lasr-20221231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

________________________________________________________

FORM 10-K

________________________________________________________

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-38462

________________________________________________________

NLIGHT, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

________________________________________________________


Delaware						91-2066376
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

4637 NW 18th Avenue

Camas, Washington 98607

(Address of principal executive office, including zip code)

(360) 566-4460

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

__________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	LASR	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2022), as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, was approximately $460.7 million. Shares of common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each other person who may be deemed to be an affiliate of the registrant, have been excluded from this computation. The determination of affiliate status for this purpose is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

As of February 21, 2023, the registrant had 45,695,130 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Auditor Firm ID: 185 Auditor: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: Portland, Oregon


TABLE OF CONTENTS
			Page


Part I
Item 1. Business			1
Item 1A. Risk Factors			5
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments			19
Item 2. Properties			19
Item 3. Legal Proceedings			20
Item 4. Mine Safety			20
Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities			20
Item 6. [Reserved]			21
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			21
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			32
Item 8. Financial Statements			32
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure			57
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures			57
Item 9B. Other Information			58
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections			58
Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance			58
Item 11. Executive Compensation			58
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters			58
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence			58
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services			58
Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules			59
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary			63
Signatures			64

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

nLIGHT, Inc., is a leading provider of high‑power semiconductor and fiber lasers for industrial, microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. Headquartered in Camas, Washington, we design, develop and manufacture the critical elements of our lasers, and believe our vertically integrated business model enables us to rapidly introduce innovative products, control our costs and protect our intellectual property.

We operate in two segments, Laser Products and Advanced Development, and we address three primary end markets: Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense.

Products

Overview

We design, manufacture, and sell a range of high-power semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers that are typically integrated into laser systems or manufacturing tools built by our customers. We also make fiber amplifiers and beam combination and control systems for use in high-energy laser (HEL) systems in directed energy applications. Our vertical integration enables us to develop products that leverage the same underlying technology, thereby enabling us to offer innovative and reliable products to customers in each of our end markets.

Semiconductor Lasers

We sell high-power semiconductor lasers with a broad range of power levels, wavelengths, and output fiber sizes. Our semiconductor lasers are typically used as an integrated energy source for our OEM customers’ solid-state lasers, which are used primarily in a wide range of microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. The core building block of our products is a compound semiconductor laser chip manufactured from a gallium arsenide wafer. We use our patented multiplexed single-chip architecture to combine and package multiple semiconductor laser chips into what we believe are the most brilliant semiconductor lasers commercially available.

Fiber Lasers

We offer programmable and serviceable high-power fiber lasers primarily for use in industrial and aerospace and defense applications. Our fiber lasers use a proprietary active fiber that is doped with a rare-earth element to amplify the light from multiple of our semiconductor lasers into a brighter, more powerful laser beam. Our single- and multi-mode fiber lasers enable fast, high-quality, and efficient processing of materials. Our fiber lasers offer many features, including all-fiber programmable beam sizes and shapes, programmable waveforms, high-speed waveform modulation capabilities, hardware back-reflection suppression, operability in harsh environments, quick and easy serviceability, and exceptional power stability. The programmability and wide operating range of our fiber lasers make them easy for our customers to use and expands their applicability. For example, in some cases, a single programmable fiber laser with the ability to program the size and shape of its output beam can take the place of several less flexible lasers. We have also designed our fiber lasers to be easily field serviceable, which results in higher machine uptime, lower cost of ownership and improved customer experience.

Directed Energy Products

We sell standalone fiber amplifiers and we are developing beam combination and control products for directed energy applications within aerospace and defense. We believe that our proprietary fiber amplifiers and beam combination and control technology will enable the development of scalable, high performance and cost-effective HEL systems.

Markets

We sell our products into three primary end markets: Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense.

Semiconductor and fiber lasers are displacing legacy lasers and non-laser energy sources across a wide range of applications in the Industrial, Microfabrication, and Aerospace and Defense markets. In the Industrial market, high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers have enabled the creation of next-generation industrial systems to perform manufacturing processes such as cutting, welding, and drilling, as well as advanced manufacturing techniques such as additive manufacturing. In the Microfabrication market, many of the critical microscale features incorporated into products in the automotive, electronics, medical, semiconductor and other markets are made commercially viable by

Table of Contents

the precise power delivery of lasers. In the Aerospace and Defense market, high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers are currently used across a wide range of mission critical applications, such as defending aircraft against missiles, and are enabling next-generation defense systems.

Industrial

The productivity, efficiency and versatility offered by high-power fiber lasers have been critical in making them a key part of the evolution of the industrial ecosystem. Material processing applications, such as cutting, welding, cladding, heat treating, and additive manufacturing, comprise most of the industrial laser market. High-power fiber lasers are rapidly replacing gas and other legacy lasers for cutting, due to their significantly faster speed, higher quality and lower cost when used across a wide range of metals. High-power fiber lasers also continue to take market share from non-laser cutting techniques and are expanding into other applications such as cutting metal tubes and other three-dimensional parts.

The factors driving the utilization of high-power fiber lasers in metal welding applications include increased speed, higher quality, and lower cost. Fiber laser welding can be done faster, with deeper penetration, less distortion and lower heat input than traditional methods like arc welding. These advantages have fueled adoption of high-power fiber lasers across the automotive industry where system productivity and versatility are critical. Other metal fabrication industries, such as aerospace, energy, and light manufacturing, are also embracing the unique capabilities offered by high-power fiber lasers for welding applications as they seek improved production efficiencies, including energy efficiency, and higher levels of automation.

In addition to improving traditional manufacturing processes, fiber lasers are also enabling new applications such as metal additive manufacturing. High-power fiber lasers provide the precise power needed to fuse metal powders into intricate three-dimensional metal structures. Advancements in laser technology are also enabling manufacturers to produce ever-larger parts with more complex geometries at faster speeds and lower costs.

Microfabrication

Microfabrication refers to the process of creating three-dimensional microscale structures, typically by ablating, annealing, etching, and drilling. Many of the microscale features incorporated into products in the automotive, electronics, medical, semiconductor and other markets are made commercially viable by the precise power delivery of lasers. Preferences for brighter, more vibrant displays in mobile phones, tablets and televisions, and the desire for thinner products with improved battery life and energy efficiency are placing greater importance on the need for components that are smaller, more robust and less expensive, which we believe will continue to drive demand for lasers.

Aerospace and Defense

Lasers are used today in a variety of aerospace and defense applications, such as range finding, imaging and directed energy defense systems. Directed energy defense systems utilize concentrated electrical or optical energy rather than chemical or kinetic force to incapacitate, damage, disable or destroy a wide range of threats. Compared to conventional weapons, directed energy weapons using high-power fiber lasers offer ultra-precise targeting, low cost per use and a nearly unlimited magazine. Over the past decade, directed energy technologies have improved steadily, culminating in a series of successful demonstrations of significantly higher power, multi-kilowatt systems. Systems using high-power fiber lasers have shown the highest degree of operational viability.

Research and Development

Our research and development activities include innovation of improvements to existing products that enhance performance at reduced cost, and the design of new products that address select market opportunities. While we seek to improve our products on all operating characteristics, we believe we lead the market in terms of semiconductor laser chip brilliance. We work closely with customers to develop products to meet customer application and performance needs, making our research and development efforts more efficient. We also benefit from our vertically integrated business model, as we can conduct design cycles more rapidly through control of the full production process.

We intend to continue our commitment to research and development and to introduce new products, solutions, and complementary products to maintain and strengthen our competitive position.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part upon our ability to continue to innovate and invest in research and development to meet the needs of our customers, and to maintain and protect our proprietary technology. To accomplish this, we

Table of Contents

rely on a combination of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and trademarks, as well as customary contractual protections with our customers, suppliers, employees, and consultants that access our material intellectual property.

We have generated, and continue to generate and maintain, patents and other intellectual property rights covering innovations that are intended to create a competitive advantage, and to support the protection of our investments in research and development. Although we believe that our patents and other intellectual property rights have significant value, we do not believe that maintaining or growing our business is materially dependent on any single patent. Due to the rapid pace of innovation within the markets that we serve, it is possible that our protection through patents may be less important than factors such as our technological expertise, continuing development of new products and technologies, protection of trade secrets, market penetration, customer relationships, and our ability to provide support and service to customers worldwide.

No assurance can be given that any of our patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide us with a sustained competitive advantage. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect our technology, or that competitors will not be able to independently develop similar or functionally competitive technologies, design around our patents, or attempt to manufacture and sell infringing products in countries that do not strongly enforce intellectual property rights.

Sales and Marketing

In the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, we sell our products through our direct sales force located in the United States, China, South Korea and various European countries. To supplement our direct sales team, we also sell through independent sales representatives and distributors in Asia, Europe and South America. We selected these independent representatives and distributors based on their ability to provide effective field sales, marketing communications and technical support for select products and markets in target geographies. Our sales and marketing efforts are conducted through an integrated process that involves our direct sales and marketing teams, engineering teams, customer service representatives and our senior management team.

We maintain customer support and field service staff in our major markets around the world. In addition, many of our independent representatives and distributors have service teams who have been certified by us to provide regional field service and support. We work closely with customers to service equipment and train customers to use and repair our products and explore additional applications for our technologies. Over time we expect to expand our support and field service footprint, particularly in locations where business volume requires local service capabilities.

In the Aerospace and Defense market, we sell our products and services directly to end customers, including the U.S. Government, prime defense contractors, and defense subcontractors, through our dedicated sales, marketing and engineering teams located in the United States. Due to the stringent demands of our Aerospace and Defense customers, our sales and marketing organization includes engineering, manufacturing, service and support professionals who engage with our customers throughout their products' lifecycles.

Customers

We sell to and support over 400 customers worldwide. A few customers drive a significant portion of our revenues. In the aggregate, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 63%, 63% and 60% of our revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our global customers include the U.S. Government, Raytheon Technologies, Velo3D, Mazak, MKS Instruments, Keyence, and Northrop Grumman.

Information concerning revenue by end-market, geographic region based upon ship-to location, and segment appears under Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Notes 3 and 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Backlog

Backlog represents orders that have been received for products, contract research and development, or other services for which a contractual agreement is in place and delivery or performance is expected to occur. Backlog totaled $80.4 million and $115.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Table of Contents

All of the backlog as of December 31, 2022 is expected to be filled within the next 12 months. Our backlog is not necessarily indicative of revenues for any specific future period due to possible order cancellations or deferrals, and shipping or acceptance delays. Delays in delivery schedules or a reduction in backlog during any period could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Seasonality

Our quarterly revenues can fluctuate with general economic trends, holidays in foreign countries such as Chinese New Year in the first quarter of our fiscal year, the timing of capital expenditures by our customers, and general economic trends. In addition, as is typical in our industry, we tend to recognize a larger percentage of our quarterly revenues in the last month of the quarter, which may impact our working capital trends.

Competition

The industries in which we operate have significant price and technological competition. We compete with companies that offer semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers and other laser products such as IPG Photonics Corporation, Coherent, BWT Ltd., II-VI Incorporated, Raycus Fiber Laser Technologies, and Trumpf GmbH + Co. KG. We also compete with prime defense contractors and subcontractors in the Aerospace and Defense market, and with companies in the Industrial market that offer widely used non-laser production methods, such as plasma cutting, water-jet cutting and resistance welding.

Some of our competitors are larger and have substantially greater financial, research and development, managerial, sales, service and marketing resources than we do. These companies will likely be able to expand into broader products and end markets, which may result in additional competitive pressures on us. Certain competitors also have higher sales volume than we do, which can enable them to lower the prices of their products. Moreover, certain of our customers have internal laser technologies, which may present additional competitive pressure.

We believe that our vertically-integrated business model, technology innovation, engineering capabilities, functionality, quality and customer service enable us to compete successfully in the markets we serve, taken as a whole.

Manufacturing

We manufacture, package, and test the critical elements of our high-power semiconductor and fiber lasers, including semiconductor laser chips and optical fiber in-house. Our vertically integrated business model enables us to control and protect our proprietary technologies and process knowledge. We outsource components and materials when we feel that a specific component, by itself, does not provide enough competitive advantage to warrant investment in the capital and human resources necessary for its manufacture. We work with our suppliers in these situations to ensure consistent quality and delivery performance. In many cases, components are custom manufactured for us based on our proprietary specifications.

We purchase raw materials used to manufacture our products and other components, such as semiconductor wafer substrates, fiber laser chip packages, optics, and other materials, from single or limited-source suppliers. We typically purchase our materials through purchase orders or agreed-upon terms and conditions, and we do not have guaranteed supply arrangements with many of these suppliers. To mitigate raw material supply risks, we take a variety of actions such as second source qualification, accumulation of safety stock and vendor surveillance.

Our primary manufacturing facilities are located in Vancouver, Washington; Camas, Washington; Hillsboro, Oregon; Lohja, Finland and Shanghai, China. We manufacture certain electrical-optical components in our Vancouver, Washington; Camas, Washington; Shanghai, China and Hillsboro, Oregon facilities. We maintain our fiber operations and manufacture fiber in Finland.

Regulation

We are subject to significant regulation by local, state, federal and international laws in all jurisdictions in which we operate. Compliance with these requirements can be costly and time consuming. We believe that our operations, products, services, and actions substantially comply with applicable regulations in all jurisdictions. However, the risk of non-compliance cannot be eliminated and therefore there is no assurance that future costs related to these regulations will not be incurred. There is also the possibility that regulations will be retroactively applied, interpreted, or applied differently to our operations, products, services, and actions which will require significant time and

Table of Contents

resources. See the section of this report titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Litigation, Taxation and Regulatory Compliance” for additional information.

Human Capital Management

At nLIGHT, we fulfill our mission by fostering innovation, attracting talented people, and managing aspects of our business in an ethical manner that benefits our stakeholders, including the communities in which we operate. Our product innovation, community involvement and the overall success of our business are driven by continued engagement and motivation of our employees. Over the past twenty years we have developed and refined our core values that underpin our corporate culture. At nLIGHT we both recruit and review people based on three criteria we categorize in terms of Skill, Will, and Fit. We encourage collaboration, critical thinking, and respect and foster a workplace where each employee is contributing to the long-term success of the company. During the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, the safety of our employee base has been our top priority, in addition to the safety of the broader communities in which we operate and our dedication to our customers. While we continue to follow the guidelines from health officials, employee input has been critical to establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy global workplace.

