As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 29, 2023.

Registration No. 333-271951

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 6 TO

FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Signing Day Sports, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

8355 East Hartford Rd., Suite 100

Scottsdale, AZ 85255

(480) 220-6814

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Daniel D. Nelson, Chief Executive Officer

8355 East Hartford Rd., Suite 100

Scottsdale, AZ 85255

(480) 220-6814

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the date this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This registration statement contains two prospectuses, as set forth below.

The Resale Prospectus is substantively identical to the Public Offering Prospectus, except for the following principal points:

The registrant has included in this registration statement a set of alternate pages after the back cover page of the Public Offering Prospectus, which are referred to as the Alternate Pages, to reflect the foregoing differences in the Resale Prospectus as compared to the Public Offering Prospectus. The Public Offering Prospectus will exclude the Alternate Pages and will be used for the public offering by the Registrant. The Resale Prospectus will be substantively identical to the Public Offering Prospectus except for the addition or substitution of the Alternate Pages and will be used for the resale offering by the selling stockholders.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED SEPTEMBER 29, 2023

Signing Day Sports, Inc.

1,500,000 Shares of Common Stock

This is an initial public offering of our shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “common stock”). We are offering 1,500,000 of our shares of common stock. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price will be between $4.00 and $6.00. We have selected the lowest point of this range of $4.00 per share for use herein as the assumed sales price for our shares, given recent market volatility, for purposes of calculation of estimated use of proceeds, estimated dilution and other matters in this prospectus.

We are also seeking to register the issuance of warrants to purchase 120,750 shares of common stock (the “representative’s warrants”) to the underwriters (assuming the exercise of the over-allotment option by the underwriters in full) as well as the 120,750 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise by the underwriters of the representative’s warrants at an exercise price of $4.00 per share, based on the assumed public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth above.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our shares.  We are in the process of applying to list our shares of common stock on NYSE American LLC (“NYSE American”) under the symbol “SGN”. NYSE American may or may not approve such application, and if our application is not approved, this offering cannot be completed.

Unless otherwise noted, the share and per share information in this prospectus have been adjusted to give effect to the one-for-five (1-for-5) reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of the outstanding common stock which became effective on April 14, 2023. See “Corporate History and Structure – Reverse Stock Split”.

We are an “emerging growth company”, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, under applicable U.S. federal securities laws, and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary – Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” for more information.

Investing in our securities is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk.  See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 15 for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state or provincial securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete.  Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis.  The underwriters are obligated to take and purchase all of the shares of common stock offered under this prospectus if any such shares are taken.

We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of 45 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase up to 15% of the total number of our shares to be offered by us pursuant to this offering (excluding shares subject to this option), solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts, commissions and non-accountable expense allowance. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, the total estimated underwriting discounts, commissions and non-accountable expense allowance payable will be $552,000, and the total estimated gross proceeds to us, before underwriting discounts, commissions and non-accountable expense allowance will be $6,900,000.00, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth above.  Net proceeds will be delivered to us on the closing date.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock to purchasers in the offering on or about                , 2023.

Boustead Securities, LLC

The date of this prospectus is                  , 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Please read this prospectus carefully. It describes our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, among other things. We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and in any free-writing prospectus we have authorized. Neither we nor the underwriter have authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and neither we nor the underwriter take responsibility for any other information others may give you. Neither we nor the underwriter are making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of shares of common stock. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than its date.

TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS

We use various trademarks, trade names and service marks in our business, including “Signing Day Sports™”, “The Hat Before The Hat™” and associated marks. For convenience, we may not include the SM, ^® or ^™ symbols, but such omission is not meant to indicate that we would not protect our intellectual property rights to the fullest extent allowed by law. Any other trademarks, trade names or service marks referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus. This prospectus includes industry and market data that we obtained from periodic industry publications, third-party studies and surveys, filings of public companies in our industry and internal company surveys. These sources generally state that the information they provide has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of the information are not guaranteed. The forecasts and projections are based on historical market data, and there is no assurance that any of the forecasts or projected amounts will be achieved. Industry and market data could be wrong because of the method by which sources obtained their data and because information cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to the limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties. The market and industry data used in this prospectus involve risks and uncertainties that are subject to change based on various factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the estimates made by independent parties and by us. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that a third party using different methods to assemble, analyze or compute industry and market data would obtain the same results.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with the other information contained in this prospectus, before purchasing our common stock. We have listed below (not necessarily in order of importance or probability of occurrence) what we believe to be the most significant risk factors applicable to us, but they do not constitute all of the risks that may be applicable to us. Any of the following factors could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects, and could result in a partial or complete loss of your investment. Some statements in this prospectus, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Operations and Industry

The currently evolving situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a public health emergency and, in March 2020, it declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe global economic and societal disruptions and uncertainties. In response to the virus, countries and local governments instituted policies and measures to curtail the spread of the virus, including “stay at home” orders, travel restrictions and restrictions on the operation of non-essential businesses and services. Companies have also taken precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely and temporarily closing or minimizing operations. Although initial restrictions have been relaxed, some restrictions have remained and these and future prevention and mitigation measures imposed by governments and private companies may have a severe adverse impact on global economic conditions and consumer confidence and spending. The COVID-19 pandemic may negatively affect our business by causing or contributing to, among other things, the following:

The Company does not believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant adverse impact on the Company’s business to date. As described under “Business – Market for Recruiting Services”, the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has increased both the need for, and familiarity with, remote interactions. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company believes that its business can generate more revenues, at little or no additional cost, from more customers as a result of their search for alternatives to in-person recruiting events. Therefore, we do not believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on the Company’s business to date, or on the Company’s revenues or expenses. However, the ultimate extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the pandemic and our continued ability to provide our services and products, as well as any future government actions affecting consumers and the economy generally, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict, especially in light of the rapidly evolving social and political situations in response to the pandemic. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by local, state or federal authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, consumers, customers or business partners. Although the potential effects that COVID-19 may have on us are not clear, such impacts could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a limited operating history. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in growing our business.

We have a limited history of operations. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in providing our sports recruitment technology services. Any potential for future growth will place additional demands on our executive officers, and any increased scope of our operations will present challenges due to our current limited management resources. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts. Our inability to locate additional opportunities, to hire additional management and other personnel, or to enhance our management systems, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. There can be no assurance that our operations will be profitable.

We have a history of losses since our inception and may continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future.

To date, we have been unable to sell our services in quantities sufficient to be operationally profitable. Consequently, we have sustained substantial losses. There can be no assurances that the Company will ever achieve the level of revenues needed to be operationally profitable in the future and if profitability is achieved, that it will be sustained. Our revenues have fluctuated and may likely continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year. We will need to obtain additional capital and increase sales to become profitable.

Our management has concluded that factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and our current and former auditors have included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in their respective audit reports for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our management has concluded that our historical recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations as well as our dependence on private equity and other financings raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and our current and former auditors have included an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern in their respective audit reports for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. These adjustments would likely include substantial impairment of the carrying amount of our assets and potential contingent liabilities that may arise if we are unable to fulfill various operational commitments. In addition, the value of our securities, including common stock issued in the Company’s initial public offering, would be greatly impaired. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon generating sufficient cash flow from operations and obtaining additional capital and financing, including funds to be raised in the initial public offering. If our ability to generate cash flow from operations is delayed or reduced and we are unable to raise additional funding from other sources, we may be unable to continue in business even if the initial public offering is successful. For further discussion about our ability to continue as a going concern and our plan for future liquidity, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern.”

We will need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to obtain the necessary financing or fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations and we may be forced to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue our operations.

We will require additional capital to fund our operations, and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, our business plan may not be successful.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect they will continue to consume substantial amounts of cash as we aggressively build our platform and our internal marketing, compliance and other administrative functions. Although we believe the net proceeds from the Company’s initial public offering together with existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our projected operating expenses for some period of time, we will require additional capital to maintain our business operations, and we may also need to raise additional funds sooner if our operating and other expenses are higher than we expect.

Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect.

If a lack of available capital means that we are unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the FDIC as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank Corp. (“Signature”), and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. Although a statement by the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC indicated that all depositors of SVB would have access to all of their money after only one business day of closure, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, borrowers under credit agreements, letters of credit and certain other financial instruments with SVB, Signature or any other financial institution that is placed into receivership by the FDIC may be unable to access undrawn amounts thereunder. In addition, on May 1, the FDIC announced that First Republic had been closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation and its assets seized by the FDIC. JPMorgan Chase eventually won the auction, paying the FDIC $10.6 billion for nearly all of First Republic’s assets. Although we are not a borrower under or party to any material letter of credit or any other such instruments with SVB, Signature or any other financial institution currently in receivership, if we enter into any such instruments and any of our lenders or counterparties to such instruments were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access such funds. In addition, if any of our customers, suppliers or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected. In this regard, counterparties to credit agreements and arrangements with these financial institutions, and third parties such as beneficiaries of letters of credit (among others), may experience direct impacts from the closure of these financial institutions and uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry. Similar impacts have occurred in the past, such as during the 2007-2008 financial crisis.

Inflation and rapid increases in interest rates have led to a decline in the trading value of previously-issued government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates. Although the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board have announced a program to provide up to $25 billion of loans to financial institutions secured by certain of such government securities held by financial institutions to mitigate the risk of potential losses on the sale of such instruments, widespread demands for customer withdrawals or other liquidity needs of financial institutions for immediately liquidity may exceed the capacity of such program.

Our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that affect us, any financial institutions with which we enter into credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. These risks include, but may not be limited to, the following:

In addition, investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses or other obligations, financial or otherwise, result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations, or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, any further deterioration in the economy or financial services industry could lead to losses or defaults by our customers, service providers, vendors, or suppliers, which in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations and results of operations and financial condition. For example, a customer may fail to make payments when due, default under their agreements with us, become insolvent or declare bankruptcy, or a service provider, vendor, or supplier may determine that it will no longer deal with us as a customer. In addition, a service provider, vendor or supplier could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described above as factors that could result in material adverse impacts on us, including but not limited to delayed access or loss of access to uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution. The bankruptcy or insolvency of any customers, service providers, vendors, or suppliers, or the failure of any customer to make payments when due, or any breach or default by a customer, service provider, vendor, or supplier, or the loss of any significant supplier relationships, could cause us to suffer material losses and may have a material adverse impact on our business.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2019, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability. Federal net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards we generated since our incorporation may be carried forward indefinitely but may only be used to offset 80% of our taxable income annually. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 or 383 has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception. For purposes of Section 382 or 383, we may have experienced ownership changes in the past and may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of shifts in our stock ownership (some of which shifts are outside our control). As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOL carryforwards to offset such taxable income will be subject to limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. Therefore, if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

We operate in the highly competitive sports recruitment industry which is subject to rapid and significant technological changes.

