loan losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on various factors, including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and non-accrual loans, existing risk characteristics of specific loans or loan pools, the fair value of underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses.

As an integral part of their examination process, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will periodically review our allowance for loan losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for loan losses. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process for establishing the allowance for loan losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.

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Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for loan losses for the years indicated.

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Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for loan losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.