As of December 31, 2022 we had over 1,100 full-time employees worldwide. Of our total full-time employees, approximately 700 were based in the United States and over 350 were based in China, with the remaining in the rest of the world. In Finland, certain employees belong to labor unions for their specialty. There are no labor unions to which our employees belong in any other location. We have not experienced any employee-led work stoppages at any of our facilities. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Corporate Information

We maintain a website at https://www.nlight.net. We make available free of charge through our investor relations website, https://investors.nlight.net, our annual reports, quarterly reports, current reports, proxy statements and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed or furnished with the United State Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. The reference to our website does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained at the site.

The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as nLIGHT, Inc., that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC's Internet website is located at https://www.sec.gov.

We were incorporated under the name nLight Corporation in Washington in June 2000. We reincorporated in Delaware under the name nLight Photonics Corporation in August 2000 and changed our name to nLIGHT, Inc. in January 2016.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this report, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements due to factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report. Our Risk Factors are not guarantees that no such conditions exist as of the date of this report and should not be interpreted as an affirmative statement that such risks or conditions have not materialized, in whole or in part.

Risks Related to Our Industry and the Markets We Serve

The markets for our products are highly competitive. If we fail to compete successfully, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects will be materially adversely affected.

The industries in which we operate have significant price and technological competition. We compete with companies providing semiconductor and fiber lasers, and with companies offering conventional laser or non-laser solutions for the applications we target. Some of our competitors are larger and have substantially greater manufacturing, financial and research and development resources and larger installed customer bases than we do. Some of these competitors may receive government subsidies allowing them to compete more aggressively. These companies will likely be able to expand into broader products, geographies, and end markets, which may result in

Table of Contents

additional competitive pressures on us. Certain competitors also have higher sales volume than we do, which can enable them to lower the prices of their products. Moreover, our OEM customers' internal production of laser technologies presents additional competitive pressure. To compete, we have reduced prices of some of our products in the past and we may be forced to lower our prices further in the future, which could negatively impact our revenues and gross margins. To remain competitive, we believe that we will be required to continue to invest significantly in research and development and manufacturing facilities. We may not have sufficient resources to continue to make these investments and we may not be able to make the technological advances or price adjustments necessary to compete successfully. Any failure to compete successfully will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Changes in the markets we serve could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in the markets we serve or in the global economy. For our products sold to the Industrial market, we believe demand is largely based on general economic conditions and we cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown or recovery, whether global, regional or within specific markets. For the Microfabrication market, a portion of our revenues depends on the demand for our products from semiconductor equipment companies. The semiconductor equipment market has historically been characterized by sudden and severe cyclical variations in product supply and demand, which have often severely affected the demand for manufacturing equipment, including laser-based tools and systems, and which limits our ability to predict our business prospects and financial results in this market. The Aerospace and Defense market is largely dependent on government budgets, in particular defense budgets, which are driven by numerous factors, including geopolitical events, macroeconomic conditions and the ability of the U.S. government to enact relevant legislation. As a result, our future revenues are subject in part to the uncertainties of governmental budgeting and appropriations and national defense policies and priorities, constraints of the budgetary process and timing and potential changes to these policies and priorities, all of which are beyond our control. Many of our customers in the defense industry are subcontractors that must negotiate our proposals with the U.S. government. Our continuing relationship with these customers and the ability of these customers to pay for our products is dependent on the U.S. government's decision to accept or reject our customers' terms, which can be delayed for a substantial period of time and is largely outside of our control. Such delays could result in decreased revenues and could materially adversely affect our results of operations in any given period.

Products in the laser industry are experiencing declining average selling prices, and future success depends in part on our ability to increase our volumes and decrease our costs to offset potential declines in the average selling prices of our products.

Products in the laser industry generally, and our products specifically, have experienced and may in the future experience a significant decline in average selling prices (ASPs) on maturing products due to increased competition and price pressures from customers. As competing products become more widely available, the ASPs of our products may decrease, and such decreases may vary by product and market. Due to the fixed cost of production, the average cost per unit of our products typically declines as our production volumes rise. For this reason, we may decide to offer products at ASPs that result in low initial gross margins to us with an intention to drive sales and production volumes higher, in turn lowering our average cost per unit. Because of these factors, we have experienced, and we may continue to experience, fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly or annual basis. If the ASPs of our products decline and we are unable to increase our unit volumes, introduce new or enhanced products with higher ASPs or reduce manufacturing costs to offset anticipated decreases in the prices of our existing products, our gross margins could decline, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We participate in markets that are subject to rapid technological change and require significant research and development expenses to develop and maintain products that can achieve market acceptance.

The markets for our products are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product introductions, substantial capital investment, volatility of product supply and demand, changing customer requirements and evolving industry standards. Our future performance depends in part on our successful development, introduction and market acceptance of new and enhanced products that address these changes and current and potential customer requirements. To the extent customers defer or cancel orders for existing products due to a slowdown in demand or in the expectation of a new product release, or if there is any delay in development or introduction of our new products or enhancements of our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects would be materially adversely affected. We also may not be able to develop the underlying core

Table of Contents

technologies necessary to create new products and enhancements, or to license these technologies from third parties. Product development delays may result from numerous factors, including:

• changing product specifications and customer requirements;

• unanticipated engineering complexities;

• expense reduction measures we have implemented, and others we may implement, to conserve our cash and attempt to sustain profitability;

• difficulties in hiring and retaining necessary technical personnel;

• difficulties in reallocating engineering resources and overcoming resource limitations; and

• changing market or competitive product requirements.

Further, the development of new, technologically advanced products is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation and highly skilled engineering and development personnel, as well as the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. We cannot assure you that our expenditures for research and development will result in the introduction of new products or, if such products are introduced, that those products will achieve sufficient market acceptance or generate revenues to offset the cost of development. Ramping of production capacity also entails risks of delays which can limit our ability to realize the full benefit of the new product introduction. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, develop, manufacture, market or support new or enhanced products successfully. Additionally, our product offerings may become obsolete given the frequent introduction of alternative technologies. If our products fail to gain and maintain market acceptance, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We have a history of losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred recurring net losses since our inception in 2000. If we fail to grow revenues or reduce costs to achieve and sustain profitability, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects will be materially adversely affected.

Our revenue growth rate in prior periods may not be indicative of our future performance.

Our historical revenue growth rate may not be indicative of future revenue growth, and we may not achieve similar revenue growth rates in future periods. You should not rely on our revenues for any prior quarterly or annual periods as an indication of our future revenues or revenue growth. Our results of operations may vary as a result of a number of factors, including our ability to execute on our business strategy and expand our manufacturing capacity, the general economic conditions and the legal and regulatory environment in the United States, China and globally, and competitive pressures as well as other factors that are outside of our control.

We rely on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, and if we lose any of these customers or they significantly curtail their purchases of our products, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues. We generally do not enter into long-term purchase agreements with our customers that obligate them to purchase our products. Our business is characterized by short-term purchase orders issued by our customers, which are likely to be favorable to those customers. If any of our principal customers discontinues its relationship with us, develops its own products instead of using ours, replaces us as a vendor for certain products or suffers downturns in its business resulting in a cancellation of orders or an inability to place new orders from us, then our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected.

If we are unable to develop new products, applications and end-markets and increase our market share in existing applications, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially adversely affected.

Our future success will depend in part on our ability to continue to generate sales of semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers in applications where legacy lasers have been used, or in new and developing markets and applications for lasers such as additive manufacturing within the industrial market, and directed energy within the aerospace and defense market. As semiconductor and fiber lasers reach higher levels of penetration in core materials processing

Table of Contents

applications, the development of new applications, end-markets and products outside our core applications becomes more important to our growth. Our current and potential customers may have substantial investment in, and know-how related to, their existing laser and non-laser technologies. Customers may be reluctant to change from incumbent suppliers or cease using their own solutions, or we may miss the design and procurement cycles of our customers. Many of our target markets have historically been slow to adopt new technologies. These markets often require long testing and qualification periods or lengthy government approval processes before admitting new suppliers or adopting new technologies.

Introduction of new products and product enhancements will require that we effectively transfer production processes from research and development to manufacturing and coordinate our efforts with those of our suppliers to achieve increased production volume rapidly. If we are unable to implement our strategy to develop new applications and end markets for our products or develop new products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any newly developed or enhanced products may not achieve market acceptance or may be rendered obsolete or less competitive by the introduction of new products by other companies.

We have high levels of fixed costs and inventory levels that may materially adversely affect our gross profits and results of operations if demand for our products declines or we maintain excess inventory levels.

We conduct our own manufacturing operations and have a high fixed cost base, including significant costs for the employees in our manufacturing operations. We may not be able to adjust our production levels or fixed costs quickly enough or sufficiently to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions. Gross profit, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues, is impacted by our volumes, product sales mix, the corresponding absorption of fixed manufacturing overhead expenses, production costs and manufacturing yields. In addition, because we design and manufacture our key components, insufficient demand for our products will subject us to the risks of high inventory carrying costs and increased inventory obsolescence. For example, discontinued product lines contributed to increased inventory reserves in the fourth quarter of 2022, and we may experience similar increases in the future. If our capacity and production levels are not properly sized in relation to changing demand, or if anticipated sales do not occur, we may need to record write-downs for excess or obsolete inventory.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth or, alternatively, our spending during downturns, our business could be disrupted, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Growth in revenues, combined with the challenges of managing geographically dispersed operations, can place a significant strain on our management systems and resources, and our anticipated growth in future operations could continue to place such a strain. The failure to effectively manage our growth could disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations. In economic downturns, we must effectively manage our spending and operations to ensure that our competitive position during the downturn, as well as our future opportunities when the economy improves, remains intact. The failure to effectively manage our spending and operations could disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our manufacturing capacity and operations may not be appropriate for future levels of demand and may materially adversely affect our gross margins.

When there are changes in market demand we must be able to rapidly and effectively increase or decrease our manufacturing capacity in the appropriate locations. Failure to do so may cause a loss of business to competitors, negatively impact our relationships with customers, or negatively impact our gross margins. To maintain our competitive position and to meet anticipated demand for our products, we have invested significantly in the expansion and automation of our manufacturing and operations throughout the world and may continue to do so in the future. If the demand for our products does not increase or if our revenues decrease from current levels, we may have significant excess manufacturing capacity and under-absorption of our fixed costs, which could in turn materially adversely affect our gross margins and profitability. Expansion activities can also cause disruptions to existing manufacturing capabilities. Moreover, we may experience higher costs due to yield loss, production inefficiencies and equipment problems until any operational issues associated with the addition of new equipment or opening of new manufacturing facilities are resolved.

We may in the future rely on third parties to manufacture certain of our products and product components, which could expose us to a number of risks that could negatively impact our results of operations.

Table of Contents

We may in the future choose to outsource the manufacturing of certain of our products and product components to third-parties. Relying on third-party manufacturers could present a number of risks, including capacity constraints, reduced control over manufacturing and delivery timing and quality, shortages during periods of high demand or supply constraints, the inability to achieve acceptable yields on a timely basis, misappropriation of our intellectual property and potential increased exposure to fluctuations in manufacturing costs, including due to inflation, any of which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In addition, if any of our third-party manufacturers were unable or unwilling to manufacture our products or product components in required volumes and at high quality levels or continue to manufacture our products and product components at all, we would need to identify and select alternative manufacturers, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. An alternative manufacturer may not be available to us when needed or may not be in a position to satisfy our quality and production requirements on commercially reasonable terms. Any significant interruption in manufacturing could require us to reduce our supply of products to our customers, which in turn could reduce our revenues and harm our customer relationships.

The long sales cycles for our products may cause us to incur significant expenses without offsetting revenues.

Our products represent a large investment for our customers and they typically expend significant effort in evaluating, testing and qualifying our products before making a decision to purchase them, resulting in a lengthy initial sales cycle. Even after this evaluation process, a potential customer may decide not to purchase our products. As a result, these long sales cycles may cause us to incur significant expenses without receiving revenues to offset such expenses soon thereafter or at all. This, in turn, can materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Because we lack long-term purchase commitments from our customers, our revenues can be difficult to predict, which could lead to excess or obsolete inventory and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business is characterized by short-term purchase orders and shipment schedules and, in some cases, orders may be canceled or delayed without penalty. As a result, it is difficult to forecast our revenues and to determine the appropriate levels of inventory required to meet future demand. This could lead to increased inventory levels and increased carrying costs and risk of excess or obsolete inventory due to unanticipated reductions in purchases by our customers. If we are unable to accurately forecast the demand for our products, fail to accurately forecast the timing of such demand, or are unable to consistently negotiate acceptable purchase order terms with customers, we could incur significant expenses, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially adversely affected.

We depend on internal production and outside single- or limited-source suppliers for many of our key components and raw materials.

We rely exclusively on our own production capabilities to manufacture certain of our key components, such as semiconductor lasers, specialty optical fibers and optical components. Certain of our components, such as our semiconductor lasers, which are manufactured at our Camas and Vancouver, Washington facilities, and our active fibers, which are manufactured at our Lohja, Finland facility, rely on processes and equipment that cannot be easily moved or replaced. If our manufacturing activities were obstructed or hampered significantly at these, or our other facilities, it could take a considerable length of time, at an increased cost, for us to resume manufacturing, which could materially harm our business and results of operations.

Also, we purchase certain raw materials and components, which are key elements to manufacture our products, from single- or limited-source suppliers. We generally do not have guaranteed supply arrangements with our suppliers. Our key suppliers may not have the ability to increase their production in line with our customers' demands. This can become acute during times of high growth in our customers' businesses. As a result, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, longer lead times or delays in fulfillment of our orders. Furthermore, other than our current suppliers, there may be a limited number of entities from which we could obtain these supplies. In addition, if quality issues arise with these outsourced materials and go undetected by us, the use of such defective materials in our products could compromise their quality and harm our reputation.

Table of Contents

For certain long lead-time supplies or in order to lock in pricing, we may be obligated to place purchase orders which are not cancelable or otherwise assume liability for a large amount of the ordered supplies, which limits our ability to adjust down our inventory liability in the event of market downturns or other customer cancellations or rescheduling of their purchase orders for our products. Some of our products require designs and specifications which are at the cutting-edge of available technologies. Accordingly, certain of our products require components and supplies which may be technologically difficult and unpredictable to manufacture. These types of components may only be available by a single supplier. These characteristics place further pressure on the timely delivery of such components. In addition, many of our suppliers have recently experienced shortages of many of the components and raw materials that we require, and in some cases, have significantly increased their prices. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these components or materials, or the inability to obtain these components and materials from existing suppliers or alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could materially adversely affect our ability to meet customer orders and in turn our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Products that do not meet specifications or that contain defects could damage our reputation, decrease market acceptance of our products, cause us to lose customers and revenues, and result in liability to us.