The sports recruitment industry in which the Company is engaged is intensely competitive and characterized by rapid changes in technology, customer requirements, and industry standards, and by frequent new product and service offerings and improvements. We compete with an array of established and emerging recruiting solution providers. Conditions in our market could change rapidly and significantly as a result of technological advancements, partnerships, or acquisitions by our competitors or continuing market consolidation. With the introduction of new technologies and market entrants, we expect the competitive environment to remain intense. There can be no assurance that Company’s systems can be upgraded to meet future innovations in the industry or that new technologies will not emerge, or existing technologies will not be improved, which would render the Company’s offerings obsolete or non-competitive. Many of the companies we compete with enjoy significant competitive advantages over us, including but not limited to greater name recognition; greater financial, technical and service resources; established networks; additional product offerings; and greater resources for product development and sales and marketing. In addition, there can be no assurance that other established sports recruiting companies, any of which would likely have greater resources than the Company, will not enter the market. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to compete successfully against any of its competitors.

If we fail to acquire new customers, we may not be able to increase net sales or achieve profitability.

We have invested in marketing and branding related to customer acquisition and expect to continue to do so. We must continue to acquire subscription customers in order to increase net sales and achieve profitability. In order to expand our customer base, we must appeal to and acquire customers who have historically used other means to recruit athletes and may prefer alternatives to do so. We cannot assure you that the net sales from new customers we acquire will ultimately exceed the cost of acquiring those customers. If consumers do not perceive the platform we offer to be of high value and quality, we may not be able to acquire new customers. If we are unable to acquire new customers, the net sales we generate may decrease, and our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We use social networking sites, such as Facebook, Instagram and YouTube, online services, search engines, affiliate marketing websites, directories and other social media websites and ecommerce businesses to advertise, market and direct potential customers to use our platform. As social networking continues to rapidly evolve, we must continue to use social media channels that are used by our current and prospective customers and cost-effectively drive traffic to our platform. We believe that failure to utilize these channels as sources of traffic to our site to generate new customers would adversely affect our financial condition.

Our software or services may not operate properly, which could damage our reputation, give rise to claims against us, or divert application of our resources from other purposes, any of which could harm our business and operating results.

We may encounter human or technical obstacles that prevent our website and apps from operating properly. If our offerings do not function reliably or fail to achieve customer expectations in terms of performance, customers could assert liability claims against us or cancel their contracts with us. This could damage our reputation and impair our ability to attract or maintain customers. We cannot assure you that material performance problems or defects in our service offerings will not arise in the future. Errors may result from receipt, entry, or interpretation of customer information or from interface of our services. These defects and errors and any failure by us to identify and address them could result in loss of revenue or market share, liability to customers or others, failure to achieve market acceptance or expansion, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation, and increased service and maintenance costs. The costs incurred in correcting any defects or errors or in responding to resulting claims or liability may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.

If our security measures are breached or fail and unauthorized access is obtained to a customer’s data, our service may be perceived as insecure, the attractiveness of our services to current or potential customers may be reduced, and we may incur significant liabilities.

Our services involve the Internet-based storage and transmission of customers’ information. We rely on proprietary and commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring, as well as other processes, to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of such information. Because of the sensitivity of this information and due to requirements under applicable laws and regulations, the effectiveness of our security efforts is very important. If our security measures are breached or fail as a result of third-party action, acts of terror, social unrest, employee error, malfeasance or for any other reasons, someone may be able to obtain unauthorized access to customer data. Improper activities by third-parties, advances in computer and software capabilities and encryption technology, new tools and discoveries and other events or developments may facilitate or result in a compromise or breach of our security systems. Our security measures may not be effective in preventing unauthorized access to the customer data stored on our servers. If a breach of our security occurs, we could face damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, possible lawsuits by individuals affected by the breach and significant remediation costs and efforts to prevent future occurrences. In addition, whether there is an actual or a perceived breach of our security, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and we could lose current or potential customers.

We depend on sophisticated information technology systems and data processing to operate our business. If we experience security or data privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction of our proprietary or confidential data, customer data or personal data, we may face costs, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and business disruption.

We rely on information technology systems and data processing that we or our service providers, collaborators, consultants, contractors or partners operate to collect, process, transmit and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations, including a variety of personal data, such as name, mailing address, email addresses, academic records, phone numbers and potentially other sensitive user information. Additionally, we, and our service providers, collaborators, consultants, contractors or partners, do or will collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect and share personal information and other information to operate our business, for legal and marketing purposes, and for other business-related purposes. Our internal computer systems and data processing and those of our third-party vendors, consultants, collaborators, contractors or partners, may be vulnerable to a cyber-attack, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, loss of data privacy, actions or inactions by our employees or contractors that expose security vulnerabilities, theft or destruction of intellectual property or other confidential or proprietary information, business interruption or other significant security incidents. As the cyber-threat landscape evolves, these attacks are growing in frequency, level of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are becoming increasingly difficult to detect. In addition to traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, software bugs, malicious code (such as viruses and worms), employee theft or misuse, denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), phishing and ransomware attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors now engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions). These risks may be increased as a result of COVID-19, owing to an increase in personnel working remotely and higher reliance on internet technology. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period.

There can be no assurance that we, our service providers, collaborators, consultants, contractors or partners will be successful in efforts to detect, prevent or fully recover systems or data from all breakdowns, service interruptions, attacks or breaches of systems that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive data. Any failure by us or our service providers, collaborators, consultants, contractors or partners to detect, prevent, respond to or mitigate security breaches or improper access to, use of, or inappropriate disclosure of any of this information or other confidential or sensitive information, including customers’ personal data, or the perception that any such failure has occurred, could result in claims, litigation, regulatory investigations and other proceedings, significant liability under state, federal and international law, and other financial, legal or reputational harm to us. Further, such failures or perceived failures could result in liability and a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, which could lead to significant delays, lost revenues or other adverse consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, prospects and cashflow.

Additionally, applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection or cybersecurity, external contractual commitments and internal privacy and security policies may require us to notify relevant stakeholders if there has been a security breach, including affected individuals, business partners and regulators. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or any actual or alleged failure to comply with such requirements could lead to a materially adverse impact on the business, including negative publicity, a loss of confidence in our services or security measures by our business partners or breach of contract claims. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages if we fail to comply with applicable data protection laws, privacy policies or other data protection obligations related to information security or security breaches.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary and internally developed information, the value of our technology could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other internally developed information adequately. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect this internally developed information and technology, our employees, consultants and other parties (including independent contractors and companies with which we conduct business) may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information or technology to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally disclosed or obtained and is using any of our internally developed information or technology is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. We rely, in part, on non-disclosure, confidentiality and assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees, independent contractors, consultants and companies with which we conduct business to protect our internally developed information. These agreements may not be self-executing, or they may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. Moreover, third parties may independently develop similar or equivalent proprietary information or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, know-how and other internally developed information.

Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property could force us to incur significant costs or revise the way we conduct our business.

Our competitors protect their proprietary rights by means of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property. We have not conducted an independent review of patents and other intellectual property issued to third-parties, who may have patents or patent applications relating to our proprietary technology. We have not received notice of any claims alleging infringement of third parties’ intellectual property. However, we may in the future receive letters from third parties alleging, or inquiring about, possible infringement, misappropriation or violation of their intellectual property rights. Any party asserting that we infringe, misappropriate or violate proprietary rights may force us to defend ourselves, and potentially our customers, against the alleged claim. These claims and any resulting lawsuit, if successful, could subject us to significant liability for damages and/or invalidation of our proprietary rights or interruption or cessation of our operations. Any such claims or lawsuit could:

Furthermore, during the course of litigation, confidential information may be disclosed in the form of documents or testimony in connection with discovery requests, depositions or trial testimony. Disclosure of our confidential information and our involvement in intellectual property litigation could materially adversely affect our business. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any litigation could significantly harm our relationships with current and prospective customers. Any of the foregoing could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

There may be challenges to our patents and proprietary technology.

The Company holds one or more pending utility patent applications, know-how and trade secret rights relating to various aspects of its technologies, which are of material importance to the Company and its future prospects. Any patent we have obtained or do obtain may be challenged by re-examination or otherwise invalidated or eventually found unenforceable. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive. Competitors may attempt to challenge or invalidate our patents, or may be able to design alternative techniques or devices that avoid infringement of our patents, or develop products with functionalities that are comparable to ours. In the event a competitor infringes upon our patent or other intellectual property rights, litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend our patents against challenge, even if successful, could be expensive and time consuming and could require significant time and attention from our management. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the Company’s products and services will not infringe on any patents of others. We may not have sufficient resources to enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend our patents against challenges from others.

If we fail to renew and/or expand our existing licenses, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the products that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property.

Our third-party licenses, or support for such licensed products and technologies, may not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In the event that we cannot renew and/or expand existing licenses, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the products that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property. Although to date we have not encountered such issues, licensing requirements may preclude us from using technologies owned or developed by third parties if those parties are unwilling to allow us to comply with related disclosure requirements or other regulatory requirements. In any such event, we may be unable to operate on a profitable basis.

Some aspects of our products and services incorporate open source software, and our use of open source software could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Some aspects of our app platform incorporate and are dependent on the use and development of open source software. Open source software is software licensed under an open source license, which may include a requirement that we make available, or grant licenses to, any modifications or derivative works created using the open source software, make our proprietary source code publicly available, or make our products or services available for free or for nominal amounts. If an author or other third party that uses or distributes such open source software were to allege that we had not complied with the legal terms and conditions of one or more of these open source licenses, we could incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations, could be subject to significant damages, and could be required to comply with these open source licenses in ways that cause substantial competitive harm to our business.

The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. and international courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our products or services. In such an event, we could be required to re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products and services, discontinue the use of our platform in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and loan products and services. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could also be required to, under certain circumstances, publicly release or license, at no cost, our products or services that incorporate the open source software or the affected portions of our source code, which could allow our competitors or other third parties to create similar products and services with lower development effort, time, and costs, and could ultimately result in a loss of transaction volume for us. We cannot ensure that we have not incorporated open source software in our software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current policies, and our employees or our consultants, third party contractors or suppliers may inadvertently or willfully use open source in a manner that we do not intend or that could expose us to claims for breach of contract or intellectual property infringement, misappropriation, or other violation. If we fail to comply, or are alleged to have failed to comply, with the terms and conditions of our open source licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending such allegations, be subject to significant damages, be enjoined from the sale of our products and services, and be required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on our products and services, any of which could be materially disruptive to our business.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement, misappropriation, or other violations, the quality of code, or the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software cannot be eliminated and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. For instance, open source software is often developed by different groups of programmers outside of our control that collaborate with each other on projects. As a result, open source software may have security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors of which we are not aware. Even if we become aware of any security vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, it may take a significant amount of time for either us or the programmers who developed the open source software to address such vulnerabilities, defects, or errors, which could negatively impact our products and services, including by adversely affecting the market’s perception of our products and services, impairing the functionality of our products and services, delaying the launch of new products and services, or resulting in the failure of our products and services, any of which could result in liability to us, our vendors, and our service providers. Further, our adoption of certain policies with respect to the use of open source software may affect our ability to hire and retain employees, including engineers.

Changes in government policy, legislation or regulatory or judicial interpretations could hinder or prevent our ability to conduct our business operations.

Changes in government policy, legislation or regulatory or judicial interpretations could hinder or prevent our ability to conduct our business operations. For example, we could be deemed to be subject to insurance and other regulations, which in some circumstances may be applied retrospectively. Any other changes in or interpretations of current laws and regulations could also require us to increase our compliance expenditures, inhibit our ability to enter into new contracts or conduct our business operations. In addition, our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could lead to significant penalties, fines or other sanctions. If we are unable to effectively respond to any such changes or comply with existing and future laws and regulations, our competitive position, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely impacted.

We are dependent on our management team, and the loss of any key member of this team may prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner, or at all.

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key personnel, particularly Daniel D. Nelson, our Chief Executive Officer, Chairman and director; Damon Rich, our Interim Chief Financial Officer; and David O’Hara, our Chief Operating Officer and Secretary. Our executive officers or key employees could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty. In addition, we do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees or any of our contract parties. The loss of one or more of these executive officers or key employees could seriously harm our business and may prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner, or at all.

The failure to attract and retain additional qualified personnel could harm our business and culture and prevent us from executing our business strategy.

To execute our business strategy, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for executives, software developers, sales personnel, and other key personnel in our industry is intense. In particular, we compete with many other companies for software developers with high levels of experience in designing, developing, and managing software for college sports recruitment technologies, as well as for skilled sales and operations professionals with connections and experience in the intensely competitive college sports recruitment system. Recently we have experienced, and we may continue to experience, employee turnover, and we may not be able to fill positions in a timely manner or at all. These risks may be exacerbated by perceptions of our recent restructuring actions in preparation for our initial public offering, including potential confusion or misgivings regarding the intent and effect of the Reverse Stock Split, changes in executive management, efforts to rapidly expand the utility of our platform, multiple capital raises through private placements of debt and equity at valuations of our common stock that are or may be the same or less than the implied valuations of our common stock upon which their equity awards were granted, and any similar future actions. In addition, our recruiting personnel, methodology, and approach may need to be altered to address a changing candidate pool and profile. We may not be able to identify or implement such changes in a timely manner. New hires and other personnel require training and take time before they achieve full productivity. New employees and other personnel may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. If we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business could be harmed.

Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have, and some of these companies may offer more attractive compensation packages. In particular, job candidates and existing employees and other personnel carefully consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment or engagement. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, or if the mix of equity and cash compensation that we offer is unattractive, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees and other personnel. Job candidates may also be threatened with legal action under agreements with their existing employers if we attempt to hire them, which could impact hiring and result in a diversion of our time and resources. Additionally, laws and regulations, such as restrictive immigration laws, may limit our ability to recruit internationally. We must also continue to retain and motivate existing employees and other personnel through our compensation practices, company culture, and career development opportunities. If we fail to attract new personnel or to retain our current personnel, our business would be harmed.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to implement our operational plans and strategies, improve and expand our infrastructure of people and information systems and expand, train and manage our employee and contractor base. We have increased employee and contractor headcount since our inception to support the growth in our business, and we intend for this growth to continue for the foreseeable future. To support continued growth, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate new employees, while maintaining our corporate culture. We face competition for qualified personnel. Additionally, we may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. If we fail to effectively manage our hiring needs or successfully integrate our new hires, our efficiency and ability to meet our forecasts and our employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Additionally, the growth and expansion of our business and our product offerings in the future will place significant demands on our management. The growth of our business may require significant additional resources, which may not scale in a cost-effective manner or may negatively affect the quality of our customer experience. We are also required to manage multiple relationships with various vendors, customers and other third parties. Further growth of our operations, our vendor base, our fulfillment process, information technology systems or our internal controls and procedures may not be adequate to support our operations. If we are unable to manage the growth of our organization effectively, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to complex and growing user data privacy use and other governmental laws and regulations, and any failure to comply with these laws and regulations may have a material negative effect on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to substantial governmental regulations affecting our business. These include, but are not limited to, data privacy and protection laws, regulations, and policies that apply to the collection, transmission, storage, processing and use of personal information or personal data, which among other things, impose certain requirements relating to the privacy and security of personal information. The variety of laws and regulations governing data privacy and protection, and the use of the internet as a commercial medium are rapidly evolving, extensive, and complex, and may include provisions and obligations that are inconsistent with one another or uncertain in their scope or application.

Under our user agreements and certain sponsorship agreements, we collect certain information about student-athletes that have been submitted by the student-athletes and, if applicable, their coaches, recruiters, or other teaching professionals or institutions. This data includes or may include age, date of birth, name, email address, athletic statistics and educational data including student transcripts and SAT and other test scores, and payment information. We intend to use such data for purposes of providing platform services to the submitting student-athletes and, if applicable, their coaches, recruiters, and other teaching professionals and institutions. In order to provide such services, we may need to share certain data with certain third-party services providers. We do not intend to share such data for any other purposes. The collection, use and sharing of user data is subject to disclosures of our data collection, use and sharing practices and opt-out, access, correction, deletion, portability, and security provisions in our website and app user terms of service and privacy policy. All such data collection, use, and sharing is subject to our prior receipt of electronically- or physically-signed written consents or acceptance of terms of use and terms and conditions of our platform app software by student-athletes and, if applicable, their coaches, recruiters, or other teaching professionals or institutions, granting us rights to share such information for posting on our platform. Such consents or acceptances of terms of use and terms and conditions of our app software explicitly includes the student-athlete’s and, if applicable, their coach, recruiter, or other teaching professional or institution’s grant of a license to each coach, recruiter, or other teaching professional or institution on our platform to view, compare, analyze and store platform player data. Each coach, recruiter, or other teaching professional or institution on our platform is in turn required to agree to such terms of use and terms and conditions to access and use such player data only as permitted under all applicable international, national, state, and local law, including laws applicable to the use of data of minors. Regardless of these agreements and consents, however, we are subject to a number of data protection requirements relating to the management and safeguarding of information of users, including minors, including those described below.

Relevant U.S. federal data privacy laws include the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (“FERPA”), which regulates the use and disclosure of student education records held by certain educational institutions; the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing Act, as amended (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), which, among other things, restricts data collection and use in connection with CAN-SPAM Act’s opt-out process requirements for senders of commercial emails; and the U.S. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (“COPPA”), which regulates the collection of information by operators of websites and other electronic solutions that are directed to children under 13 years of age, although our website and app user terms of service and privacy policy expressly prohibit children under 13 from submitting information to or on our website or app. These laws and regulations promulgated under these laws restrict our collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information, may require us to notify individuals of our privacy practices and provide individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of protected information, and mandate certain procedures with respect to safeguarding and proper description of stored information. 

Moreover, certain laws and regulations of U.S states and the European Union (the “EU”) impose similar or greater data protection requirements and may also subject us to scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. For example, the EU and California have passed comprehensive data privacy laws, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and regulations promulgated under the CCPA, respectively, which impose data protection obligations on enterprises, including limitations on data uses and constraints on certain uses of sensitive data. Of particular importance, the CCPA, which became effective on January 1, 2020, limits how we may collect and use personal information, including by requiring companies that process information relating to California residents to make disclosures to consumers about their data collection, use and sharing practices, provide consumers with rights to know and delete personal information and allow consumers to opt out of certain data sharing with third parties. The CCPA also creates an expanded definition of personal information, imposes special rules on the collection of consumer data from minors, and provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase the likelihood and cost of data breach litigation. The potential effects of this legislation are far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial costs and expenses in compliance and potential ligation efforts.  Effective January 1, 2023, we also became subject to the CPRA, which expands upon the consumer data use restrictions, penalties and enforcement provisions under the CCPA, and Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act (“VCDPA”), another comprehensive data privacy law, and regulations promulgated under the CPRA and the VCDPA.

In addition, effective July 1, 2023, we may also be subject to the Colorado Privacy Act (the “CPA”) and Connecticut’s An Act Concerning Personal Data Privacy and Online Monitoring (“CDPA”) and regulations promulgated under these laws, which are also comprehensive consumer privacy laws. Effective December 31, 2023, we may also become subject to the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (“UCPA”), regarding business handling of consumers’ personal data. Effective January 1, 2025, we may also become subject to the Iowa Consumer Privacy Act (“ICPA”), a similar consumer data privacy law. Further, there are several legislative proposals in the United States, at both the federal and state level, that could impose new privacy and security obligations. We cannot yet determine the impact that these laws and regulations may have on our business.

We believe that our compliance programs include adequate business processes, procedures, including annual audits, and reliance on experts to ensure substantial compliance with applicable privacy law. Despite such safeguards, in the course of collecting the user data described above, our employees, independent contractors, suppliers, or service providers may have inadvertently or willfully used, and may in the future inadvertently or willfully use, protected user data in a manner that we do not intend or in a manner that could expose us to claims for violation of data privacy rights. In addition, our agreements with our employees, contractors, suppliers and service providers generally do not address compliance with applicable privacy law and indemnify the Company against mis-use of regulated data or unauthorized practices, although we have recently made efforts to include such terms in new agreements with such parties. Therefore, these programs and agreements may have failed, or may in the future fail, to prevent violations of our users’ data privacy rights, or to protect us from damages relating to such failures.

If we fail to comply, or are alleged to have failed to comply, with any applicable user privacy laws or regulations, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending such allegations, be subject to significant damages, be enjoined from the sale of our products and services, and be required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on our products and services, any of which could be materially disruptive to our business.