The complexity and ongoing development of our product designs and manufacturing processes could lead to design or manufacturing problems. Problems might result from a number of factors, including design defects, materials failure, failure of components manufactured internally or by our suppliers to meet our specifications, contamination in the manufacturing environment, and equipment failures. These problems could cause lower than anticipated yields, cause delays in product shipments, cause delays in new product introductions, cause us to incur additional warranty expenses or warranty reserves, result in increased costs and diversion of development resources, cause us to incur increased charges due to unusable inventory, require design modifications, impact the timing of revenue recognition, and decrease the market acceptance or customer satisfaction with our products. The occurrence of any one or more of these events could adversely affect our business, reputation and operating results.

In addition, a product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, could be time-consuming and costly to defend, and could harm our reputation. We cannot assure investors that our product liability insurance would adequately protect our assets from the financial impact of defending a product liability claim. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our product liability insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future.

A breach of our information technology and security systems could materially adversely affect our business.

We use information technology and security systems to maintain our facility's physical security and to protect proprietary and confidential information, including that of our customers, suppliers and employees. Denial of service or other attacks on, or accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our facilities or information systems, unauthorized access to or acquisition of personal information, confidential information or other data we process or maintain, or viruses, loggers, or other malfeasant code, including ransomware, in our data or software, could compromise this information and otherwise disrupt our operations. The consequences of such loss, possible misuse of our proprietary and confidential information, or operational disruptions could include, among other things, unfavorable publicity, damage to our reputation, difficulty marketing our products, customer allegations of breach-of-contract, claims and litigation by affected parties, investigations by and other proceedings involving governmental authorities and possible financial liabilities for damages, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, reputation and relationships with customers and partners. We also rely on a number of third-party service providers to host, store or otherwise process information for us, or to provide other facilities or infrastructure that we make use of, including "cloud-based" providers of corporate infrastructure services relating to, among other things, human resources, electronic communication services and some financial functions, and we are therefore dependent on the security systems of these providers. Any security breaches or incidents or other unauthorized access to, or disruptions of, our service-providers' systems or viruses, loggers, ransomware or other malfeasant code in their data or software, or unauthorized access to or acquisition of any data they process or otherwise maintain for us could expose us to information loss, corruption and unavailability, operational disruptions, and misappropriation of confidential information, and could have similar consequences to us as any incidents affecting our own systems or the data we process or maintain. We and our third parties face these threats from a variety of sources, including attacks from hackers, phishing and other forms of social engineering, and human error or employee or contractor malfeasance. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage security systems change frequently and are often not recognized until after an attack, we and our third-party service

Table of Contents

providers may be unable to anticipate the techniques or implement adequate preventative measures, thereby exposing us to material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. A security breach or other security incident impacting us or our third-party service providers could require a substantial level of financial resources to rectify and otherwise respond to, may be difficult to identify or address in a timely manner, and could result in claims, investigations, and inquires by private parties or governmental entities that may divert management’s attention and require the expenditure of significant time and resources, and which may cause us to incur substantial fines, penalties, or other liability and related legal and other costs. Any actual or perceived security breach or other security incident may also harm our reputation and market position. Any of the foregoing matters could harm our operating results and financial condition.

We may experience increased costs, disruptions or other difficulties with the implementation, operation and functionality of our new enterprise resource planning system.

We have recently implemented a new enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, which replaces or enhances certain internal financial and operating systems that are critical to our business operations. Although we have invested, and continue to invest, significant resources in planning, project management, consulting and training, it is possible that significant operational and functionality issues may arise during the course of using our new ERP system, including difficulties paying suppliers, invoicing customers and tracking inventory. It is also possible that we may experience significant delays, increased costs and other difficulties that are not presently contemplated. Any significant disruptions, delays, deficiencies or errors in the design, implementation and utilization of our new ERP system could adversely affect our operations, prevent us from accurately and timely reporting our financial results and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations can be adversely affected by labor shortages, turnover, labor cost increases and our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel.

We have from time-to-time experienced labor shortages and other labor-related issues. Labor issues have become more pronounced since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. A number of factors may adversely affect the labor force available to us in one or more of our geographies, including high employment levels, increasing market wages and other compensation costs, federal unemployment subsidies, and other government regulations, which include laws and regulations related to workers’ health and safety, wage and hour practices and immigration. These factors along with increased turnover rates within our employee base can decrease our efficiency and impact our cost of labor.

In addition, we believe our ability to manage successfully and grow our business and to develop new products depends, in large part, on our ability to recruit and retain qualified employees, particularly highly skilled technical, sales, service, management, and key staff personnel. Competition for qualified resources is intense and other companies may have greater resources available to provide substantial inducements to lure key personnel away from us or to offer more competitive compensation packages to individuals we are trying to hire.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted our operations, manufacturing and supply chain and may continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

The COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted our end-markets, including reduced economic activity and demand for our products, delayed capital expenditure decisions and implementations, and resulted in restrictions on individual and business activities and travel. Government-imposed health and safety restrictions impacted our ability to manufacture our products on time. For example, the COVID-related lockdown of Shanghai by the Chinese government forced us to halt operations in our Shanghai manufacturing for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022. Our Shanghai facility manufactures products that are sold directly to end-customers as well as components that are shipped to our facilities in the United States to be integrated into finished products. Although we are increasing our manufacturing capabilities in the United States and may outsource the manufacturing of certain products and product components to third-parties, our Shanghai manufacturing facility currently remains an important part of our global operations. Any additional closures, or partial closures, of our Shanghai facility in the future could have an adverse impact on future periods.

Fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations may be difficult to predict.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2022, we recorded restructuring charges which included employee severance and

Table of Contents

abandoned in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity, and incurred inventory charges related to discontinued product lines. Other factors which have had or may in the future have an influence on our results of operations in a particular quarter include:

• the increase, decrease, cancellation or rescheduling of significant customer orders;

• declines in selling prices for our products;

• government-mandated quarantines or closures applicable to our facilities or the facilities of our customers or suppliers;

• delays in our product-shipment timing, obtaining licenses or other import/export approvals, customer or end user sales or deployment cycles, or work performed under development contracts;

•seasonality attributable to different purchasing patterns and levels of activity throughout the year in the areas where we operate;

• the impact of new acquisitions and the success of our integration efforts;

• the timing of revenue recognition based on the installation or acceptance of certain products shipped to our customers;

•the timing and execution of government development projects;

•timing variability in product introductions, enhancements, services and technologies by us and our competitors and market acceptance of these new or enhanced products, services and technologies;

• different capital expenditure and budget cycles for our customers, which affect the timing of their spending;

• our ability to obtain export licenses for our products on a timely basis or at all;

• changes in tariffs imposed by the U.S., China and other foreign governments;

• the rate at which our present and future customers and end users adopt our technologies;

• the gain or loss of a key customer;

• product or customer mix;

• competitive pricing pressures and new market entrants;

• our ability to manage our inventory levels and any write-downs for excess or obsolete inventory;

• our ability to collect outstanding accounts receivable balances;

• changes in the amount and timing of our operating costs;

• impairment of values for goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets;

• foreign currency fluctuations;

• the impact of public health crises, including on macroeconomic conditions and our business, results of operations and financial condition;

•changes in jurisdictional income mix and tax rules and regulations in countries where we operate; and

• economic and market conditions in a particular geography or country.

A substantial portion of our operating expenses are fixed for the short-term, and as a result, fluctuations in revenues or unanticipated expenses can have a material and immediate impact on our profitability. In addition, we often recognize a substantial portion of our revenues in the last month of each fiscal quarter. We also base our manufacturing on our forecasted product mix for the quarter. If the actual product mix varies significantly from our forecast, we may not be able to fill some orders during that quarter, which would result in delays in the shipment of our products. Accordingly, variations in timing of sales, particularly for our higher priced, higher margin products, can cause significant fluctuations in quarterly results of operations.

Due to these and other factors, particularly varying product mix from quarter to quarter, we believe that quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of our historical results of operations may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our results for any quarter or year as an indication of our future performance.

Risks Related to Our International Sales and Operations

Our inability to manage risks associated with our international customers and operations could materially adversely affect our business.

Our foreign operations and revenues are subject to a number of risks, including the impact of recessions and other economic conditions in economies outside the United States, unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, certification requirements, environmental regulations, reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries, potentially adverse tax consequences, political and economic instability, import/export regulations, tariffs and trade barriers, compliance with applicable United States and foreign anti-corruption laws, cultural and management differences, pandemic illness, reliance in some jurisdictions on third-party revenues from channel partners, preference for locally produced products, shipping, or other logistics complications, and longer accounts

Table of Contents

receivable collection periods. In particular, the economic, political, legal, and regulatory climate in China, both nationally and regionally, is fluid and unpredictable, and operating in China exposes us to economic, political and legal risks.

Our business could also be impacted by international conflicts, terrorist and military activity, civil unrest and pandemic illness, including COVID-19, which could cause a slowdown in customer orders, cause customer order cancellations or negatively impact availability of supplies or limit our ability to produce or timely service our installed base of products. Political, economic and monetary instability and changes in governmental regulations or policies, including trade tariffs and protectionism, could materially adversely affect both our ability to effectively operate our foreign offices and the ability of our foreign suppliers to supply us with required materials or services. Any interruption or delay in the supply of our required components, products, materials or services, or our inability to obtain these components, materials, products or services from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could impair our ability to meet scheduled product deliveries to our customers and could cause customers to cancel orders. Our failure to manage the foregoing risks associated with our existing and potential future international business operations could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are exposed to foreign currency risk, which may materially adversely affect our revenues, cost of revenues and operating margins and could result in exchange losses.

Our international operations are significant to our revenues and net income. While we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, we incur certain costs in other currencies, and have certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. We, therefore, face exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Significant fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies may adversely affect our revenues and earnings.

Risks Related to Litigation, Taxation and Regulatory Compliance

Our agreements with the U.S. government and suppliers to the U.S. government subject us to particular risks.

We must comply with and are affected by laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts. Awards received from the U.S. government may be cancelled or lose funding. The U.S. government contracting party may require us to increase or decrease production of certain solutions sold to the U.S. government due to changes in U.S. national security strategy and/or priorities or other reasons, which could impact production of other products or sales to other customers to meet the requirements of the U.S. government. In addition, the U.S. government routinely retains rights to intellectual property developed in connection with a government contract. The U.S. government could exercise these rights in certain circumstances in the future, which could have the effect of decreasing the benefit we are able to realize commercially from such intellectual property.

U.S. government agencies routinely audit and investigate government contractors and can decrease or withhold certain payments when it deems systems subject to its review to be inadequate. Additionally, any costs found to be misclassified may be subject to repayment. We have unaudited and unsettled incurred cost claims related to past years, which places risk on our ability to issue final billings on contracts for which authorized and appropriated funds may be expiring. If an audit or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or terminations, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, penalties, fines and suspension, or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government. In addition, we could suffer serious reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us. Similar government oversight exists in most other countries where we conduct business. Any such imposition of penalties, or the loss of such government contracts, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability, impair our ability to compete and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The United States and various foreign governments have imposed controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of certain products, technologies, and software. For example, the U.S. government recently announced new controls restricting the ability to send certain products and technology related

Table of Contents

to semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing and supercomputing to China without an export license. These new controls including the licensing requirement also apply to certain hardware containing these specified integrated circuits (ICs). In many cases, these licenses are subject to a policy of denial and will not be issued. The U.S. government also recently added additional entities in China to restricted party lists impacting the ability of U.S. companies to provide products and technology to these entities. These controls may impact our ability to export certain products and technology to China and restrict our ability to use certain ICs in our products. Additionally, these restrictions could disrupt the ability of China to produce semiconductors and other electronics and impact our ability to source components from China. It also is possible that the Chinese government will retaliate in ways that could impact our business.

We must export our products in compliance with U.S. export controls and we may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses. Denials of export licenses or limitations imposed on our ability to export or sell our products imposed by these laws, may harm our international and domestic revenues. Furthermore, noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Any failure to adequately comply with these laws could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, as well as substantial expense and diversion of management resources and attention, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and similar laws. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and agents from promising, authorizing, making, offering, soliciting or accepting improper payments or other benefits to or from government officials and others in the public and private sectors. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors, business partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Our operations and sales in China, India, Brazil, the Middle East and other countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by our employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors, even though they may not always be subject to our control.

These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with these laws, we cannot assure you that our employees, representatives, contractors, business partners and agents will not take actions that violate our policies or applicable law, for which we can be held liable.

If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management's attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees.

We could be subject to additional income tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Judgment is required in evaluating our worldwide provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional income tax against us. Although we believe our tax determinations are proper, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which that determination is made.

Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. If relevant taxing authorities were to disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. There can be no assurances that our reserves would be adequate to cover such a contingency.

Table of Contents

We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations that could impose substantial costs upon us and may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous chemicals used during our manufacturing process or requiring design changes or recycling of products we manufacture. We could incur costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party property damage or personal injury claims, or could be required to incur substantial investigation or remediation costs, if we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws. Compliance with current or future environmental laws and regulations could restrict our ability to expand our facilities or require us to acquire additional expensive equipment, modify our manufacturing processes or incur other significant expenses in order to remain in compliance with such laws and regulations.

Privacy and data security concerns, and data collection and transfer restrictions and related domestic or foreign regulations may limit the use and adoption of our solutions and adversely affect our business.

Personal privacy, information security and data protection are significant issues in the United States, Europe and many other jurisdictions where we have operations or offer our products. The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personal data and other data relating to individuals, and federal and state consumer protection laws are being applied to enforce regulations related to the online collection, use and dissemination of data.

Further, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union (EU) and China, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction, or relating to cybersecurity. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. These and other future requirements could require us to modify our policies and practices, increase our costs, impair our ability to grow our business, or restrict our ability to store and process data, and may subject us to liability.

The costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by laws, regulations, standards and other actual or asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security may be substantial, and they may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies. Any actual or alleged noncompliance with any of these laws, regulations, standards, and other actual or asserted obligations may lead to claims and proceedings by governmental actors and private parties, and significant fines, penalties or liabilities.

We may become involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations, other legal or regulatory proceedings, or commercial or contractual disputes, any of which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

From time to time, we may become involved in various claims, lawsuits, government investigations, other legal or regulatory proceedings, or commercial or contractual disputes relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, contractual, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation and claims, commercial or contractual disputes, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters, regardless of their merits, can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, cause us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, harm our reputation or require us to change our technology or business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation or other forms of dispute resolution or settlement, and the timing of this expense from period to period, is difficult to estimate, subject to change and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, investigations and disputes, we may, from time to time, agree to settle even where we have meritorious claims or defenses. The results of litigation, investigations, claims, regulatory proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for such matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if such matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, such matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Table of Contents

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a variety of intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, trade secrets, technical know-how and other unpatented proprietary information to protect our technologies, products, product development and manufacturing activities from unauthorized use by third parties. Our patents do not cover all of our technologies, systems, products and product components and our competitors or others may design around our patented technologies. We cannot guarantee we have entered into appropriate agreements with all parties that have had access to our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information to adequately protect all such information. We also cannot assure you that those agreements will provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure. Our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information could be obtained by third parties as a result of breaches of our physical or electronic security systems or our suppliers, employees or consultants could assert rights to our intellectual property.