In addition, our business is, and may in the future be, subject to a variety of other laws and regulations, including working conditions, labor, immigration and employment laws, and health, safety and sanitation requirements. Our inability or failure to comply with these governmental laws and regulations, or to maintain necessary permits or licenses, could result in liability that could have a material negative effect on our business and results of operations.

Climate change and increased focus by governmental organizations on sustainability issues, including those related to climate change, may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Federal, state and local governments are beginning to respond to climate change issues. This increased focus on sustainability may result in new legislation or regulations and vendor and customer requirements that could negatively affect us as we may incur additional costs or be required to make changes to our operations in order to comply with any new regulations. Legislation or regulations that potentially impose restrictions, caps, taxes, or other controls on emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, a by-product of burning fossil fuels could force us to incur additional costs and we may fail to pass such additional costs on to our customers, which could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, on March 21, 2022, the SEC proposed new rules requiring a range of climate-related disclosure that would be applicable to all companies that file annual reports or registration statements with the SEC, including the Company. The proposed climate-related disclosure framework is modeled in part on the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures’ recommendations, and also draws upon the Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) Protocol (“GHG Protocol”). In particular, the proposed rules would require a registrant to disclose information about: The oversight and governance of climate-related risks by the registrant’s board and management; how any climate-related risks identified by the registrant have had or are likely to have a material impact on its business and consolidated financial statements, which may manifest over the short-, medium-, or long-term; how any identified climate-related risks have affected or are likely to affect the registrant’s strategy, business model, and outlook; the registrant’s processes for identifying, assessing, and managing climate-related risks and whether any such processes are integrated into the registrant’s overall risk management system or processes; the impact of climate-related events (severe weather events and other natural conditions as well as physical risks identified by the registrant) and transition activities (including transition risks identified by the registrant) on the line items of a registrant’s consolidated financial statements and related expenditures, and disclosure of financial estimates and assumptions impacted by such climate-related events and transition activities; “Scope 1” and “Scope 2” (as defined by the SEC’s proposed rule) GHG emissions metrics, separately disclosed, expressed both by disaggregated constituent greenhouse gases and in the aggregate, and in absolute and intensity terms; “Scope 3” (as defined by the SEC’s proposed rule) GHG emissions and intensity, if material, or if the registrant has set a GHG emissions reduction target or goal that includes its Scope 3 emissions; and the registrant’s climate-related targets or goals, and transition plan, if any. The proposed rules would be subject to certain accommodations and phase-in periods. For example, companies meeting the definition of “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, which currently includes the Company (see below, “—We believe we will be considered a smaller reporting company and will be exempt from certain disclosure requirements, which could make our common stock less attractive to potential investors.” and “As a ‘smaller reporting company,’ we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public stockholders.”), would be exempt from the Scope 3 emissions disclosure requirement. The proposed rules would also require an attestation report provided by a third-party attestation service provider that satisfies a minimum level of attestation services for a company that meets the definition of “accelerated filer” or “large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, including: (1) limited assurance for Scopes 1 and 2 emissions disclosure that scales up to reasonable assurance after a specified transition period; (2) minimum qualifications and independence requirements for the attestation service provider; and (3) minimum requirements for the accompanying attestation report. A company that is not an “accelerated filer” or “large accelerated filer”, which currently includes the Company, would not be subject to this attestation requirement (see also “—As a non-accelerated filer, we will not be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.” and “—We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies and our stockholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.”).

Although we cannot predict the costs of implementation or any potential adverse impacts resulting from the proposed rule, the SEC estimated that compliance costs for a “smaller reporting company” in the first year of compliance would be $490,000 ($140,000 for internal costs and $350,000 for outside professional costs), while annual costs in the subsequent five years were estimated to be $420,000 ($120,000 for internal costs and $300,000 for outside professional costs). For non-“smaller reporting company” registrants, the costs in the first year of compliance were estimated to be $640,000 ($180,000 for internal costs and $460,000 for outside professional costs), while annual costs in the subsequent five years were estimated to be $530,000 ($150,000 for internal costs and $380,000 for outside professional costs). To the extent that this rule is finalized as proposed, we could therefore incur significant increased costs relating to the assessment and disclosure of climate-related matters.

These potential additional costs, forced changes in operations, or loss of revenues may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Initial Public Offering

There has been no public market for our common stock prior to the Company’s initial public offering, and an active market in which investors can resell their shares of our common stock may not develop.

Prior to the Company’s initial public offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We are in the process of applying to list our common stock on NYSE American under the symbol “SGN”. The closing of the initial public offering is contingent upon the successful listing of our common stock on NYSE American. There is no guarantee that NYSE American, or any other exchange or quotation system, will permit our common stock to be listed and traded.

Even if our common stock is approved for listing on NYSE American, a liquid public market for our common stock may not develop. The initial public offering price for our common stock has been determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, including prevailing market conditions, our historical performance, estimates of our business potential and earnings prospects, and the market valuations of similar companies. The price at which the common stock is traded after the initial public offering may decline below the initial public offering price, meaning that you may experience a decrease in the value of your common stock regardless of our operating performance or prospects.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

After the Company’s initial public offering, the market price for our common stock is likely to be volatile, in part because our shares have not been traded publicly. In addition, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to several factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

The public offering price of our common stock has been determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters based upon many factors and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail following the closing of the initial public offering. Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent investors from being able to sell their common stock at or above the initial public offering price. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

Certain recent initial public offerings of companies with relatively small public floats comparable to our anticipated public float have experienced extreme volatility that was seemingly unrelated to the underlying performance of the respective company. Our common stock may potentially experience rapid and substantial price volatility, which may make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the value of our common stock.

In addition to the risks addressed above under “— The market price of our common stock may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment,” our common stock may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility. Recently, companies with comparably small public floats and initial public offering sizes have experienced instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines, and such stock price volatility was seemingly unrelated to the respective company’s underlying performance. Although the specific cause of such volatility is unclear, our anticipated public float may amplify the impact the actions taken by a few stockholders have on the price of our stock, which may cause our stock price to deviate, potentially significantly, from a price that better reflects the underlying performance of our business. Our common stock may experience run-ups and declines that are seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our common stock. In addition, investors in shares of our common stock may experience losses, which may be material, if the price of our common stock declines after the Company’s initial public offering or if such investors purchase shares of our common stock prior to any price decline. For example, if the trading volumes of our common stock are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our common stock. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our common stock may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common stock. A decline in the market price of our common stock also could adversely affect our ability to sell additional shares of common stock or other securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our common stock will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our common stock may be unable to readily sell the common stock they hold or may not be able to sell their common stock at all.

We may not be able to satisfy listing requirements of NYSE American or maintain a listing of our common stock on NYSE American.

If our common stock is listed on NYSE American we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we violate NYSE American’s listing requirements, or if we fail to meet any of NYSE American’s listing standards, our common stock may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our common stock from NYSE American may materially impair our stockholders’ ability to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our common stock. The delisting of our common stock could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

We have considerable discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from the Company’s initial public offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We intend to use the proceeds from the Company’s initial public offering for product and technology development, expansion of our sales team and marketing efforts, and general working capital and other corporate purposes. However, we have considerable discretion in the application of the proceeds. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of our net proceeds from the initial public offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of the initial public offering. The net proceeds may be used for corporate or other purposes with which you do not agree or that do not improve our profitability or increase our share price. The net proceeds from the initial public offering may also be placed in investments that do not produce income or that lose value. Please see “Use of Proceeds” below for more information.

Investors in the Company’s initial public offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

As of June 30, 2023, our net tangible book value was $(11,556,889.62), or approximately $(1.52) per share. Since the effective price per share of our common stock being offered in the Company’s initial public offering is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock, you will suffer substantial dilution with respect to the net tangible book value of the common stock you purchase in the initial public offering. Based on the assumed public offering price of $4.00 per share of common stock being sold in the initial public offering, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, our net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2023, and certain other events that have occurred or that we have assumed will occur prior to or at the time of the initial public offering, if you purchase shares of common stock in the initial public offering, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution of approximately $3.80 per share (or approximately $3.74 per share if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full) with respect to the net tangible book value of the common stock. See the section titled “Dilution” for a more detailed discussion of the dilution you will incur if you purchase securities in the initial public offering.

Substantial future sales or issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales or issuances may occur, may depress our stock price. Also, future issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our share price to fall. The expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new common stock or the trading of outstanding common stock could also cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our common stock, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new common stock or the trading of outstanding common stock, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of our common stock. In all events, future issuances of our common stock would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lock-ups expire, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In connection with the Company’s initial public offering, we, our executive officers, directors and stockholders holding 5% or more of our shares (as well as holders of convertible or exercisable securities which convert into or are exercisable into common stock) will enter into lock-up agreements that prevent us and the other locked-up parties, subject to certain exceptions, from offering or selling shares of capital stock for up to 12 months, from the date on which the trading of our common stock commences as to our directors, officers and security holders, and from the closing date of the initial public offering as to us, as further described in the section titled “Underwriting.” In addition to any adverse effects that may arise upon the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the lock-up provisions in these agreements may be waived, at any time and without notice. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our common stock may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for our common stock.

In addition, the number of shares of common stock that will be issued upon conversion of outstanding 6% convertible unsecured notes with a total principal amount of $6,305,000 at the option of the holders at the price per share equal to $2.50 if converted prior to the initial public offering is 2,522,000 shares of common stock, or 3,152,500 shares of common stock (assuming an initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), based on an automatic conversion price equal to 50% of the offering price per share in the initial public offering pursuant to the applicable convertible note terms, if such notes convert automatically pursuant to mandatory conversion upon the initial public offering, in either case without further payments by such notes’ holders and after applying a waiver of any accrued but unpaid interest in accordance with their terms. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that will be issued upon conversion of outstanding 8% convertible unsecured notes with a total principal amount of $1,465,000 at the option of the holders at the price per share determined by dividing $25 million by the total number of outstanding shares of the Company if converted prior to the initial public offering is 453,427 shares of common stock, or 732,500 shares of common stock (assuming an initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), based on an automatic conversion price equal to 50% of the offering price per share in the initial public offering pursuant to the applicable convertible note terms, if such notes convert automatically pursuant to mandatory conversion upon the initial public offering, in either case without further payments by such notes’ holders and after applying a waiver of any accrued but unpaid interest in accordance with their terms. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that will be issued upon exercise of certain outstanding investor warrants that were issued to the initial holders of the outstanding 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes representing the right to purchase shares of up a value equal to $1,465,000 in shares of common stock at an exercise price equal to 50% of the offering price per share in the initial public offering is 732,500 shares of common stock (assuming an initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus). In addition, the number of shares of common stock that will be issued upon exercise of certain investor warrants that were issued to the initial holders of the outstanding 8% unsecured promissory notes is 940,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price $2.50 per share, which may be voluntarily exercised for cash, or, upon the occurrence of certain events, including this initial public offering, automatically exercised as to the unexercised portion for the deemed repayment in the amount of the exercise price of the balance under related outstanding 8% unsecured promissory notes. Additionally, Boustead, as the placement agent in the private placements of these securities, has been issued warrants to purchase an amount equal to 7% of the shares issuable under the above securities other than the 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes and respective warrants, including 220,675 shares upon the automatic conversion of the 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes (assuming an initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) or 176,540 shares at the 6% convertible unsecured promissory convertible notes’ optional conversion; and 65,800 shares upon exercise of the warrants issued to the initial holders of the 8% unsecured promissory notes, at the exercise price equal to the conversion or exercise price of the investor securities in connection with which each placement agent warrant will be issued. All of these shares will be issuable at a lower price per share than the initial public offering price, which may cause further dilution of the shares issued in the initial public offering.

We will also issue 13,375 shares of common stock upon the completion of the initial public offering to certain vendors, assuming the offering is completed by November 15, 2023, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, otherwise the number of shares of common stock equal to the number of shares derived by dividing $53,500 by the Fair Market Value, as defined by certain service provider agreements, of the common stock of the Company on November 15, 2023, pursuant to such service provider agreements. These shares will be issued in exchange for legal services and no cash payments, which may cause further dilution of your shares.

We have also granted options to certain employees, consultants, officers and directors that may be exercised to purchase up to 199,190 shares of common stock at an exercise price per share equal to $3.10 per share and 243,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price per share equal to $2.50 per share, not including stock options or portions of stock options that subsequently terminated due to employee, officer, or director departures. The dilutive effect of these grants on the value of your shares may therefore be substantial.

Following the initial public offering, we will have 14,076,027 shares of common stock outstanding (at the assumed public offering price of $4.00 per share, the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option, and further assuming, at the time of the initial public offering, the automatic conversion of the Company’s 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes into a total of 3,152,500 shares of common stock, the automatic conversion of the Company’s 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes into a total of 732,500 shares of common stock, and the exercise of certain warrants of the Company to purchase 940,000 shares of common stock, or 14,301,027 shares of common stock outstanding assuming the over-allotment amount is exercised in full and subject to the other assumptions described above. Upon the closing of the initial public offering, all of the shares of common stock to be sold in the initial public offering or by the selling stockholders named in the resale prospectus filed contemporaneously with this prospectus will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the federal securities laws. All of the shares of common stock outstanding prior to the initial public offering are believed to be subject to restrictions on resale under U.S. securities laws, including Securities Act Rule 144, or will be subject to lock-up agreements. Following the initial public offering, including both the shares of common stock offered by the Company and the shares of common stock offered by the selling stockholders named in the Company’s resale prospectus, 3,846,548 shares, or 27.3%, if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is not exercised (or 4,071,548 shares, or 28.5% assuming the underwriters’ over-allotment amount is exercised in full), subject to the other assumptions described above, of our outstanding common stock may not be subject to restrictions on resale under U.S. securities laws or lock-up agreements. If the representative’s warrants being registered in this offering are exercised, up to an additional 120,750 shares of common stock will become outstanding and freely tradable, subject to a lock-up period and the other assumptions described above. After applicable lock-up periods have expired, and the holding periods of restricted shares have elapsed, additional shares will be eligible for sale in the public market. The market price of shares of our common stock may drop significantly when the lock-up agreements and other restrictions on resale by our existing stockholders and beneficial owners lapse.

Moreover, in addition to the shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants related to the 8% unsecured promissory notes, which are being registered for resale contemporaneously with this initial public offering as required by such warrants, any shares issuable upon conversion of the 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes not being registered contemporaneously with the initial public offering must be registered by a resale registration statement within the period required by such notes, and any shares issuable upon conversion of the 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes not being registered contemporaneously with the initial public offering and shares issuable upon exercise of the placement agent’s warrants are required to be registered for resale with such shares pursuant to the piggyback registration rights of the holders of such warrants. Upon the registration of the resale of such shares, up to 4,243,975 additional shares of common stock will be registered for resale without restrictions, or 30.2%, of our outstanding common stock, if the underwriters’ over-allotment option is not exercised (or 29.7% assuming the underwriters’ over-allotment amount is exercised in full), subject to the other assumptions described above with respect to shares outstanding following the initial public offering.

In addition, if we file a registration statement after the initial public offering, certain beneficial owners of our common stock may be entitled to require us to register, for public sale in the United States, the shares of common stock beneficially owned by them, including shares issuable upon conversion or exercise of our 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes and respective warrants. We may also file a registration statement on Form S-8 to register shares, including shares under stock options or other equity compensation previously granted to our officers, directors, employees and service providers or reserved for future issuance under our Stock Incentive Plan after the completion of the initial public offering. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions and the expiration of lock-up agreements, shares registered under the registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction other than those restrictions imposed on sales by affiliates pursuant to Rule 144. Resales of our common stock as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales could also cause the trading price of our common stock to decline and make it more difficult for you to sell shares of our common stock. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale – Registration Rights” for a description of our obligations to file registration statements following the initial public offering.

Additionally, certain of our employees, executive officers, and directors may enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans providing for sales of shares of our common stock from time to time. Under a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the employee, director, or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from the employee, officer, or director. A Rule 10b5-1 trading plan may be amended or terminated in some circumstances. Our employees, executive officers, and directors also may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan when they are not in possession of material, non-public information, subject to the expiration of the lock-up agreements and Rule 144 requirements referred to above.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including expanding research and development, funding clinical trials, purchasing of capital equipment, hiring new personnel, commercializing our products, and continuing activities as an operating public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

In the event that the market price of shares of our common stock drops significantly when the restrictions on resale by our existing stockholders lapse, existing stockholders’ dilution might be reduced to the extent that the decline in the price of shares of our common stock impedes our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities. However, in the event that our capital-raising ability is weakened as a result of a lower stock price, we may be unable to continue to fund our operations, which may further harm the value of our stock price.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our common stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

If securities industry analysts do not publish research reports on us, or publish unfavorable reports on us, then the market price and market trading volume of our common stock could be negatively affected.

Any trading market for our common stock may be influenced in part by any research reports that securities industry analysts publish about us. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities industry analysts. If no securities industry analysts commence coverage of us, the market price and market trading volume of our common stock could be negatively affected. In the event we are covered by analysts, and one or more of such analysts downgrade our securities, or otherwise reports on us unfavorably, or discontinues coverage of us, the market price and market trading volume of our common stock could be negatively affected.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our common stock upon our bankruptcy or liquidation, and future issuances of preferred stock, which could rank senior to our common stock for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our common stock. Moreover, if we authorize and issue preferred stock, the holders of such preferred stock could be entitled to preferences over holders of common stock in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred stock in any future offering, or borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings. Holders of our common stock must bear the risk that any future offerings we conduct or borrowings we make may adversely affect the level of return, if any, they may be able to achieve from an investment in our common stock.

If our shares of common stock become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain a listing on NYSE American or another national securities exchange and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock could be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

The offering price of the Company’s initial public offering and resale offering could differ.

The offering price of the common stock in the Company’s initial public offering has been determined by negotiations between the Company and the underwriters based upon several factors, including our prospects and the history and prospects for the industry in which we compete; an assessment of our management; our prospects for future revenue and earnings; the recent prices of, and demand for, shares sold by us prior to the initial public offering; the general condition of the securities markets at the time of the initial public offering; the recent market prices of, and demand for, publicly traded securities of generally comparable companies; and other factors deemed relevant by us and the underwriters. The offering price in the initial public offering bears no relationship to our assets, earnings or book value, or any other objective standard of value. Additionally, the assumed offering price in the initial public offering of $4.00 per share (which is the low point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the cover page of this prospectus) is substantially higher than the prices at which the selling stockholders named in the resale prospectus filed contemporaneously with this prospectus acquired their shares (at a weighted-average price per share of approximately $1.74), and we recently sold securities that may convert into or be exercised to purchase shares of common stock at a per-share conversion or exercise price ($2.00 per share) substantially less than the initial public offering price. Our recent share issuances at prices substantially less than the initial public offering price occurred while we were a non-public company, and the shares we issued were subject to transfer restrictions imposed by the Securities Act, and by lock-up restrictions, whereas shares issued in the initial public offering will be issued after we are a public company and will be issued without restriction.

The selling stockholders may sell the resale shares at prevailing market prices or privately negotiated prices after close of the initial public offering and listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Therefore, the offering prices of our common stock in the initial public offering and the Company’s contemporaneous resale offering could differ. As a result, purchasers in the resale offering could pay more or less than the offering price in the initial public offering.

Recent independent and internal valuations of our stock are lower than the purchase price in this offering, which means that our shares may be worth less than the purchase price.

The per share purchase price of our shares in this offering has been determined by us and our underwriters without regard to an independent valuation of our common stock. The fair value per share of our common stock was recently determined by a third-party independent valuation firm to be $1.74 as of August 31, 2022 and $2.22 per share as of March 31, 2023, respectively, and was determined by our management to be $2.00 per share as of August 7, 2023. These valuations have no relationship to the price per share in this offering. We did not obtain an independent appraisal opinion on the valuation of our shares as of the date of this offering. Accordingly, our shares may have a value significantly less than the offering price, and our common stock may never have a value equal to or greater than the offering price.

The resale by the selling stockholders may cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

The resale of shares of our common stock by the selling stockholders named in the resale prospectus filed contemporaneously with this prospectus for the Company’s contemporaneous resale offering could result in resales of our common stock by our other stockholders concerned about selling volume. In addition, the resale by the selling stockholders could have the effect of depressing the market price for our common stock.

We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies and our stockholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

Upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering, we will be required to publicly report on an ongoing basis as an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act) under the reporting rules set forth under the Exchange Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other Exchange Act reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including but not limited to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We expect to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, although if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31.

Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, our stockholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of our common stock.

We believe we will be considered a smaller reporting company and will be exempt from certain disclosure requirements, which could make our common stock less attractive to potential investors.

Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act defines a “smaller reporting company” as an issuer that is not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent that is not a smaller reporting company and that:

If a company determines that it does not qualify for smaller reporting company status because it exceeded one or more of the above thresholds, it will remain unqualified unless when making its annual determination it meets certain alternative threshold requirements which will be lower than the above thresholds if its prior public float or prior annual revenues exceed certain thresholds.