We have significant international operations and we are subject to foreign laws which differ in many respects from U.S. laws. Effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or more limited in foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, such as China, relative to those protections available in the United States. Furthermore, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the trade secret and other intellectual property laws in any country in which we operate may materially adversely affect our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property positions. In the past, certain of our employees have been hired by our competitors. While these former employees are contractually prohibited from misappropriating our proprietary rights, we cannot be certain that such contractual obligations will be honored. If we detect misappropriation and decide to enforce such contractual obligations and pursue litigation to assert our intellectual property rights, an adverse decision in any legal action could limit our ability to assert our intellectual property rights, limit the value of our technology or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. Unauthorized use of our intellectual property may have already occurred or may occur in the future. Our failure to identify unauthorized use or otherwise adequately protect our intellectual property could jeopardize our competitive advantage and materially adversely affect our business. Moreover, any litigation in connection with unauthorized use of our intellectual property could be time consuming, and we could be forced to incur significant costs and divert our attention and the efforts of our employees, which could, in turn, result in lower revenues and higher expenses, and we may not be successful in enforcing our intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property claims could result in costly litigation and harm our business.

There has been significant litigation involving intellectual property rights in many technology-driven industries, including our own. We continue to face risks and uncertainties in connection with any patent litigation, including the risk that patents issued to others may restrict and harm our ability to do business; that there could be existing patents or pending applications of which we are unaware that may later result in issued patents upon which our products may infringe. Moreover, the frequency with which new patents are granted and the diversity of jurisdictions in which they are granted make it impractical and expensive for us to monitor all patents that may be relevant to our business. We may also become involved in the defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent interferences, opposition proceedings and other administrative proceedings.

From time to time, we have been notified of allegations and claims that we may be infringing patents or otherwise violating intellectual property rights owned by third parties. In the future, we may be a party to litigation because of an alleged infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of others' intellectual property, whether through direct claims or by way of indemnification claims of our customers or suppliers. If any pending or future intellectual property-related litigation proceedings result in an adverse outcome, then we could be required to:

• cease the manufacture, use or sale of the infringing products, processes, or technology;

• pay substantial damages for infringement;

• expend significant resources to develop non-infringing products, processes, or technology;

• license technology from the party claiming infringement, which license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;

• cross-license our technology to a competitor or commit to covenant-not-to-sue to resolve an infringement claim, which could weaken our ability to compete with that competitor; or

Table of Contents

•pay substantial damages to our direct or indirect customers to cause our end users to discontinue their use of, or replace, infringing products with non-infringing products.

In addition, intellectual property lawsuits can be brought by third-parties against our customers and end-users that incorporate our products into their systems or processes. Because we generally indemnify customers against third-party infringement claims relating to our products, we may incur liabilities in connection with lawsuits against our customers. Any such lawsuits could be time-and-resource-consuming to defend, damage our reputation and result in substantial and unanticipated costs. Having to defend any such lawsuits, and any adverse consequences that might arise, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income and income taxes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2022, we had estimated U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) of $162.2 million and $38.4 million, respectively, and federal research and development credit carryforwards of $7.8 million, which we may use to reduce future taxable income or offset income taxes due. Some of the NOLs and federal research and development credit carryforwards began expiring in 2022. Insufficient future taxable income and income taxes payable will adversely affect our ability to use these NOLs and credit carryforwards to reduce future taxable income or offset income taxes due. Our U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years ending on or before December 31, 2017 will expire between 2023 and 2042. U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 are not subject to expiration. Our state NOLs will expire between 2023 and 2042. In general, we may potentially use these NOLs to offset taxable income for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Furthermore, U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may only be used to offset 80% of our taxable income. This may require us to pay U.S. federal income taxes in future years despite generating a loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in prior years. Limitations under state law may differ. We have established a valuation allowance against the carrying value of these deferred tax assets.

In addition to the potential NOL and federal research and development credit carryforward limitations noted above, under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (the Code), a corporation that experiences a more than 50% ownership change by one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company’s stock over a three-year testing period is limited in its ability to use its prechange NOLs and other tax assets to offset future taxable income or income taxes. Our existing NOLs and credit carryforwards are subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes. Our ability to use our NOLs and credit carryforwards could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code if we undergo any future ownership change. Future changes in our stock ownership, the causes of which may be outside our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Our NOLs and other tax attributes may also be impaired under state law. As a result of these limitations, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of, or possibly any of, our NOLs and credit carryforwards, which could materially adversely affect our cash flows.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline significantly.

The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:

• price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

• changes in operating performance, stock market valuations and volatility in the market prices of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;

• actual or anticipated quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of our competitors;

• actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

• announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

• manufacturing, labor or supply interruptions;

• developments with respect to intellectual property rights;

• our ability to develop and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

• commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation;

Table of Contents

• major changes in our Board of Directors or management;

• changes in governmental regulations or in the status of our regulatory approvals;

•actual or perceived privacy, data protection or cybersecurity breaches or incidents;

• the trading volume of our stock;

• any future sales or repurchases of our common stock or other securities; or the perception that these sales or repurchases could occur;

• failure of financial analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any analysts who follow our company or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

•spending on defense-related projects by the U.S. government;

•the impact of public health crises, including on macroeconomic conditions and our business, results of operations and financial condition;

•fluctuations in the values of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

• the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections; and

• general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of related markets.

The stock market in general, and market prices for the securities of technology companies like ours in particular, have from time to time experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of the underlying companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance, which might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In several recent situations when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, the defense and disposition of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Delaware and Washington law and provisions in our charter documents could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could depress the trading price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change in our control or management that our stockholders may deem advantageous. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

• permit the Board of Directors to issue up to five million shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate;

• provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the Board of Directors;

• provide that all vacancies on our Board of Directors may only be filled by our Board of Directors and not by stockholders;

• divide the Board of Directors into three classes;

• provide that a director may only be removed from the Board of Directors by the stockholders for cause;

• require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and may not be taken by written consent;

• provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner and meet specific requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder's notice;

• prohibit cumulative voting;

• provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board, our chief executive officer (or president, in the absence of a chief executive officer) or by the Board of Directors; and

• provide that stockholders will be permitted to amend our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws only upon receiving at least two-thirds of the total votes entitled to be cast by holders of all outstanding shares then entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.

In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any "interested" stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an "interested" stockholder. Likewise, because our principal executive offices are located in Washington, the anti-takeover provisions of the Washington Business Corporation Act may apply to us under certain circumstances now or in the future. These provisions prohibit a "target corporation" from engaging in any of a broad range of business

Table of Contents

combinations with any stockholder constituting an "acquiring person" for a period of five years following the date on which the stockholder became an "acquiring person."

The exclusive forum provisions of our bylaws could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, stockholders or employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, stockholders, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (3) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware), except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within ten days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. This provision does not apply to any action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Section 22 of the Securities Act establishes concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over Securities Act claims. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to hear such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States are the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding or owning (or continuing to hold or own) any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing bylaw provisions. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers, stockholders or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current and former directors, officers, stockholders and other employees. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions.

Further, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court of law could rule that these types of provisions are inapplicable or unenforceable if they are challenged in a proceeding or otherwise. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, all of which could harm our results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal facilities are owned or leased and include the following:

Table of Contents

Location

Lease Expiration

Approximate Size

(sq. ft.)

Primary Functions

Segment(s)

Camas, Washington

Owned

164,600

Corporate headquarters, manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development, sales, marketing and administration

Laser Products, Advanced Development

Vancouver, Washington

November 30, 2024 -
May 31, 2035

122,400

Manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development, service and repair, and administration

Laser Products, Advanced Development

Hillsboro, Oregon

January 31, 2033

30,200

Manufacturing and distribution, and product design

Laser Products

Longmont, Colorado

July 31, 2028

46,400

Research and development

Advanced Development

Lohja, Finland

March 31, 2025

31,800

Manufacturing and distribution, product design, research and development and administration

Laser Products

Shanghai, China

January 15 2023 ‑
April 17, 2025

66,500

Manufacturing and distribution, service and repair, product design, research and development, sales and administration

Laser Products

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, see Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Information About Our Common Stock

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "LASR." As of February 21, 2023, there were 112 registered holders of record of our common stock.

Repurchase of Common Stock

In November 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $10 million of our outstanding common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not repurchase any shares and, as of December 31, 2022, $10 million remained available for future repurchases.

Table of Contents

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Russell 2000 Index. The graph covers the period from April 26, 2018, using the closing price for the first day of trading immediately following the effectiveness of our initial public offering per SEC regulations, through December 31, 2022. No cash dividends have been declared on shares of our common stock. This graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and each index (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on April 26, 2018.

The stock price performance shown on the graph above is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. Information used in the graph was obtained from the Nasdaq Global Select Market, a source believed to be reliable, but we are not responsible for any errors or omissions in such information.

The graph above shall not be deemed “filed” with the SEC for the purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing made by us with the SEC, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In some

Table of Contents

cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "ability," "anticipate," "attempt," "believe," "can be," "continue," "could," "depend," "enable," "estimate," "expect," "extend," "grow," "if," "intend," "likely," "may," "objective," "ongoing," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "propose," "rely," "should," "target," "will," "would" or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.

These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our projections of the future, about which we cannot be certain. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: our business model and strategic plans; our expectations regarding manufacturing; the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related lockdown in Shanghai on our business; our future financial performance; demand for our semiconductor and fiber laser solutions; our ability to develop innovative products; our expectations regarding product volumes and the introduction of new products; our technology and new product research and development activities; the impact of the implementation of our new ERP system; the impact of new import and export controls; the impact of inflation; the impact of seasonality; the effect on our business of litigation to which we are or may become a party; and the sufficiency of our existing liquidity sources to meet our cash needs.

You should refer to the "Risk Factors" section of this report for a discussion of other important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this report will prove to be accurate. In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, which although we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted a thorough inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Overview

nLIGHT, Inc., is a leading provider of high‑power semiconductor and fiber lasers for industrial, microfabrication, and aerospace and defense applications. Headquartered in Camas, Washington, we design, develop, and manufacture the critical elements of our lasers, and believe our vertically integrated business model enables us to rapidly introduce innovative products, control our costs and protect our intellectual property.

We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Laser Products segment and the Advanced Development segment. Sales of our semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers and directed energy products are included in the Laser Products segment, while revenue earned from research and development contracts are included in the Advanced Development segment.

Revenues decreased to $242.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $270.1 million in the same period of 2021 due primarily to decreases in product sales to customers in China and development revenue, partially offset by an increase in product sales to customers outside of China. We generated a net loss of $54.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to a net loss of $29.7 million for the same period of 2021.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Demand for our Semiconductor and Fiber Laser Solutions

In order to continue to grow our revenues, we must continue to achieve design wins for our semiconductor and fiber lasers. We consider a design win to occur when a customer notifies us that it has selected one of our products to be incorporated into a product or system under development by such customer. For the foreseeable future, our operations will continue to depend upon capital expenditures by customers in the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, which, in turn, depend upon the demand for these customers’ products or services. In addition, in the

Table of Contents

Aerospace and Defense market, our business depends in large part on continued investment in laser technology by the U.S. government and its allies, and our ability to continue to successfully develop leading technology in this area and commercialize that technology in the future.

Demand for our products also fluctuates based on market cycles, continuously evolving industry supply chains, trade and tariff terms, as well as evolving competitive dynamics in each of our end-markets. Erosion of average selling prices, or ASPs, of established products is typical in our industry, and the ASPs of our products generally decrease as our products mature. We may also negotiate discounted selling prices from time to time with certain customers that purchase higher volumes, or to penetrate new markets or applications. Historically, we have been able to offset decreasing ASPs by introducing new and higher value products, increasing the sales of our existing products, expanding into new applications and reducing our product and manufacturing costs. Although we anticipate further increases in product volumes and the continued introduction of new and higher value products, ASP reduction may cause our revenues to decline or grow at a slower rate.

Technology and New Product Development

We invest heavily in the development of our semiconductor, fiber laser and directed energy technologies to provide solutions to our current and future customers. We anticipate that we will continue to invest in research and development to achieve our technology and product roadmap. Our product development is targeted to specific sectors of the market where we believe the performance of our products provide a significant benefit to our customers. We believe our close coordination with our customers regarding their future product requirements enhances the efficiency of our research and development expenditures.

Manufacturing Costs and Gross Margins

Our product gross profit, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues, is impacted by our product sales mix, sales volumes, changes in ASPs, production volumes, the corresponding absorption of manufacturing overhead expenses, production costs and manufacturing yields. Our product sales mix can affect gross profits due to variations in profitability related to product configurations and cost profiles, customer volume pricing, availability of competitive products in various markets, and new product introductions, among other factors. We have invested heavily in U.S.-based manufacturing capabilities in the last several years. Capacity utilization affects our gross margin because we have a high fixed cost base due to our vertically integrated business model. Increases in sales and production volumes drive favorable absorption of fixed costs, improved manufacturing efficiencies and lower production costs. Gross margins may fluctuate from period to period depending on product mix and the level of capacity utilization.

Our Development gross profit varies with the type and terms of contracts, contract volume, project mix, and successful execution on projects during the period. Most of our Development contracts are structured as cost plus fixed fee due to the technical complexity of the research and development services.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and related global liquidity concerns and macro-economic volatility adversely impacted our end-markets, including reduced economic activity and demand for our products, and delays in new capital expenditure decisions and implementations. While our manufacturing operations generally remained open throughout the pandemic, including our manufacturing facilities in the United States, the COVID-related lockdown of Shanghai by the Chinese government forced us to halt operations in our Shanghai manufacturing facility for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022. Our Shanghai facility manufactures products that are sold directly to end customers as well as components that are shipped to our facilities in the United States to be integrated into finished products. Although we are increasing our manufacturing capabilities outside of China, our Shanghai manufacturing facility remains an important part of our global operations. The closure of our Shanghai facility during the second quarter of 2022 had a negative impact on our 2022 annual financial results, and any additional closures, or partial closures, could have an adverse impact on future periods.