As a smaller reporting company, we will not be required and may not include a Compensation Discussion and Analysis section in our proxy statements; we will provide only two years of financial statements; and we need not provide the table of selected financial data. We also will have other “scaled” disclosure requirements that are less comprehensive than issuers that are not smaller reporting companies which could make our common stock less attractive to potential investors, which could make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell their shares.

As a “smaller reporting company,” we may choose to exempt our company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public stockholders.

Under Nasdaq rules, a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, is not subject to certain corporate governance requirements otherwise applicable to companies listed on Nasdaq. For example, a smaller reporting company is exempt from the requirement of having a compensation committee composed solely of directors meeting certain enhanced independence standards, as long as the compensation committee has at least two members who do meet such standards. Although we have not yet determined to avail ourselves of this or other exemptions from Nasdaq requirements that are or may be afforded to smaller reporting companies, while we will seek to maintain our shares on Nasdaq in the future we may elect to rely on any or all of them. By electing to utilize any such exemptions, our company may be subject to greater risks of poor corporate governance, poorer management decision-making processes, and reduced results of operations from problems in our corporate organization. Consequently, our stock price may suffer, and there is no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet all continuing listing requirements of Nasdaq from which we will not be exempt, including minimum stock price requirements.

As a non-accelerated filer, we will not be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We will not be an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act. Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act defines an “accelerated filer” to mean any company that first meets the following conditions at the end of each fiscal year: The company had a public float of $75 million or more, but less than $700 million, as of the last business day of the company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter; the company has been subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act for at least twelve calendar months; the company has filed at least one annual report under the Exchange Act; and the company is not eligible to use the requirements for a “smaller reporting company” under the revenue test in paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B), as applicable, of the “smaller reporting company” definition in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act defines a “large accelerated filer” in the same way except that the company meeting the definition must have a public float of $700 million or more as of the last business day of the company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

A non-accelerated filer is not required to file an auditor attestation report on internal control over financial reporting that is otherwise required under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Therefore, our internal control over financial reporting will not receive the level of review provided by the process relating to the auditor attestation included in annual reports of issuers that are subject to the auditor attestation requirements. In addition, we cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and trading price for our common stock may be negatively affected.

Our internal controls over financial reporting currently may not meet all of the standards contemplated by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Upon becoming a public company, we will have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that will require us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements, and harm our operating results. In addition, we will be required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the second annual report on Form 10-K following the completion of this offering. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation through the implementation of new internal controls and procedures and hiring accounting or internal audit staff. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. If we are not able to complete our initial assessment of our internal controls and otherwise implement the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to certify as to the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting.

Moreover, in the course of our former auditor’s audit of our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, several material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting were identified: (i) Ineffective controls over period end financial disclosures and reporting process: Due to resource constraints, we have not formally defined internal controls over the period end financial disclosure and reporting process, including the identification of subsequent events, which increases susceptibility to fraud or error; and (ii) Revenue recognition – customer contracts: In connection with our former auditor’s testing of revenue, several test selections did not have documentation such as a corresponding contract or third party written documentation of the customer’s order. While management is in the process of developing measures intended to remediate these material weaknesses in internal control, there can be no assurance that these measures will succeed.

Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and thereby be required to restate our financial statements or otherwise be subject to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules, which may result in a breach of the covenants under existing or future financing arrangements. If we fail to meet our public reporting obligations, investors could lose confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements also could suffer if we report a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us and lead to a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Upon becoming a public company, we will incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

Upon becoming a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has imposed various requirements on public companies including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we will incur as a public company or the timing of such costs.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting the later of our second annual report on Form 10-K or the first annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the value of our securities could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on value of our securities, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

Our principal stockholder, executive officers and directors will beneficially own a significant percentage of the outstanding voting power of the Company following the Company’s initial public offering. As a result, they will be able to exercise significant influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval. 

As of the date of this prospectus, our executive officers and directors, in the aggregate, beneficially own shares representing approximately 17.6% of our common stock. Dennis Gile, our largest stockholder and a former officer and director, beneficially owns approximately 28.1% of our common stock. Our executive officers and directors collectively will beneficially own approximately 12.2% of our outstanding common stock following the Company’s initial public offering if the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option, or approximately 12.0% if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full (based on the assumed public offering price of $4.00 per share of common stock being sold in the Company’s initial public offering, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus), and assuming, at the time of the initial public offering, the automatic conversion of the Company’s 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes into a total of 3,152,500 shares of common stock, the automatic conversion of the Company’s 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes into a total of 732,500 shares of common stock, and the exercise of certain warrants of the Company to purchase 940,000 shares of common stock. Management will collectively control the same percentage of the voting power following the offering. Mr. Gile will beneficially own and have voting power over approximately 15.5% of our outstanding common stock following the initial public offering if the underwriters do not exercise their over-allotment option, or approximately 15.2% if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full, subject to the other assumptions described above. Beneficial ownership includes shares over which an individual or entity has investment or voting power and includes shares that could be issued upon the exercise of options and warrants and conversion of convertible notes within 60 days after the date of determination. On matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Mr. Gile, individually, and our executive officers and directors collectively if they choose to act together, would have significant influence over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these individuals would have significant influence on the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:

In general, Section 203 defines a “business combination” to include the following:

In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as an entity or person who, together with the person’s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.

The statute could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may discourage attempts to acquire us even though such a transaction may offer our stockholders the opportunity to sell their stock at a price above the prevailing market price.

A Delaware corporation may “opt out” of these provisions with an express provision in its certificate of incorporation. We have not opted out of these provisions, which may, as a result, discourage or prevent mergers or other takeover or change of control attempts of us.

In addition, our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws contain certain provisions that may have anti-takeover effects, making it more difficult for or preventing a third party from acquiring control of our company or changing our board of directors and management. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that a majority of the board of directors has the sole authority to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly created directorships. These provisions may prevent a stockholder from increasing the size of our board of directors and gaining control of our board of directors by filling the resulting vacancies with its own nominees. In addition, our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that in addition to any other vote required by law, no member of our board of directors may be removed from office by our stockholders without the approval of not less than the majority of the total voting power of all of our outstanding shares of capital stock then entitled to vote in the election of directors. Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws also do not provide our stockholders with the power to call a special meeting of stockholders and contain certain advance notice provisions for the submission and presentation of stockholder meeting proposals or director nominations at a stockholder meeting, which may limit the ability of stockholders to influence the composition and business decisions of our management.

Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws expressly provide for a right of first refusal of the Company for any proposed sale or transfer of stock by a stockholder. As provided, any stockholder may only sell or transfer stock after first giving written notice of the proposed terms of the transfer and a 30-day option to the Company or any designee(s) to purchase the shares on such terms. To the extent that the Company and any designee(s) do not exercise the right of first refusal, the stockholder will have 60 days to sell or transfer the shares as proposed. Certain transfers are exempt from the right of first refusal, including to immediate family, pledges of shares, or to another stockholder or an officer or director of the Company. However, this right of first refusal will terminate upon the date securities of the Company are first offered to the public pursuant to a registration statement or offering statement filed with, and declared effective or qualified by, as applicable, the SEC under the Securities Act. It is expected that upon the completion of the Company’s initial public offering, the right of first refusal under the Second Amended and Restated Bylaws will terminate in accordance with its terms.

Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws also provide that the Company may agree with any stockholders to restrict the sale or other disposal of the stock of the Company owned by such stockholders. Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws are expressly subject to the restrictions set forth in the Shareholder Agreement. As discussed in “Corporate History and Structure – Shareholder Agreement” and “Shares Eligible For Future Sale – Shareholder Agreement”, the Shareholder Agreement provides certain restrictions, rights and obligations relating to the proposed sale, transfer or other disposition of the shares of the Company. These restrictions, rights and obligations include certain provisions that may have anti-takeover effects and prevent a third party from acquiring control of the Company, including the Company’s right of first refusal for proposed sales of shares by any stockholder; each of the stockholder parties’ right to purchase up to their relative percentage ownership of the Company’s common stock of any common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable to purchase common stock that the Company may from time to time issue, including in an initial public offering, at the proposed price and other offering terms; and tag-along rights of the stockholder parties to a proposed Change of Control (as defined in “Corporate History and Structure – Shareholder Agreement – Drag-Along Right and Tag-Along Rights”, which may limit the Company’s ability to negotiate a Change of Control transaction. However, the Shareholder Agreement provides that it will terminate on the earliest of (i) the written consent of the board of directors and vote of two-thirds of the holders of the outstanding common stock of the Company; (ii) the Company’s dissolution, filing of a petition in bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code or insolvency of the Company; (iii) upon the closing of the Company’s first underwritten public offering of its common stock on Nasdaq, the New York Stock Exchange or other exchange or marketplace approved by the board of directors; or (iv) at such time as only one stockholder party remains. It is expected that upon the completion of the initial public offering, the Shareholder Agreement will terminate in accordance with its terms.

Furthermore, the holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of our directors. The combination of the present ownership by a few stockholders of a significant portion of our issued and outstanding common stock and lack of cumulative voting makes it more difficult for other stockholders to replace our board of directors or for a third party to obtain control of our company by replacing its board of directors.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in, but not limited to, the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business.” These statements relate to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “could,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “project” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Although we will become a public company after the Company’s initial public offering and have ongoing disclosure obligations under United States federal securities laws, we do not intend to update or otherwise revise the forward-looking statements in this prospectus, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

USE OF PROCEEDS

After deducting the estimated underwriting discounts, commissions and non-accountable expense allowance and other offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no exercise of the representative’s warrants, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately $4.8 million from the Company’s initial public offering (or approximately $5.7 million if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full), based on an assumed public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

We plan to use the net proceeds of the initial public offering as follows:

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive from the initial public offering by approximately $1.4 million if the underwriters do not exercise the over-allotment option (or approximately $1.6 million if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full), assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts, commissions and non-accountable expense allowance, and other offering expenses payable by us.

The foregoing represents our current intentions to use and allocate the net proceeds of the initial public offering based upon our present plans and business conditions. Our management, however, will have broad discretion in the way that we use the net proceeds of the initial public offering. Pending the final application of the net proceeds of the initial public offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds of the initial public offering in short-term, interest-bearing, investment-grade securities. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Common Stock and the Initial Public Offering – We have considerable discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from the initial public offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.”

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the near future. We may also enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. See also “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Common Stock and Initial Public Offering – We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.”

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of June 30, 2023:

The pro forma as-adjusted information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the completion of the initial public offering is subject to adjustment based on the initial public offering price of our common stock and other terms of the initial public offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed offering price per share of $4.00 would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive in the initial public offering and each of total stockholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately $1.4 million (or approximately $1.6 million if the over-allotment option is exercised in full), assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and non-accountable expense allowance and offering expenses payable by us.