Seasonality

Our quarterly revenues can fluctuate with general economic trends, the timing of capital expenditures by our customers, holidays, and general economic trends. In addition, as is typical in our industry, we tend to recognize a

Table of Contents

larger percentage of our quarterly revenues in the last month of the quarter, which may impact our working capital trends.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our operating results as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated (which may not add up due to rounding):


			Year Ended December 31,
			2022		2021		2020
Revenue:
	Products		79.6	%	76.3	%	83.0	%
	Development		20.4		23.7		17.0
		Total revenue	100.0		100.0		100.0
Cost of revenue:
	Products		60.0		49.2		57.6
	Development		19.0		22.2		15.8
		Total cost of revenue	79.0		71.4		73.4
		Gross profit	21.0		28.6		26.6
Operating expenses:
	Research and development		22.2		20.3		18.5
	Sales, general and administrative		19.9		19.5		17.6
	Restructuring		1.6		—		—
		Total operating expenses	43.8		39.8		36.1
		Loss from operations	(22.8)		(11.2)		(9.4)
Other income (expense):
	Interest income (expense), net		0.2		(0.1)		—
	Other income, net		0.1		0.1		0.2
		Loss before income taxes	(22.4)		(11.2)		(9.2)
Income tax expense (benefit)			0.1		(0.1)		0.2
		Net loss	(22.5)	%	(11.1)	%	(9.4)	%

Revenues by End Market

Our revenues by end market were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2022		% of Revenue		2021		% of Revenue		Amount		%
Industrial	$	91,098	37.6	%	$	94,795	35.1	%	$	(3,697)	(3.9)	%
Microfabrication	62,769		25.9		70,412		26.1		(7,643)		(10.9)
Aerospace and Defense	88,191		36.4		104,939		38.8		(16,748)		(16.0)
	$	242,058	100.0	%	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	(28,088)	(10.4)	%


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2021		% of Revenue		2020		% of Revenue		Amount		%
Industrial	$	94,795	35.1	%	$	84,478	37.9	%	$	10,317	12.2	%
Microfabrication	70,412		26.1		51,649		23.2		18,763		36.3
Aerospace and Defense	104,939		38.8		86,662		38.9		18,277		21.1
	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	222,789	100.0	%	$	47,357	21.3	%

Table of Contents

The decrease in Industrial and Microfabrication market revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a decrease in unit sales in China, partially offset by an increase in unit sales outside of China. The closure of our Shanghai facility for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on unit sales in China. The decrease in revenue from the Aerospace and Defense market for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to decreased activity on research and development contracts, and a decrease in product sales in the second half of 2022 due primarily to supply chain disruptions.

The increase in Industrial market revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was driven by increases in unit sales outside of China, partially offset by a decrease in unit sales in China and lower average selling prices due to changes in product mix. The increase in unit sales outside of China was driven by increased customer demand for fiber lasers used in cutting applications and new products for additive manufacturing, while the decrease in unit sales in China was the result of increased competitive pressure and declining sales prices for fiber lasers used in cutting applications. The increase in Microfabrication market revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was attributable to increases in customer demand and unit sales of semiconductor lasers. The increase in Aerospace and Defense market revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to increased activity on existing research and development contracts, offset partially by a decrease in product sales.

Revenues by Segment

Our revenues by segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2022		% of Revenue		2021		% of Revenue		Amount		%
Laser Products	$	192,658	79.6	%	$	206,195	76.3	%	$	(13,537)	(6.6)	%
Advanced Development	49,400		20.4		63,951		23.7		(14,551)		(22.8)
	$	242,058	100.0	%	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	(28,088)	(10.4)	%


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2021		% of Revenue		2020		% of Revenue		Amount		%
Laser Products	$	206,195	76.3	%	$	184,841	83.0	%	$	21,354	11.6	%
Advanced Development	63,951		23.7		37,948		17.0		26,003		68.5
	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	222,789	100.0	%	$	47,357	21.3	%

The decrease in Laser Products revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by decreased units sales across each end market as discussed above. The decrease in Advanced Development revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to decreased activity on research and development contracts. Most of our Advanced Development revenue is generated from cost plus fixed fee research and development contracts, and all Advanced Development revenue is included in the Aerospace and Defense market.

The increase in Laser Products revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to higher revenue and demand from the Industrial and Microfabrication markets outside of China, offset partially by a decrease in product sales to the Aerospace and Defense market. The increase in Advanced Development revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was driven by increased activity on existing research and development contracts with the U.S. Government.

Revenues by Geographic Region

Our revenues by geographic region were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2022		% of Revenue		2021		% of Revenue		Amount		%
North America	$	137,454	56.8	%	$	143,232	53.0	%	$	(5,778)	(4.0)	%
China	21,287		8.8		55,446		20.5		(34,159)		(61.6)
Rest of World	83,317		34.4		71,468		26.5		11,849		16.6
	$	242,058	100.0	%	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	(28,088)	(10.4)	%

Table of Contents


	Year Ended December 31,								Change
	2021		% of Revenue		2020		% of Revenue		Amount		%
North America	$	143,232	53.0	%	$	107,624	48.3	%	$	35,608	33.1	%
China	55,446		20.5		70,882		31.8		(15,436)		(21.8)
Rest of World	71,468		26.5		44,283		19.9		27,185		61.4
	$	270,146	100.0	%	$	222,789	100.0	%	$	47,357	21.3	%

Geographic revenue information is based on the location to which we deliver our products and services.

The decrease in North America revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to decreased revenue from the Aerospace and Defense market, partially offset by increased revenue from the Industrial market. The decrease in China revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was the result of decreased sales in the Industrial and Microfabrication markets, primarily as a result of deteriorating market conditions. The closure of our Shanghai facility for approximately two months during the second quarter of 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic also had a negative impact on 2022 sales in China. The increase in Rest of World revenue for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to increased revenue from the Microfabrication and Industrial markets.

The increase in North America revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily driven by increased revenue from the Aerospace and Defense and Industrials markets. The decrease in China revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was due to decreased sales in the Industrial market as a result of deteriorating market conditions. The increase in Rest of World revenue for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to increased sales in the Microfabrication and Industrial markets.

Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin

Cost of Laser Products revenue consists primarily of manufacturing materials, labor, shipping and handling costs, tariffs and manufacturing-related overhead. We order materials and supplies based on backlog and forecasted customer orders. We expense all warranty costs and inventory provisions as cost of revenues. Cost of Advanced Development revenue consists of materials, labor, subcontracting costs, an allocation of indirect costs including overhead and general and administrative.

Our gross profit and gross margin were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Total
Gross profit	$	50,063		$	3,435		$	(2,677)	$	50,821
Gross margin	26.0		%	7.0		%	NM*		21.0		%


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Total
Gross profit	$	75,833		$	3,979		$	(2,505)	$	77,307
Gross margin	36.8		%	6.2		%	NM*		28.6		%


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Total
Gross profit	$	58,207		$	2,778		$	(1,621)	$	59,364
Gross margin	31.5		%	7.3		%	NM*		26.6		%

*NM - Not meaningful.

Table of Contents

The decrease in Laser Products gross margin for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by sales mix, decreased factory utilization, increased labor and material costs, and increased freight costs, partially offset by an increase in duty reclaim. In addition, Laser Products gross margin in 2022 was negatively impacted by inventory charges related to business restructuring and the discontinuation of certain product lines in the fourth quarter of 2022. The increase in Advanced Development gross margin for 2022 compared to 2021 was not significant and was primarily the result of changes in the composition of research and development contracts.

The increase in Laser Products gross margin for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily due to sales mix and improved factory utilization from higher production volume, offset partially by increases in manufacturing costs. The decrease in Advanced Development gross margin was driven primarily by changes in the composition of research and development contracts. Most of the Advanced Development segment revenue in 2021 was generated from cost plus fixed fee research and development contracts.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Research and Development


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2022		2021		Amount		%
Research and development	$	53,773	$	54,814	$	(1,041)	(1.9)


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%
Research and development	$	54,814	$	41,164	$	13,650	33.2

The decrease in research and development expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a decrease in stock-based compensation of $1.8 million and a decrease in purchased intangible amortization of $1.2 million, partially offset by increases in salary costs and project-related expenses.

The increase in research and development expense for 2021 compared to 2020 was driven primarily by an increase in stock-based compensation costs of $3.7 million, and increased employee headcount and related costs, and project-related expenses, to support our development efforts.

Sales, General and Administrative


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2022		2021		Amount		%
Sales, general, and administrative	$	48,258	$	52,710	$	(4,452)	(8.4)


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%
Sales, general, and administrative	$	52,710	$	39,248	$	13,462	34.3

The decrease in sales, general and administrative expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation of $9.4 million, partially offset by increases in salary costs, professional service fees and facility expenses, and a decrease in administrative costs allocated to development projects. The decrease in stock-based compensation was the result of forfeitures and decreases in expected achievement related to performance-based stock awards.

The increase in sales, general and administrative expense for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily driven by an increase in stock-based compensation costs of $7.6 million, increased headcount and compensation costs, and increased professional fees.

Table of Contents

Restructuring

Restructuring in 2022 included the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022
Employee termination costs	$	1,271
Write-off of long-lived assets	2,566
Other	55
	$	3,892

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring plan which included headcount reductions in both the U.S. and China, and the write-down of certain in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that were never completed or placed into service. There were no restructuring charges in 2021 or 2020.

Interest Income (Expense), net

Interest income (expense), net was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2022		2021		Amount		%
Interest income (expense), net	$	529	$	(163)	$	692	424.5


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%
Interest income (expense), net	$	(163)	$	78	$	(241)	(309.0)

The increase in net interest income for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by increases in interest rates and the investment in marketable securities during the second quarter of 2022, as well as the payoff of our long-term debt in the third quarter of 2021.

The higher net interest expense for 2021 compared to 2020 was primarily attributable to an increase in bank charges and changes in the market rates on money market funds, offset partially by the March 2021 cash proceeds from our public offering of stock.

Other Income, net


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2022		2021		Amount		%
Other income, net	$	338	$	336	$	2	0.6


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%
Other income, net	$	336	$	378	$	(42)	11.1

The changes in other income, net, in 2022 compared to 2021, and 2021 compared to 2020, are primarily attributable to changes in net realized and unrealized foreign exchange transactions resulting from currency rate fluctuations.

Table of Contents

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2022		2021		Amount		%
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	344	$	(375)	$	719	191.7


	Year Ended December 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(375)	$	340	$	(715)	(210.3)

We record income tax expense for taxes in our foreign jurisdictions including Finland, Italy, and South Korea. While our tax expense is largely dependent on the geographic mix of earnings related to our foreign operations, we also record tax expense for uncertain tax positions taken and associated penalties and interest. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the extent to which a valuation allowance should be applied against our deferred tax assets. Due to the uncertainty with respect to their ultimate realizability in the United States, Austria, and China, we continue to maintain a full valuation allowance in these jurisdictions as of December 31, 2022. Our effective tax rate may vary from period to period based on changes in estimated taxable income or loss by jurisdiction, changes to the valuation allowance, changes to U.S. federal, state or foreign tax laws, future expansion into areas with varying country, state, and local income tax rates and deductibility of certain costs and expenses by jurisdiction.

The increase in income tax expense for 2022 compared to 2021 was driven by a discrete tax benefit related to return to provision true ups and expiring statutes of limitations of unrecognized tax positions recorded in the second quarter of 2021.

The tax benefit for 2021 was primarily related to the release of tax expense, interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions for which statutes of limitations have expired and prior year true ups in foreign jurisdictions. Our 2021 tax benefit was impacted by the geographic location of our pre-tax book income and was primarily related to our operations in Finland and foreign withholding taxes on undistributed earnings.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had cash and cash equivalents of $57.8 million and $146.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we had marketable securities of $50.4 million as of December 31, 2022. Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $108.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our principal uses of liquidity were to fund operating activities, acquire plant and equipment and tax payments related to stock award issuances. The primary source of cash was collections from customers.

We believe our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from period to period and will depend on many factors, including the timing and extent of spending on research and development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the continuing market acceptance of our products and ongoing investments to support the growth of our business. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, technologies and intellectual property rights. From time to time, we may explore additional financing sources which could include equity, equity‑linked and debt financing arrangements.

Table of Contents

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$	(14,542)	$	(7,443)	$	13,041
Net cash used in investing activities	(72,381)		(21,853)		(24,539)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(1,306)		73,742		(3,767)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(477)		(235)		545
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(88,706)	$	44,211	$	(14,720)

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $14.5 million, which was the result of a $54.6 million net loss and use of cash for working capital of $8.2 million, offset partially by non‑cash expenses totaling $48.3 million related primarily to depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation. Changes in working capital were driven by a $5.9 million decrease in accounts payable and a $4.6 million decrease in inventory.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $7.4 million, which was primarily driven by $29.7 million of net loss and use of cash for working capital of $33.7 million, partially offset by non-cash expenses totaling $56.0 million related to depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and other items. Changes in working capital were driven by a $19.0 million increase in inventory, a $9.5 million increase in accounts receivable and a $3.6 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $72.4 million, including the net purchase of $50.0 million of marketable securities and $21.4 million of capital expenditures related to investments in directed energy, manufacturing equipment and facilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $21.9 million, including $19.3 million of capital expenditures related primarily to investments in manufacturing equipment and improvements to our corporate facility.

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $1.3 million, which was primarily driven by $4.9 million of withholding tax payments related to the vesting of stock awards, partially offset by $3.6 million of proceeds from stock options exercises and employee stock plan purchases.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $73.7 million, which was primarily driven by our follow-on public offering of $82.4 million, net of offering costs, and $2.7 million of proceeds from stock options exercised and employee stock plan purchases, partially offset by $10.6 million of withholding tax payments related to vesting of restricted stock awards.

Credit Facilities

We have a $40.0 million revolving line of credit, or LOC, with Pacific Western Bank dated September 24, 2018, which is secured by our assets and expires September 24, 2024.

The LOC agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants and bears an unused credit fee of 0.20% on an annualized basis. The interest rate on the LOC is based on the Prime rate, minus a margin based on our liquidity levels. No amounts were outstanding under the LOC at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and we were in compliance with all covenants.

Table of Contents

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth a summary of our significant contractual obligations to make future payments in cash as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Year
	2023		2024		2025		2026		2027		Thereafter		Total
Purchase commitments	$	47,308	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	47,308
Lease obligations	3,235		2,848		2,037		1,654		1,655		6,806		18,235

Total	$	50,543	$	2,848	$	2,037	$	1,654	$	1,655	$	6,806	$	65,543

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net revenue and expenses in the reporting period. Our accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our financial condition and results of operations reported in our financial statements and related disclosures. We have identified the following accounting policies as being critical because they require our management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue upon transferring control of products and services and the amounts recognized reflect the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. We consider customer purchase orders, which in some cases are governed by master sales agreements, to be the contracts with a customer. As part of our consideration of the contract, we evaluate certain factors, including the customer's ability to pay (or credit risk). For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer products, each of which is distinct, as the identified performance obligations.

We allocate the transaction price to each distinct product based on its relative standalone selling price. Master sales agreements or purchase orders from customers could include a single product or multiple products. Regardless, the contracted price with the customer is agreed to at the individual product level outlined in the customer contract or purchase order. We do not bundle prices; however, we do negotiate with customers on pricing for the same products based on a variety of factors (e.g., level of contractual volume). We have concluded that the prices negotiated with each individual customer are representative of the stand-alone selling price of the product.

We often receive orders with multiple delivery dates that may extend across several reporting periods. We allocate the transaction price of the contract to each delivery based on the product standalone selling price and invoice for each scheduled delivery upon shipment or delivery and recognize revenues for such delivery at the point when transfer of control has occurred. As scheduled delivery dates are generally within one year, under the optional exemption provided by ASC 606-10-50-14a revenues allocated to future shipments of partially completed contracts are not disclosed as performance obligations for point in time revenue. Further, the Company recognizes over time revenue as per ASC 606-10-55-18 (invoice practical expedient) for its cost plus contracts and, accordingly, elects not to disclose information related to those performance obligations under ASC 606-10-50-14b.

Rights of return generally are not included in customer contracts. Accordingly, product revenue is recognized upon transfer of control at shipment or delivery, as applicable. Rights of return are evaluated as they occur.

Revenues recognized at a point in time consist of sales of semiconductor lasers, fiber lasers and other related products. Revenues recognized over time generally consist of development arrangements that are structured based on our costs incurred. Because control transfers over time, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. We generally use the cost-to-cost measure of progress for our contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Billing under these arrangements generally occurs within one month after the work is completed.

Inventory Valuation

Table of Contents

any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, we write down the affected inventory value for estimated excess and obsolescence charges. At the point of loss recognition, a new, lower-cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

Inflation

While we do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022, we experienced higher than expected increases in wages and other compensation costs, materials, and shipping costs during 2022. We expect these increases will continue to impact our cost structure. If our costs become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $57.8 million and investments in marketable securities of $50.4 million with maturities of less than one year. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our cash equivalents or marketable securities as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short‑term nature of these assets.

We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with the borrowings under our loan facility. We have a $40.0 million revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had no outstanding principal amount under the revolving loan facility. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a per annum rate, depending on certain liquidity thresholds, ranging from prime rate minus 1.40% to 0.50%.

Foreign Currency Risk

Due to our international operations, a significant portion of our revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses are denominated in currencies other than the USD, principally the Chinese RMB and the Euro. As a result, our international operations give rise to transactional market risk associated with exchange rate movements of the USD, the Chinese RMB and the Euro. We attempt to minimize these exposures by partially or fully offsetting foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at our subsidiaries that operate in different functional currencies. The effectiveness of this strategy can be limited by the volume of underlying transactions at various subsidiaries and by our ability to accelerate or delay intercompany cash settlements. As a result, we are unable to completely offset the foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

At December 31, 2022, our foreign currency exposure was related to our net investment in our foreign subsidiaries. The potential loss in fair value resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates would be approximately $0.7 million. Foreign exchange rate gains or losses on foreign investments as of December 31, 2022 are reflected as a cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax, and do not affect our results of operations.

Table of Contents

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

nLIGHT, INC.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements


			Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			34
Consolidated Balance Sheets			36
Consolidated Statements of Operations			37
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss			38
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity			39
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			40
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			41

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

nLIGHT, Inc.:

Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of nLIGHT, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable

Table of Contents

assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Excess and obsolete inventory

As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s inventories were $67.6 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company records its inventories at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. The Company records an adjustment to the cost basis of inventory when evidence exists that the net realizable value of inventory is lower than its cost, which occurs when the Company has excess and/or obsolete inventory. The Company’s model to estimate the excess and/or obsolete inventory is based on an analysis of certain existing inventory quantities compared to past consumption and recent purchases to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, the Company writes down the affected inventory value for any estimated excess and/or obsolete inventory.

We identified the assessment of the value of certain excess and obsolete inventory as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the assumptions used to estimate future consumption of certain inventory, including whether past consumption and recent purchases were indicative of future consumption, due to the dynamic business environment the Company competes in, which is characterized by rapid technology and product evolution.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s excess and obsolete inventory process, including controls over the assumptions used to estimate future consumption of inventory. We evaluated the assumptions used to estimate future consumption by: (1) inquiring of relevant Company personnel in order to identify relevant changes to the Company’s business environment as it relates to key customers and product lines, and evaluating whether changes to key customers or product lines were properly assessed by the Company in determining the value of excess and obsolete inventory, (2) selecting a sample of inventory items and, for each sample selection, agreeing the historical consumption and historical purchases to underlying documents and evaluating whether the historical data accurately supported the Company’s assumptions regarding future consumption based on changes to the Company’s business environment, and (3) performing a retrospective review of prior year inventory adjustments and analyzing current year sales for identified excess and obsolete inventories to evaluate the Company’s ability to accurately estimate.



						/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2003.

Portland, Oregon

February 27, 2023

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands)


	As of
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	57,826	$	146,534
Marketable securities	50,391		—
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $290 and $303	37,913		41,574
Inventory	67,600		73,746
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	17,026		15,350
Total current assets	230,756		277,204
Restricted cash	252		250
Lease right-of-use assets	13,893		17,048
Property, plant and equipment, net	60,693		56,101
Intangible assets, net	4,041		6,698
Goodwill	12,376		12,420
Other assets, net	7,222		3,897
Total assets	$	329,233	$	373,618

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	17,507	$	26,347
Accrued liabilities	12,820		14,730
Deferred revenues	1,407		1,629
Current portion of lease liabilities	2,758		3,066

Total current liabilities	34,492		45,772
Non-current income taxes payable	6,699		7,149
Long-term lease liabilities	12,852		14,612

Other long-term liabilities	4,345		3,952
Total liabilities	58,388		71,485
Stockholders' equity:

Common stock - $0.0001 par value; 190,000 shares authorized, 45,629 and 44,248 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively	16		15
Additional paid-in capital	496,211		470,760
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2,748)		(587)
Accumulated deficit	(222,634)		(168,055)
Total stockholders’ equity	270,845		302,133
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	329,233	$	373,618

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share data)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Revenue:
Products	$	192,658	$	206,195	$	184,841
Development	49,400		63,951		37,948
Total revenue	242,058		270,146		222,789
Cost of revenue:
Products	145,272		132,867		128,255
Development	45,965		59,972		35,170
Total cost of revenue	191,237		192,839		163,425
Gross profit	50,821		77,307		59,364
Operating expenses:
Research and development	53,773		54,814		41,164
Sales, general, and administrative	48,258		52,710		39,248
Restructuring	3,892		—		—
Total operating expenses	105,923		107,524		80,412
Loss from operations	(55,102)		(30,217)		(21,048)
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net	529		(163)		78
Other income, net	338		336		378
Loss before income taxes	(54,235)		(30,044)		(20,592)
Income tax expense (benefit)	344		(375)		340
Net loss	$	(54,579)	$	(29,669)	$	(20,932)


Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.23)	$	(0.70)	$	(0.55)


Shares used in per share calculations, basic and diluted	44,436		42,142		38,367

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Net loss	$	(54,579)	$	(29,669)	$	(20,932)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(2,555)		(328)		2,426
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities	394		—		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(56,740)	$	(29,997)	$	(18,506)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(In thousands)


	Common stock	Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders' equity
			Shares					Amount
Balance, December 31, 2019		38,084		$	15	$	336,732		$	(2,685)	$	(117,454)	$	216,608
Net loss		—		—		—			—		(20,932)		(20,932)

Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options		862		—		1,375			—		—		1,375
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax		769		—		(6,420)			—		—		(6,420)
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan		78		—		1,393			—		—		1,393
Stock-based compensation		—		—		25,464			—		—		25,464
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax		—		—		—			2,426		—		2,426
Balance, December 31, 2020		39,793		15		358,544			(259)		(138,386)		219,914
Net loss		—		—		—			—		(29,669)		(29,669)
Proceeds from follow-on offering, net of offering costs		2,537		—		82,354			—		—		82,354
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options		896		—		1,145			—		—		1,145
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax		952		—		(10,606)			—		—		(10,606)
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan		70		—		1,603			—		—		1,603
Stock-based compensation		—		—		37,720			—		—		37,720
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax		—		—		—			(328)		—		(328)
Balance, December 31, 2021		44,248		15		470,760			(587)		(168,055)		302,133
Net loss		—		—		—			—		(54,579)		(54,579)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to exercise of stock options		585		1		1,197			—		—		1,198
Issuance of common stock pursuant to vesting of restricted stock awards and units, net of stock withheld for tax		705		—		(4,861)			—		—		(4,861)
Restricted stock awards forfeited in connection with transition agreement		(140)		—		—			—		—		—
Restricted stock awards adjusted in connection with performance achievement		(10)		—		—			—		—		—
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan		241		—		2,358			—		—		2,358
Stock-based compensation		—		—		26,757			—		—		26,757
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities		—		—		—			394		—		394
Cumulative translation adjustment, net of tax		—		—		—			(2,555)		—		(2,555)
Balance, December 31, 2022		45,629		$	16	$	496,211		$	(2,748)	$	(222,634)	$	270,845

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(54,579)	$	(29,669)	$	(20,932)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	11,085		9,179		7,710
Amortization	4,614		5,880		5,975
Reduction in carrying amount of right-of-use assets	3,000		3,253		2,916
Provision for (recoveries of) losses on accounts receivable	4		(70)		88
Stock-based compensation	26,757		37,720		25,464
Deferred income taxes	4		37		(11)
Loss on disposal of assets	51		16		—
Non-cash restructuring charges	2,758		—		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net	2,757		(9,509)		(4,009)
Inventory	4,623		(18,994)		(6,937)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(1,753)		(3,630)		(3,442)
Other assets, net	(5,219)		(570)		(3,463)
Accounts payable	(5,904)		3,463		7,306
Accrued and other long-term liabilities	(577)		(199)		2,269
Deferred revenues	(208)		(909)		1,800
Lease liabilities	(1,942)		(2,934)		(2,820)
Non-current income taxes payable	(13)		(507)		1,127
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(14,542)		(7,443)		13,041
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	(664)		(291)		(190)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(21,388)		(19,317)		(23,416)
Acquisition of intangible assets and capitalization of patents	(332)		(2,245)		(933)
Purchase of marketable securities	(99,985)		—		—
Proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities	49,988		—		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(72,381)		(21,853)		(24,539)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from public offerings, net of offering costs	—		82,354		—

Proceeds from term loan	—		—		15,000
Principal payments on term loan, debt and financing leases	—		(428)		(15,115)
Payment of contingent consideration related to acquisition	—		(326)		—

Proceeds from employee stock plan purchases	2,358		1,603		1,393

Proceeds from stock option exercises	1,197		1,145		1,375
Tax payments related to stock award issuances	(4,861)		(10,606)		(6,420)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(1,306)		73,742		(3,767)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(477)		(235)		545
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(88,706)		44,211		(14,720)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	146,784		102,573		117,293
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	58,078	$	146,784	$	102,573
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for interest, net	$	—	$	117	$	(311)
Cash paid for income taxes	442		526		647
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	3,925		3,513		2,919
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities	1,349		8,012		15,127
Accrued purchases of property, equipment and patents	207		2,522		788

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

nLIGHT, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of nLIGHT, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries Arbor Photonics, LLC, nLIGHT Cayman Ltd., nLIGHT Laser Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, nLIGHT Oy (Finland), nLIGHT Korea Inc., nLIGHT GmbH, Nutronics, Inc., and OPI Photonics S.r.l. All intercompany balances have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inventory valuation, allowances for doubtful accounts, warranty, sales return reserves and the recoverability of long-lived assets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

See Note 3 for a detailed description of our revenue recognition policies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents included $32.3 million and $127.1 million of highly liquid investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

Inventory

See Note 8 for a detailed description of our inventory accounting policies.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Improvements and replacements are capitalized. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight‑line method over the estimated useful life of each asset, generally 2 to 12 years for property and equipment, and 30 years for buildings. Land is not depreciated.

Goodwill

Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price of an acquisition exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually and more frequently if material changes in events or circumstances arise. We perform an annual impairment review of goodwill in the fourth quarter of each year using either a qualitative assessment or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the qualitative assessment is selected and determines that the fair value of each reporting unit more likely than not exceeds its carrying value, no further assessment is necessary. If a quantitative test is determined necessary and an impairment is indicated, the impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. An impairment loss cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. Based on qualitative assessments performed in fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, the fair values of the Laser Products and Advanced Development reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and no impairment charges were recorded. See Note 11 for additional information.

Intangible Assets

Definite-lived intangible assets consist of acquisition-related development programs, developed technology, and intellectual property. The intangible assets are being amortized using the straight-line method over periods of 2 to 5 years, which reflect the pattern in which economic benefits of the assets are expected to be realized. See Note 11 for additional information.

Table of Contents

Other Assets

Other assets, net primarily consist of long-term accounts receivable, demonstration ("demo") assets and deposits.

Demo assets are equipment that is used for demonstration and other purposes with existing and prospective customers. Demo assets are recorded at cost and amortized over an estimated useful life of approximately two years.

Amortization expense related to demo assets was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Amortization expense		$	1,544	$	1,979	$	2,166

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges in 2022 were comprised primarily of employee severance and abandoned in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that were never placed into service.

The determination of when we accrue for employee termination benefits depends on whether the termination benefits are provided under a one-time benefit arrangement or under an on-going benefit arrangement. For restructuring charges recorded as an on-going benefit arrangement, a liability for post-employment benefits is recorded when payment is probable, the amount is reasonably estimable, and the obligation relates to rights that have vested or accumulated. For restructuring charges recorded as a one-time benefit arrangement, we recognize a liability for employee termination benefits when a plan of termination, approved by management and establishing the terms of the benefit arrangement, has been communicated to employees. The timing of the recognition of one-time employee termination benefits is dependent upon the period of time the employees are required to render service after communication. If employees are not required to render service in order to receive the termination benefits or if employees will not be retained to render service beyond the minimum legal notification period, a liability for the termination benefits is recognized at the communication date. In instances where employees will be retained to render service beyond the minimum legal notification period, the liability for employee termination benefits is measured initially at the communication date based on the fair value of the liability as of the termination date and is recognized ratably over the future service period. We continually evaluate the adequacy of the remaining liabilities under our restructuring initiatives.