The table above is based on 7,591,152 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2023, after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split at a ratio of 1-for-5 which became effective on April 14, 2023, and excludes the following securities or rights to securities that were outstanding as of June 30, 2023:

DILUTION

Dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors is the amount by which the offering price paid by the purchasers of the shares of common stock sold in the Company’s initial public offering exceeds the pro forma net tangible book value per share of common stock after the initial public offering. Net tangible book value per share is determined at any date by subtracting our total liabilities from the total book value of our tangible assets and dividing the difference by the number of shares of common stock deemed to be outstanding at that date.

The net tangible book value of our common stock as of June 30, 2023 was $(11,556,889.62), or approximately $(1.52) per share.

Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of common stock in the initial public offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of common stock immediately after completion of the initial public offering. Investors participating in the initial public offering will incur immediate, substantial dilution. After giving effect to (i) an agreement to accelerate a provision increasing the outstanding balance under the Company’s 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes to 120% of the original principal amount such that the outstanding balance under these convertible notes increased to $1,758,000, convert $293,000 of this new outstanding balance into a total of 146,500 shares of common stock, and waive all accrued interest with respect to the amount converted subsequent to June 30, 2023; (ii) the issuance of 15% OID promissory notes for total gross proceeds of $300,000 having total principal of $352,941 subsequent to June 30, 2023; (iii) the issuance of 1,500,000 shares by us in the initial public offering at an assumed price to the public of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $4.8 million after deducting (a) underwriting discounts and commissions and non-accountable expense allowance of approximately $0.5 million and (b) our estimated other offering expenses of approximately $0.7 million (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option), and assuming no exercise of the representative’s warrants; (iv) the assumed automatic conversion upon the closing of the initial public offering of the outstanding 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes in the principal amount of $6,305,000 into an aggregate of 3,152,500 shares of common stock assuming a mandatory conversion price of $2.00 per share, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and waiver of all accrued interest with respect to the outstanding 6% convertible unsecured promissory notes upon such conversion, in accordance with their terms; (v) the assumed automatic conversion upon the closing of the initial public offering of the outstanding 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes in the principal amount of $1,465,000 into an aggregate of 732,500 shares of common stock assuming a mandatory conversion price of $2.00 per share, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and waiver of all accrued interest with respect to the outstanding 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes upon such conversion, in accordance with their terms; (vi) the assumed automatic exercise of warrants upon the closing of the initial public offering for the issuance of 940,000 shares of common stock; (vii) the assumed deemed repayment of the full principal amount of the 8% unsecured promissory notes upon such automatic exercise of warrants; (viii) the cash repayment of accrued interest under the 8% unsecured promissory notes within three business days following the initial public offering; (ix) the issuance of 13,375 shares of common stock to certain vendors pursuant to service provider agreements; (x) the repayment of balances totaling $187,849 in aggregate as of June 30, 2023 due under promissory notes bearing 6% interest by the tenth day following the initial public offering; and (xi) the payment of up to $117,200 in fees and non-accountable expense allowance earned by Boustead as placement agent in connection with the Company’s private placement of its 8% convertible unsecured promissory notes and the respective warrants, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2023 would have been approximately $2.9 million, or approximately $0.20 per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of approximately $1.73 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma net tangible book value of approximately $3.80 per share to purchasers of common stock in the initial public offering, as illustrated in the following table.

If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock, as adjusted to give effect to the initial public offering, would be approximately $0.26 per share, and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in the initial public offering would be approximately $3.74 per share.

The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of the initial public offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our common stock and other terms of the initial public offering determined at pricing.

The following table sets forth, as of June 30, 2023 on a pro forma as adjusted basis, the total number of shares of common stock previously issued and sold to existing investors, the total consideration paid for the foregoing and the average price per share of common stock paid, or to be paid, by existing owners and by the new investors. The calculation below is based on the assumed initial public offering price of $4.00 per share, which is the low point of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriter commissions and offering expenses, in each case payable by us, and assumes no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option or representative’s warrants.

The tables above are based on 7,591,152 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2023, after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split at a ratio of 1-for-5 which became effective on April 14, 2023, and exclude the following securities or rights to securities that were outstanding as of June 30, 2023:

To the extent that any outstanding stock options or warrants are exercised, convertible notes are converted, or new stock options, restricted stock units or other securities are granted under the Plan, or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to investors participating in the initial public offering.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting our operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of our company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. The discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, particularly in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

Overview

We are a technology company developing and operating platforms to give significantly more student-athletes the opportunity to go to college and continue playing sports. Our platform, Signing Day Sports, is a digital ecosystem to help athletes get discovered and recruited by coaches and recruiters across the country. We fully support football, baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer, and we plan to expand the Signing Day Sports platform to include additional sports. Each sport is led by former professional athletes and coaches who know what it takes to get to the big leagues.

Signing Day Sports launched in 2019, and as of June 2023, many high schools, sports clubs, and aspiring high school athletes have subscribed to the Signing Day Sports platform. Colleges in the NCAA Division I, Division II, and Division III, and the NAIA, have utilized our platform for recruitment purposes. Signing Day Sports initially supported football athletes, and now also offers a platform for baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer, resulting in even more recruiter and athlete platform participants.

We founded Signing Day Sports to reinvent the high school and college sports recruiting process for the digital era. When we started the Company, recruiting was still being done largely as it had been done since before the mass availability of Internet-connected devices and was still limited by that model. We identified the flaws in the recruiting process and the unique opportunity it presented for us to become a solution provider in the industry. We developed and operated our platform with the objective of optimizing and enhancing the sports recruitment process across all sizes of colleges and athletic departments.

Our ability to leverage modern technologies to bring coaches and athletes together in a mutually beneficial ecosystem has shown significant benefits for both sides of the student-athlete recruitment process. Parents and athletes can use the platform to understand and provide what recruiters want to see, seek and gain offers of better athletic scholarships or other financial aid packages, and maximize the potential of an athlete’s career. Recruiters now have a comprehensive recruitment application that shows video verification of key attribute data and gives the recruiter the ability to narrow down their search with a highly optimized search engine and athlete screening process.

In short, we offer a comprehensive solution that services the needs of all participants in the sports recruitment process. We are aware of no other platform that offers what our platform does. Our goal is to change the way sports recruitment is done for the betterment of everyone.

Our Historical Performance

The Company’s current and former independent registered public accounting firms have expressed substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. We have incurred losses for each period from our inception and a significant accumulated deficit. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our net loss was approximately $1.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively, and our net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1.2 million and $4.1 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had cumulative losses of approximately $19.8 million and $18.1 million, respectively. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our net loss was approximately $6.7 million and $8.8 million, respectively, our cash used in operating activities was approximately $4.9 million and $5.7 million, respectively, and we had cumulative losses of approximately $18.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively. We expect to incur expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Accordingly, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. We will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, collaborations and licensing arrangements. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would impact our going concern status and would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy and continue as a going concern. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.

For further discussion, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”.

Emerging Growth Company

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we are permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. For so long as we are an emerging growth company, we will not be required to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenues exceed $1,235,000,000, (ii) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three year period.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our operating results are primarily affected by the following factors:

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Revenues, Net

Net revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $0.117 million and $(0.003) million, respectively. Net revenues increased approximately $0.114 million, or approximately 3,439.3%, primarily due to an increase in user subscriptions. In addition, in June 2022, refunds totaling $30,942 were issued to certain high school sports program group accounts under our former free use arrangement for these accounts. These refunds exceeded total revenues in the second quarter of 2022 by $3,498, resulting in negative net revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The former free use arrangement for these accounts was discontinued during the fourth quarter of 2022, and user refunds during the three months ended June 30, 2023 totaled less than $1,000. The increase in net revenues during the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022 was offset by a reduction in the average revenues per subscription to approximately $28 per monthly subscription during the second quarter of 2023 from approximately $32 per monthly subscription during the second quarter of 2022.  The reduced average revenues per user subscription was in turn due to the reduction of monthly subscriptions to $24.99 from $29.99, the non-renewal of all of our former high school sports program group subscriptions, and a subscription conversion rate of users under our former free use arrangement of less than 1%.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under subscriptions by type of subscription plan for each of the three-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Subscriptions to our website and app require payment prior to website and app access except that group subscriptions may make payments on a monthly installment basis. See also “—Critical Accounting Policies – Payment Terms”.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under a former free use arrangement and the number of users with subscriptions for each of the three-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

We anticipate that the number of users with subscriptions and revenues will continue to increase in future periods due to four strategic changes to our business during the fourth quarter of 2022. First, our former promotional free use arrangement for certain high school sports programs was discontinued, and since that time we have generally required that all users other than college coaches be covered under a subscription after a temporary trial period. Second, we reextended our app and website design and related marketing approach from the prior model of a recruitment tool for college sports recruiters to restore a major direct-to-consumer component including through increasing in-person recruiting events, reducing the monthly subscription fee from $29.99 to $24.99, and enhancing education resources on our website. Third, we gained marketing and sponsorship agreements with significant college sports recruiting industry participants, including GOAT Farm Sports, the owner of the U.S. Army Bowl, providing preferential access to student-athletes at many sports combines and events throughout the year for which we have committed to act as an official events sponsor and college sports recruitment platform, initially primarily for college football recruitment-related events due to our historic strengths in this sport and eventually for other college sports recruitment-related events. Fourth, we determined to extend our app and website to support baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer recruitment as well as football, and apply the other aspects of our business model to the end of generating revenues from the significant markets for these major college sports areas. These changes are anticipated to increase first-time subscriptions by both individual users and groups, increase the rate of subscription renewals by individual monthly subscribers, and slow individual user attrition due to the inherently limited college recruiting cycle for each student-athlete.