We record charges related to long-lived assets to be abandoned when the assets cease to be used, and any inventory charges related to restructuring are classified as a cost of revenue.

Although we believe that these estimates accurately reflect the costs of our restructuring plans, actual results may differ, thereby requiring us to record additional provisions or reverse a portion of such provisions.

See Note 16 for additional information.

Impairment of Long‑Lived Assets

Long‑lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, and intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. There was no impairment of long‑lived assets recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Leases

See Note 15 for a detailed description of our lease accounting policies.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development is defined as activities aimed at developing or significantly improving a product or a process or technique whether the product or process is intended for sale or use. A process also may be used internally as a part of a manufacturing activity. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Table of Contents

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense for stock-based awards on a straight-line basis based on the grant-date estimated fair values and requisite service period. The fair value of stock options is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, while the fair value of restricted stock units (RSU) and restricted stock awards (RSA) are measured based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. For RSUs and RSAs with performance conditions, compensation costs are also based on the probable outcome of achieving the specified performance conditions. The fair value of restricted stock awards based on certain market performance criteria is measured using the Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach under which deferred income taxes are provided based upon enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which taxes become payable.

We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely to be realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

Translation of Foreign Currencies

Our international subsidiaries use their local currency as their functional currency. The financial statements of the international subsidiaries are translated to their U.S. dollar equivalents at end‑of‑period currency exchange rates for assets and liabilities and at average currency exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Translation adjustments are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains or losses, net are recorded in Other income, net within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Realized foreign currency (gain) loss	$	(967)	$	(294)	$	98
Unrealized foreign currency (gain) loss	1,052		102		(171)

New Accounting Pronouncements

ASU 2016-13, ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2020-03

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, in June 2016. ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. For assets measured at amortized cost, the new standard requires that the income statement reflects the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU 2016-13 was amended in November 2018, April 2019 and March 2020. We adopted ASU 2016-13, as amended, on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ASU 2019-12

The FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, in December 2019. ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. We adopted ASU 2019-12 on January 1, 2021 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows

Note 2 - Acquisition

Table of Contents

On July 30, 2020, we acquired the outstanding shares of OPI Photonics S.r.l. (OPI), an Italian limited liability company, for cash consideration of $1.6 million. Approximately $0.2 million was paid at closing, $0.7 million was paid in 2021, and the final payment of $0.7 million was made during the third quarter of 2022.

The acquisition price was allocated $0.7 million to current assets, primarily inventory and prepaid and other assets, $1.2 million to intangible assets (developed technology) and $1.0 million to liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date based upon their respective fair values. The developed technology acquired is being amortized over the weighted-average useful life of 5 years. The excess of purchase price over the fair value amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed of $0.8 million represents goodwill resulting from the acquisition.

The goodwill and operating results of OPI are allocated to our Laser Products segment. Revenue and earnings since the date of acquisition are not material. Transaction costs of $0.1 million were expensed as incurred as a component of Sales, general, and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2020.

Pro forma financial information has not been provided for the purchase as it was not material to our overall financial position.

Note 3 - Revenue

We often receive orders with multiple delivery dates that may extend across several reporting periods. We allocate the transaction price of the contract to each delivery based on the product standalone selling price and invoice for each scheduled delivery upon shipment or delivery and recognize revenues for such delivery at the point, when transfer of control has occurred. As scheduled delivery dates are generally within one year, under the optional exemption provided by ASC 606-10-50-14a revenues allocated to future shipments of partially completed contracts are not disclosed as performance obligations for point in time revenue. Further, the Company recognizes over time revenue as per ASC 606-10-55-18 (invoice practical expedient) for its cost plus contracts and, accordingly, elects not to disclose information related to those performance obligations under ASC 606-10-50-14b.

The following tables represent a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the periods presented (in thousands):

Table of Contents

Sales by End Market


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Industrial		$	91,098	$	94,795	$	84,478
Microfabrication		62,769		70,412		51,649
Aerospace and Defense		88,191		104,939		86,662
		$	242,058	$	270,146	$	222,789

Sales by Geography


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
North America		$	137,454	$	143,232	$	107,624
China		21,287		55,446		70,882
Rest of World		83,317		71,468		44,283
		$	242,058	$	270,146	$	222,789

Sales by Timing of Revenue


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Point in time		$	183,005	$	198,838	$	185,215
Over time		59,053		71,308		37,574
		$	242,058	$	270,146	$	222,789

Our contract assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):


	Balance Sheet Classification	As of December 31,
		2022		2021
Contract assets	Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	10,377	$	9,657
Contract liabilities	Deferred revenues and other long-term liabilities	2,455		2,358

Contract assets generally consist of revenue recognized on an over time basis where revenue recognition has been met, but the amounts are subsequently billed and collected in the following period. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized revenue of $1.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of the period as the performance obligations under the associated agreements were satisfied.

Note 4 - Concentrations of Credit and Other Risks

The following customers accounted for 10% or more of our revenues for the periods presented:


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022	2021	2020
Quick Laser Technology Co., Ltd.		(1)	(1)	12%
Raytheon Technologies		(1)	(1)	12%
U.S. Government		17%	22%	15%

(1)Represents less than 10% of total revenues.

Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of receivables

Table of Contents

from customers. As of December 31, 2022, and 2021, two customers accounted for a total of 29% and 33%, respectively, of net customer receivables. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net customer receivables at either date.

Note 5 - Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is our best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in our existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on historical write-off experience and knowledge of any applicable circumstances.

Activity related to the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning	$	303	$	367
Provision (benefit) for losses on accounts receivable	27		(4)
Write-offs, net	(40)		(60)
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending	$	290	$	303

Note 6 - Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days when purchased. Our marketable securities are considered available-for-sale as they represent investments that are available to be sold for current operations. As such, they are included as current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Any unrealized gains and losses that are considered to be other-than-temporary are recorded in other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities are determined using the specific-identification method and recorded in other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Realized gains were $0.2 million for year ended December 31, 2022. Unrealized gains were $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. These unrealized gains are considered temporary and are reflected in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

See Note 7 for additional information.

Note 7 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of certain of our financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are shown at cost which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of our term and revolving loans approximates the carrying value due to the variable market rate used to calculate interest payments.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following:

•Level 1 Inputs: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level 2 Inputs: Observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Table of Contents

•Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Our financial instruments that are carried at fair value consist of Level 1 assets which include highly liquid investments and bank drafts classified as cash equivalents and marketable securities. Our fair value hierarchy for our financial instruments was as follows (in thousands):


	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents:
Money market securities	$	31,658	$	—	$	—	$	31,658
Commercial paper	656		—		—		656
	32,314		—		—		32,314
Marketable Securities:
U.S. treasuries	50,391		—		—		50,391
Total	$	82,705	$	—	$	—	$	82,705


	December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents:
Money market securities	$	126,900	$	—	$	—	$	126,900
Commercial paper	236		—		—		236
Total	$	127,136	$	—	$	—	$	127,136

Cash Equivalents

The fair value of cash equivalents is determined based on quoted market prices for similar or identical securities.

Marketable Securities

We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale and value them utilizing a market approach that uses observable inputs without applying significant judgment.

Note 8 - Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of average cost (principally standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) and net realizable value. Inventory includes raw materials and components that may be specialized in nature and subject to obsolescence. On a quarterly basis, we review inventory quantities on hand in comparison to our past consumption, recent purchases, and other factors to determine what inventory quantities, if any, may not be sellable. Based on this analysis, we write down the affected inventory value for estimated excess and obsolescence charges. At the point of loss recognition, a new, lower-cost basis for that inventory is established, and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances do not result in the restoration or increase in that newly established cost basis.

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Raw materials	$	32,515	$	32,185
Work in process and semi-finished goods	19,056		24,642
Finished goods	16,029		16,919
	$	67,600	$	73,746

Note 9 - Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Table of Contents

The components of prepaid expenses and other current assets are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Contract assets	$	10,377	$	9,657

Prepaid expenses	4,175		3,483

Vendor prepayments	2,423		2,107
Other	51		103
	$	17,026	$	15,350

Note 10 - Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):


	Useful life	As of December 31,
	(years)	2022		2021
Automobiles	3	$	110	$	114
Computer hardware and software	3 - 5	8,712		6,594
Manufacturing and lab equipment	2 - 7	89,230		81,130
Office equipment and furniture	5 - 7	2,410		2,361
Leasehold and building improvements	2 - 12	30,675		28,125
Buildings	30	9,392		9,392
Land	N/A	3,399		3,399
		143,928		131,115
Accumulated depreciation		(83,235)		(75,014)
		$	60,693	$	56,101

Note 11 - Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets

The details of definite lived intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):


	Estimated useful life (in years)	As of December 31,
		2022		2021
Patents	3 - 5	$	6,322	$	5,986
Development programs	2 - 4	7,200		7,200
Developed technology	5	2,930		3,038
		16,452		16,224
Accumulated amortization		(12,411)		(9,526)
		$	4,041	$	6,698

Amortization related to intangible assets was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Amortization expense	$	2,879	$	3,891	$	3,808

Estimated amortization expense for future years is as follows (in thousands):

Table of Contents


2023	$	2,230
2024	922
2025	586
2026	303
Thereafter	—
	$	4,041

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill by segment was as follows (in thousands):


	Laser Products		Advanced Development		Totals




Balance, December 31, 2021	$	2,172	$	10,248	$	12,420
Currency exchange rate adjustment	(44)		—		(44)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	2,128	$	10,248	$	12,376

Note 12 - Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
Accrued payroll and benefits	$	8,233	$	10,915
Product warranty, current	2,601		2,286



Other accrued expenses	1,986		1,529
	$	12,820	$	14,730

Note 13 - Product Warranties

We provide warranties on certain products and record a liability for the estimated future costs associated with warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liability is based on historical experience, any specifically identified failures, and our estimate of future costs. The current portion of our product warranty liability is included in the accrued liabilities and the long-term portion is included in other long-term liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Product warranty liability activity was as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Product warranty liability, beginning	$	5,371	$	4,711
Warranty charges incurred, net	(1,490)		(2,467)
Provision for warranty charges, net of adjustments	1,560		3,127

Product warranty liability, ending	5,441		5,371
Less: current portion of product warranty liability	(2,601)		(2,286)
Non-current portion of product warranty liability	$	2,840	$	3,085

Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

See Note 15.

Credit Facilities

We have a $40.0 million revolving line of credit (LOC) with Pacific Western Bank which is secured by our assets and expires in September 2024.

Table of Contents

The LOC agreement contains restrictive and financial covenants and bears an unused credit fee of 0.20% on an annualized basis. The interest rate on the LOC is based on the Prime Rate, minus a margin based on our liquidity levels. No amounts were outstanding under the LOC at December 31, 2022 and 2021 and we were in compliance with all covenants.

Legal Matters

On March 25, 2022, Lumentum Operations LLC (Lumentum) filed a complaint against nLIGHT, Inc. and certain of its employees in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The complaint alleges that Lumentum is the partial or full owner of certain of our patents and requests corresponding relief from the court. We are vigorously defending against Lumentum's allegations. Loss in this matter is not probable and reasonably estimable, and as such no loss contingency has been recorded.

From time to time, we may be subject to various other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2022, we believe these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 15 - Leases

We lease real estate space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for commercial and industrial space. Facilities-related operating leases have remaining terms of one month to 12.4 years, and some leases include options to extend up to 15 years. Other leases for automobiles, manufacturing and office and computer equipment have remaining lease terms of 0.1 to 4.5 years. These leases are primarily operating leases; financing leases are not material. We did not include any renewal options in our lease terms for calculating the lease liabilities as we are not reasonably certain we will exercise the options at this time. The weighted-average remaining lease term for the lease obligations was 8 years as of December 31, 2022, and the weighted-average discount rate was 3.6%. The weighted-average remaining lease term for the lease obligations was 9 years as of December 31, 2021, and the weighted-average discount rate was 3.5%.

The components of lease expense related to operating leases were as follows (in thousands):


		Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Lease expense:
	Operating lease expense	$	3,865	$	3,924	$	3,052
	Short-term lease expense	573		525		242
	Variable and other lease expense	872		741		503
		$	5,310	$	5,190	$	3,797

Future minimum payments under our non-cancelable lease obligations were as follows as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):


2023	$	3,235
2024	2,848
2025	2,037
2026	1,654
2027	1,655
Thereafter	6,806
Total minimum lease payments	18,235
Less: interest	(2,625)
Present value of net minimum lease payments	15,610
Less: current portion of lease liabilities	(2,758)
Total long-term lease liabilities	$	12,852

Table of Contents

Note 16 - Restructuring

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring plan which included headcount reductions in both the U.S. and China, and the write-down of in-process capital equipment projects related to production capacity that was never placed into service. Restructuring activity in 2022 was as follows (in thousands):


	Employee Termination Costs		Write-Down of Long-Lived Assets		Other		Total
Restructuring charges	$	1,271	$	2,566	$	55	$	3,892
Cash payments	(1,134)		—		—		(1,134)
Non-cash settlements	—		(2,566)		—		(2,566)
Accrual at December 31, 2022	$	137	$	—	$	55	$	192

The restructuring accrual is included as a component of Accrued liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Approximately $3.8 million of the charges recorded in 2022 were attributable to the Laser Products segment, with the remaining $0.1 million attributable to the Advanced Development segment.

Note 17 - Income Taxes

Loss before income taxes was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Domestic	$	(50,611)	$	(33,940)	$	(28,963)
Foreign	(3,624)		3,896		8,371
Loss before income taxes	$	(54,235)	$	(30,044)	$	(20,592)

The income tax provision (benefit) was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current tax expense (benefit):

State	$	73	$	70	$	21
Foreign	264		(458)		2,209
Current tax expense (benefit)	337		(388)		2,230
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Federal	—		—		(1,603)
State	—		—		(60)
Foreign	7		13		(227)
Deferred tax expense (benefit)	7		13		(1,890)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	344	$	(375)	$	340

The income tax provision (benefit) differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to the loss before income taxes as a result of the following differences (in thousands):

Table of Contents


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Tax computed at federal statutory rate	$	(11,436)	$	(6,309)	$	(4,324)
State tax, net of federal tax benefit	(842)		(407)		(209)
Permanent items	(522)		(333)		477
Stock compensation	4,005		(3,307)		(2,669)
Foreign dividends and unremitted earnings	(231)		78		726
Foreign rate differential	(360)		29		501
Rate change due to tax reform	—		918		1,563
Federal credits	(445)		(993)		(639)
Tax contingencies, net of reversals	256		838		(677)
Return to provision	(523)		(1,123)		(2,242)
Other	(324)		(305)		(112)
Valuation allowance	10,766		10,539		7,945
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	344	$	(375)	$	340

The income tax expense (benefit) recorded primarily relates to operations in China and Finland, which have income tax rates of 25% and 20%, respectively.

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	39,998	$	35,585	$	28,718
Research and alternative minimum tax credits	6,658		6,535		5,583
Accrued expenses and other	4,999		7,020		5,648
Lease liabilities	3,270		3,525		2,547
Inventory	3,305		5,852		5,181
Property and equipment	293		—		—
Intangible assets	9,184		—		—
Total gross deferred tax assets	67,707		58,517		47,677
Less: valuation allowance	(64,796)		(54,239)		(43,647)
Total deferred tax assets	2,911		4,278		4,030
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	—		(87)		(3)
Intangible assets	—		(767)		(1,490)
Right-of-use assets	(2,869)		(3,378)		(2,468)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(2,869)		(4,232)		(3,961)
Net deferred tax assets	$	42	$	46	$	69

Net deferred tax assets are included in Other assets, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In evaluating our valuation allowance, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial performance. Due to uncertainty with respect to ultimate realizability of deferred tax assets, we have provided a full valuation allowance against the U.S. and China deferred tax assets. The net change in the total valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were increases of $10.6 million, $10.6 million and $8.1 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

At December 31, 2022, we had U.S., China and state net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of $162.2 million, $15.4 million and $38.4 million, respectively. These carryforwards will expire from 2023 to 2042 if not used by us to reduce taxable income in future periods. We have U.S. research and development credit carryforwards of $7.8 million. These carryforwards will expire between 2023 and 2042 if not used by us to reduce income taxes payable in future periods.

Utilization of NOL carryforwards, credit carryforwards and certain deductions have been subject to annual limitations due to ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We have had three "change in ownership" events that limit the utilization of NOL carryforwards, which occurred twice in August of 2000 and once in January of 2001, and resulted in NOL carryforward limitations totaling $528 thousand. Additional limitations on the use of these tax attributes could occur in the event of possible disputes arising in examination from various taxing authorities.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the changes in the unrecognized tax benefit (in thousands):


Balance at December 31, 2019	$	8,740
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	132
Additions for tax positions of prior years	4
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(1,285)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(53)
Other	321
Balance at December 31, 2020	7,859
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	661
Additions for tax positions of prior years	53

Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(250)
Other	112
Balance at December 31, 2021	8,435
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	822

Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(53)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(183)
Other	(437)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	8,584

At December 31, 2022, we had $8.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalties). Of this amount, $3.1 million is recorded in non-current income taxes payable and $5.5 million is recorded as an offset to non-current deferred tax assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The $5.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits in non-current deferred tax assets is entirely offset by a valuation allowance in both the U.S. and China. Of our unrecognized tax benefits, $3.1 million, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. At December 31, 2021, we had recorded $3.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits in non-current income taxes payable and $4.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits recognized as an offset to non-current deferred tax assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We do not expect a significant decrease to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We recognized penalties and interest during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, of $0.3 million, $(0.3) million, and $0.5 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits were $2.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, our tax years 2019 through 2022, 2018 through 2022, and 2012 through 2022, remain open for examination in the federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, respectively. However, to the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses and credits were generated and carried forward, and to make adjustments up to the net operating loss and credit carryforward amounts. We are not currently under federal, state, or foreign tax examination.

Table of Contents

Note 18 - Stockholders' Equity and Stock-Based Compensation

Preferred Stock

We have authorized 5.0 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001, none of which is issued and outstanding.

Common Stock

Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. No dividends have been declared or paid as of December 31, 2022.

Public Offering

In March 2021, we closed a follow-on public offering in which we issued and sold approximately 2.5 million shares of common stock (including approximately 0.3 million shares sold pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares) at an offering price of $34.00 per share, resulting in aggregate net proceeds to us of approximately $82.4 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs.

Common Stock Repurchase Plan

On November 14, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $10.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2022, no repurchases had been executed under the program.

Equity Incentive Plan

As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 2.1 million shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plan. Common stock issued for awards will come from newly issued shares.

Restricted Stock Awards and Units

Restricted stock award (RSA) and restricted stock unit (RSU) activity under our equity incentive plan was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair values):


		Number of Restricted Stock Awards	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSAs at December 31, 2021		753	$	25.63
	Awards granted	—	—
	Awards vested	(271)	22.77
	Awards forfeited and adjusted	(150)	25.03
RSAs at December 31, 2022		332	$	28.24


		Number of Restricted Stock Units	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
RSUs at December 31, 2021		2,799	$	24.41
	Awards granted	1,409	11.46
	Awards vested	(1,098)	24.91
	Awards forfeited	(326)	24.81
RSUs at December 31, 2022		2,784	$	17.63

The total fair value of RSAs and RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $6.2 million and $27.3 million, respectively. Awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022 include 0.7 million performance-based awards that will vest upon meeting certain performance criteria.

The performance-based awards granted in 2022 vest based on a market metric called Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") for the performance period of three years relative to the TSR of companies in the Russel 2000 Index as of July 1, 2022, and had a grant-date fair value of $14.89 per share using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model.

Table of Contents

Stock Options

The following table summarizes our stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands, except weighted-average exercise prices):


	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price	Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2021	2,454	$1.61	4.4	$54,815

Options exercised	(585)	$2.05
Options canceled	(42)	$9.27
Outstanding, December 31, 2022	1,827	$1.29	3.4	$16,156
Options exercisable at December 31, 2022	1,825	$1.29	3.4	$16,155
Options vested as of December 31, 2022, and expected to vest after December 31, 2022	1,827	$1.29	3.4	$16,156

Total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $7.7 million, $27.1 million and $17.0 million, respectively. We received proceeds of $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.4 million from the exercise of options for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Information related to activity under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) was as follows (in thousands, except weighted-average per share prices):


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Shares issued	241
Weighted-average per share purchase price	$	9.78
Weighted-average per share discount from the fair value of our common stock on date of issuance	$	1.72

As of December 31, 2022, there were 2.7 million shares available for grant under the ESPP.

Stock-Based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense was included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
		2022		2021		2020
Cost of revenues		$	2,677	$	2,505	$	1,621
Research and development		11,675		13,433		9,703
Sales, general and administrative		12,405		21,782		14,140
		$	26,757	$	37,720	$	25,464

Unrecognized Compensation Costs

As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation was $42.9 million, which will be recognized over an average expected recognition period of 2.1 years.

Note 19 - 401(k) Plan

We have a 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan and Trust (the Plan). Participation in the Plan is voluntary and is available to all employees. We may make discretionary matching or qualified non-elective contributions to the Plan. The match is recorded within the cost of revenues and operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and was as follows (in thousands):

Table of Contents


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
401(k) match	$	1,323	$	1,064	$	715

Note 20 - Segment Information

We operate in two reportable segments consisting of the Laser Products segment and the Advanced Development segment. The following table summarizes the operating results by reportable segment (dollars in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Totals
Revenue	$	192,658		$	49,400		$	—	$	242,058
Gross profit	$	50,063		$	3,435		$	(2,677)	$	50,821
Gross margin	26.0		%	7.0		%	NM*		21.0		%


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Totals
Revenue	$	206,195		$	63,951		$	—	$	270,146
Gross profit	$	75,833		$	3,979		$	(2,505)	$	77,307
Gross margin	36.8		%	6.2		%	NM*		28.6		%


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Laser Products			Advanced Development			Corporate and Other		Totals
Revenue	$	184,841		$	37,948		$	—	$	222,789
Gross profit	$	58,207		$	2,778		$	(1,621)	$	59,364
Gross margin	31.5		%	7.3		%	NM*		26.6		%

Corporate and Other is unallocated expenses related to stock-based compensation.

The geographic location of our long‑lived assets, net, based on location of the assets, was as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021
North America	$	82,293	$	78,937
China	10,177		10,531
Rest of World	6,007		6,946
	$	98,477	$	96,414

Note 21 - Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss and the number of shares used for basic and diluted net loss calculations were the same for all periods presented because we were in a loss position.

The following potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted shares as the effect would have been anti‑dilutive (in thousands):

Table of Contents


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022	2021	2020


Restricted stock units and awards	970	2,459	2,903
Employee stock purchase plan	—	—	34
Common stock options	1,788	2,635	3,358
	2,758	5,094	6,295

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, have evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures, in design and operation, were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

None.

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel and consultants, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets;

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of our management and directors; and

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, which appears in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Internal Control

Table of Contents

Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any control systems must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based, in part, on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

CEO and CFO Certifications

We have attached as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which are required in accordance with the Exchange Act. We recommend that this Item 9A be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the subject matter presented.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2022.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Table of Contents

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1) Financial Statements

We have filed the financial statements listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements as a part of this report.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules

Schedules have been omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the required information is otherwise included.

(a)(3) Exhibits

The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, in each case as indicated below.

Table of Contents

Exhibit
Number

Incorporated by Reference

Filed
Herewith

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant

10-Q

001-38462

3.1

May 25, 2018

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant

8-K

001-38462

3.1

December 20, 2022

4.1

Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant

S-1/A

333-224055

4.1

April 16, 2018

4.2

Description of the Registrant's Securities

10-K

10.1

Form of Director and Executive Officer Indemnification Agreement

S-1/A

333-224055

10.1

April 16, 2018

10.2+

2001 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and related form agreements

S-1

333-224055

10.2

March 30, 2018

10.3+

2018 Equity Incentive Plan and related form agreements

S-1/A

333-224055

10.3

April 16, 2018

10.4+

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and related form agreements

S-1/A

333-224055

10.4

April 16, 2018

10.5+

2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement

8-K

001-38462

10.1

June 4, 2018

10.6+

2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Performance-Based)

8-K

001-38462

10.2

June 4, 2018

10.7+

2018 Equity Incentive Plan-Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based)

8-K

001-38462

10.3

June 4, 2018

10.8+

2018 Equity Incentive Plan—Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based)

8-K

001-38462

10.1

July 8, 2022

10.9+

2018 Executive Incentive Compensation Plan

S-1

333-224055

10.5

March 30, 2018

10.10+

Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between the registrant and Scott Keeney

S-1

333-224055

10.6

March 30, 2018

10.11+

Employment Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, by and between the registrant and Ran Bareket

S-1

333-224055

10.7

March 30, 2018

10.12+

Employment Agreement, dated August 31, 2020, by and between the registrant and Joseph Corso

10-K

001-38462

10.11

February 28, 2022

10.13+

Transition Agreement and Release, dated January 18, 2022, by and between the registrant and Ran Bareket

10-K

001-38462

10.12

February 28, 2022

10.14

Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 28, 2018, by and between the registrant and Pacific Western Bank

S-1

333-224055

10.10

March 30, 2018

10.15

First Amendment to Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 18, 2018, by and between the registrant and Pacific Western Bank

10-Q

001-38462

10.1

August 10, 2018

10.16

Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 24, 2018, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank

8-K

001-38462

10.1

September 27, 2018

10.17

First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated November 14, 2019, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank

8-K

001-38462

10.1

November 14, 2019

10.18

Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated May 27, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank

10-Q

003-38462

10.1

November 5, 2021

10.19

Third Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 24, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank

8-K

001-38462

10.1

September 28, 2021

10.2

Fourth Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated December 6, 2021, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Pacific Western Bank

10-K

001-38462

10.19

February 28, 2022

Table of Contents

Exhibit
Number

Incorporated by Reference

Filed
Herewith

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

10.21

North Park Industrial Center Amended and Restated Lease Agreement, dated April 1, 2010, by and between the registrant and Dutton Aspen LLC (as successor in interest to Aspen North Park L.L.C.), as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated June 18, 2012 and the Second Amendment to Lease, dated August 1, 2016

S-1

333-224055

10.12

March 30, 2018

10.22

Lease Agreement, dated April 7, 2000, by and between the registrant and Juhani Leijamaa, as amended by the Lease Contract Extension dated March 21, 2016

S-1

333-224055

10.13

March 30, 2018

10.23

Lease Agreement, dated April 7, 2000, by and between the registrant and Hannele Saamio, as amended by the Lease Contract Extension, dated as of March 21, 2016

S-1

333-224055

10.14

March 30, 2018

10.24

Lease Agreement, dated July 3, 2014, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and Longmont Diagonal Investments, LP, as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated as of August 4, 2016, and the Second Amendment to Lease, dated as of November 2, 2016

10-K

001-38462

10.21

March 9, 2020

10.25

Purchase and Sale Agreement with Joint Closing Instructions between nLIGHT, Inc. and Sharp Electronics Corporation, dated March 13, 2020

8-K

001-38462

10.1

March 16, 2020

10.26

Third Amendment to Lease, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Dutton Aspen LLC, dated June 1, 2020

10-Q

001-38462

10.2

August 6, 2020

10.27

Third Amendment to Lease, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and GCC Longmont Holdings, Limited Partnership, dated July 1, 2020

10-Q

001-38462

10.3

August 6, 2020

10.28

Fourth Amendment to Lease, by and between nLIGHT, Inc. and Dutton Aspen LLC, effective June 2, 2020

10-Q

001-38462

10.2

November 6, 2020

10.29

Fourth Amendment to Lease, by and between Nutronics, Inc. and GCC Longmont Holdings, Limited Partnership, dated November 3, 2020

10-Q

001-38462

10.3

November 6, 2020

21.1

List of Subsidiaries of Registrant

10-K

001-38462

21.1

February 26, 2021

23.1

Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

24.1

Power of Attorney (contained on signature page)

31.1

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2

Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1*

Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS

Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

Table of Contents

Exhibit
Number

Incorporated by Reference

Filed
Herewith

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)



+			Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*			The certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and will not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

Table of Contents

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


		NLIGHT, INC.

Date: February 27, 2023	By:	/s/ SCOTT KEENEY
		Scott Keeney
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Scott Keeney and Joseph Corso, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file, any and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their and his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:


Signature	Title	Date
/s/ SCOTT KEENEY	President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman (Principal Executive Officer)
Scott Keeney		February 27, 2023
/s/ JOSEPH CORSO	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Joseph Corso		February 27, 2023
/s/ JAMES NIAS	Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
James Nias		February 27, 2023
/s/ BANDEL CARANO	Director
Bandel Carano		February 27, 2023
/s/ DOUGLAS CARLISLE	Director
Douglas Carlisle		February 27, 2023
/s/ BILL GOSSMAN	Director
Bill Gossman		February 27, 2023
/s/ RAYMOND LINK	Director
Raymond Link		February 27, 2023
/s/ GARY LOCKE	Director
Gary Locke		February 27, 2023
/s/ GEOFFREY MOORE	Director
Geoffrey Moore		February 27, 2023
/s/ CAMILLE NICHOLS	Director
Camille Nichols		February 27, 2023