However, we caution that the extent and timing of any favorable impacts from the strategic changes to our business described above on our net sales, revenues, income from continuing operations, or other results of operations, are subject to, and may be offset by unfavorable impacts on our results of operations due to, many other factors and uncertainties that are discussed throughout this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors”, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, and, in this section, “—Our Historical Performance”, “—Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance”, and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”, in the notes to the financial statements accompanying this prospectus, and in the reports of our current and former independent registered public accounting firms included with this prospectus.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $0.01 million and $0.24 million, respectively. Cost of revenue decreased approximately $0.23 million, or 96.0%, primarily due to a reduction in software development staff, which reduced cost of revenue by approximately $0.11 million, and the full capitalization of approximately $0.05 million of software development labor costs during the three months ended June 30, 2023, which reduced cost of revenue by approximately $0.05 million. Amortization of the Company’s platform’s capitalized costs for purposes of football recruitment started on January 1, 2023 due to its ready-for-use status. The capitalized cost for the period ending June 30, 2023 will have straight-line amortization expense to cost of revenue for a period of five years beginning January 1, 2023.  The Company expects that it may continue to advance toward a positive operating margin in future periods by optimal use of its previous software investments and streamlined and outsourced software development staff. However, we caution that the extent and timing of any favorable impacts from the measures described above on our net sales, revenues, income from continuing operations, or other results of operations, are subject to, and may be offset by unfavorable impacts on our results of operations due to, many other factors and uncertainties that are discussed throughout this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors”, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, and, in this section, “—Our Historical Performance”, “—Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance”, and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”, in the notes to the financial statements accompanying this prospectus, and in the reports of our current and former independent registered public accounting firms included with this prospectus.

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses were approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of approximately $0.2 million, or 69.0%, was due to minimal advertising and marketing during the three months ended June 30, 2023 principally relating to promotion of the Company and its app in connection with the U.S. Army Bowl, reliance on enhancements to our app and website’s direct-to-consumer design and resources, preferential access to mass in-person recruiting events, and determination to extend the functionality of our app to support baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer college recruitment in order to increase users during the three months ended June 30, 2023, and the non-repetition of an approximately $0.1 million professional business-to-business digital marketing campaign, an approximately $0.05 million public relations campaign, and approximately $0.15 million in costs for special promotional events conducted during the three months ended June 30, 2022.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were approximately $0.6 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of approximately $0.5 million, or 48.9%, was primarily due to a reduction of nonessential employees, which reduced costs by approximately $0.3 million, and the move of our corporate headquarters to office space under a lower rental rate, which reduced costs by approximately $0.05 million.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was approximately $0.3 million and $0 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to an increase in nonconvertible notes payable.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Revenues, Net

Net revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $0.17 million and $0.07 million, respectively. Net revenues increased approximately $0.10 million, or approximately 149.9%, primarily due to an increase in user subscriptions. In addition, in June 2022, refunds totaling $30,942 were issued to certain high school sports program group accounts under the Company’s former free use arrangement for these accounts. The former free use arrangement for these accounts was discontinued during the fourth quarter of 2022, and user refunds during the six months ended June 30, 2023 totaled less than $1,000. The increase in net revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 was offset by a reduction in the average revenues per subscription to approximately $28 per monthly subscription during the six months ended June 30, 2023 from approximately $32 per monthly subscription during the six months ended June 30, 2022.  The reduced average revenues per user subscription was in turn due to the reduction of monthly subscriptions to $24.99 from $29.99, the non-renewal of all of our former high school sports program group subscriptions, and a subscription conversion rate of users under our former free use arrangement of less than 1%.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under subscriptions by type of subscription plan for each of the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Subscriptions to our website and app require payment prior to website and app access except that group subscriptions may make payments on a monthly installment basis. See also “—Critical Accounting Policies – Payment Terms”.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under a former free use arrangement and the number of users with subscriptions for each of the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

We anticipate that the number of users with subscriptions and revenues will continue to increase in future periods due to four strategic changes to our business during the fourth quarter of 2022. First, our former promotional free use arrangement for certain high school sports programs was discontinued, and since that time we have generally required that all users other than college coaches be covered under a subscription after a temporary trial period. Second, we reextended our app and website design and related marketing approach from the prior model of a recruitment tool for college sports recruiters to restore a major direct-to-consumer component including through increasing in-person recruiting events, reducing the monthly subscription fee from $29.99 to $24.99, and enhancing education resources on our website. Third, we gained marketing and sponsorship agreements with significant college sports recruiting industry participants, including GOAT Farm Sports, the owner of the U.S. Army Bowl, providing preferential access to student-athletes at many sports combines and events throughout the year for which we have committed to act as an official events sponsor and college sports recruitment platform, initially primarily for college football recruitment-related events due to our historic strengths in this sport and eventually for other college sports recruitment-related events. Fourth, we determined to extend our app and website to support baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer recruitment as well as football, and apply the other aspects of our business model to the end of generating revenues from the significant markets for these major college sports areas. These changes are anticipated to increase first-time subscriptions by both individual users and groups, increase the rate of subscription renewals by individual monthly subscribers, and slow individual user attrition due to the inherently limited college recruiting cycle for each student-athlete.

However, we caution that the extent and timing of any favorable impacts from the strategic changes to our business described above on our net sales, revenues, income from continuing operations, or other results of operations, are subject to, and may be offset by unfavorable impacts on our results of operations due to, many other factors and uncertainties that are discussed throughout this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors”, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, and, in this section, “—Our Historical Performance”, “—Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance”, and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”, in the notes to the financial statements accompanying this prospectus, and in the reports of our current and former independent registered public accounting firms included with this prospectus.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $0.01 million and $0.52 million, respectively. Cost of revenue decreased approximately $0.51 million, or approximately 97.3%, primarily due to a reduction in software development staff, which reduced cost of revenue by approximately $0.37 million, and the full capitalization of approximately $0.14 million of software development labor cost during the six months ended June 30, 2023, which reduced cost of revenue by approximately $0.14 million. Amortization of the Company’s platform’s capitalized costs for purposes of football recruitment started on January 1, 2023 due to its ready-for-use status. The capitalized cost for the period ending June 30, 2023 will have straight-line amortization expense to cost of revenue for a period of five years beginning January 1, 2023.   The Company expects that it may continue to advance toward a positive operating margin in future periods by optimal use of its previous software investments and streamlined and outsourced software development staff. However, we caution that the extent and timing of any favorable impacts from the measures described above on our net sales, revenues, income from continuing operations, or other results of operations, are subject to, and may be offset by unfavorable impacts on our results of operations due to, many other factors and uncertainties that are discussed throughout this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors”, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, and, in this section, “—Our Historical Performance”, “—Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance”, and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”, in the notes to the financial statements accompanying this prospectus, and in the reports of our current and former independent registered public accounting firms included with this prospectus.

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses were approximately $0.2 million and $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of approximately $0.5 million, or 71.2%, was due to minimal advertising and marketing during the six months ended June 30, 2023 principally relating to promotion of the Company and its app in connection with the U.S. Army Bowl, reliance on enhancements to our app and website’s direct-to-consumer design and resources, preferential access to mass in-person recruiting events, and determination to extend the functionality of our app to support baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer college recruitment in order to increase users during the six months ended June 30, 2023, and the non-repetition of an approximately $0.17 million professional business-to-business digital marketing campaign, an approximately $0.1 million public relations campaign, and approximately $0.2 million in costs for special promotional events conducted during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were approximately $1.2 million and $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of approximately $1.4 million, or 53.1%, was primarily due to a reduction of nonessential employees, which reduced costs by approximately $1.0 million, and the move of our corporate headquarters to office space under a lower rental rate, which reduced costs by approximately $0.07 million.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was approximately $0.5 million and $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to an increase in convertible and nonconvertible notes payable.

Other Expense

Other expense was $0 and approximately $0.05 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease was due to a decrease in events-related equipment expense.

Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth key components of our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Revenues, Net

Net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $0.08 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Net revenues decreased approximately $0.26 million, or approximately 77.0%, due to an 89.8% decline in subscriptions by organizations, a 75.2% increase in users under our former free use arrangement that may have otherwise been in group subscriptions, and subscription conversion rate of users under our former free use arrangement of less than 1%.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under subscriptions by type of subscription plan for each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Subscriptions to our website and app require payment prior to website and app access except that group subscriptions may make payments on a monthly installment basis. See also “—Critical Accounting Policies – Payment Terms”.

The following table presents information about the number of users of our website and app under a former free use arrangement and the number of users with subscriptions for each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

We anticipate that the number of users with subscriptions and revenues will increase in future periods due to four strategic changes to our business during the fourth quarter of 2022. First, our former promotional free use arrangement for certain high school sports programs was discontinued, and since that time we have generally required that all users other than college coaches be covered under a subscription after a temporary trial period. Second, we reextended our app and website design and related marketing approach from the prior model of a recruitment tool for college sports recruiters to restore a major direct-to-consumer component including through increasing in-person recruiting events, reducing the monthly subscription fee from $29.99 to $24.99, and enhancing education resources on our website. Third, we gained marketing and sponsorship agreements with significant college sports recruiting industry participants, including GOAT Farm Sports, the owner of the U.S. Army Bowl, providing preferential access to student-athletes at many sports combines and events throughout the year for which we have committed to act as an official events sponsor and college sports recruitment platform, initially primarily for college football recruitment-related events due to our historic strengths in this sport and eventually for other college sports recruitment-related events. Fourth, we determined to extend our app and website to support baseball, softball, and men’s and women’s soccer recruitment as well as football, and apply the other aspects of our business model to the end of generating revenues from the significant markets for these major college sports areas. These changes are anticipated to increase first-time subscriptions by both individual users and groups, increase the rate of subscription renewals by individual monthly subscribers, and slow individual user attrition due to the inherently limited college recruiting cycle for each student-athlete. Therefore, we do not anticipate the decrease in revenues in 2022 compared to 2021 to be indicative of future results.

However, we caution that the extent and timing of any favorable impacts from the strategic changes to our business described above on our net sales, revenues, income from continuing operations, or other results of operations are subject to, and could be offset by unfavorable impacts on our results of operations due to, many other factors and uncertainties that are discussed throughout this prospectus, including under “Risk Factors”, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, and, in this section, “—Our Historical Performance”, “—Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance”, and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources – Going Concern”, in the notes to the financial statements accompanying this prospectus, and in the reports of our current and former independent registered public accounting firms included with this prospectus.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Cost of revenue increased approximately $0.3 million, or approximately 55.3%, due to an increase in the number of employees in our internal engineering and development team.

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses were approximately $1.8 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase of approximately $0.7 million, or 66.8%, was due to increased advertising and marketing on social media platforms.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were approximately $3.0 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease of approximately $2.0 million, or 41.2%, was due to a reduction of nonessential employees and the move of our corporate headquarters to office space under a lower rental rate.

Impairment Charge

An impairment charge of approximately $0.8 million and $2.3 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease of approximately $1.5 million, or 63.9%, was due to an increase in the proportion of customers using our technology platform under a free use arrangement. For the reasons discussed under “—Revenues, Net” above, these results may not be indicative of future periods.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was approximately $0.6 million and $0.08 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase of approximately $0.52 million, or 661.4%, was due to an increase in convertible notes payable.

Deferred Tax Income