surf-20220930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________.

Commission File Number: 001-38459

SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware			46-5543980
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
50 Hampshire Street, 8th Floor Cambridge, MA			02139
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 714-4096

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.0001	SURF	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Small reporting company	☐
Emerging growth Company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 27, 2022, the registrant had 60,542,261 shares of common stock $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements may be identified by such forward-looking terminology as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Our forward-looking statements are based on a series of expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about our company, are not guarantees of future results or performance and involve substantial risks and uncertainty. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements. Our business and our forward-looking statements involve substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties inherent in our statements regarding:

•the timing, progress and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials for our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the trials will become available, and our research and development programs;

•the timing, scope or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including timing of Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application and Biological Licensing Application filings for, and final U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of, our current product candidates and any other future product candidates;

•the success of the implementation of our corporate restructuring and strategic decision to pause the internal clinical development of SRF617 and focus resources on the advancement of SRF388 and SRF114;

•the timing, scope or likelihood of foreign regulatory filings and approvals;

•our ability to use our understanding of the tumor microenvironment to identify product candidates and to match immunotherapies to select patient subsets;

•our ability to develop and advance our current product candidates and programs into, and successfully complete, clinical studies;

•our ability to develop combination therapies, whether on our own or in collaboration with Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc. (“Novartis”), GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 4) Limited (“GSK”) or other third parties;

•the impact of COVID-19 on our business operations and that of our third-party manufacturers, contract research organizations (“CROs”), suppliers, and other service providers and third parties with whom we conduct business or otherwise engage, including regulatory authorities;

•our manufacturing, commercialization and marketing capabilities and strategy;

•the pricing and reimbursement of our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop, if approved;

•the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop;

•the potential benefits of and our ability to maintain our collaborations with Novartis and GSK, and establish or maintain future collaborations or strategic relationships or obtain additional funding;

•our ability to retain the continued service of our key professionals and to identify, hire and retain additional qualified professionals;

•our intellectual property position, including the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our current product candidates and other product candidates we may develop, the validity of intellectual property rights held by third parties, and our ability not to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights;

•our competitive position, and developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry;

•our expectations related to the use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities;

•our ability to raise capital to fund operations;

•our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; and

•the impact of laws and regulations.

All of our forward-looking statements are as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q only. In each case, actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking information. We can give no assurance that such expectations or forward-looking statements will prove to be correct. An occurrence of or any material adverse change in one or more of the risk factors or risks and uncertainties referred to in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or included in our other public disclosures or our other periodic reports or other documents or filings filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Except as required by law, we do not undertake or plan to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in plans, assumptions, estimates or projections or other circumstances affecting such forward-looking statements occurring after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, even if such results, changes or circumstances make it clear that any forward-looking information will not be realized. Any public statements or disclosures by us following this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that modify or impact any of the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will be deemed to modify or supersede such statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	36
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	38
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	38
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	38
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	38
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	38
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	38
Item 5.	Other Information	38
Item 6.	Exhibits	39
Signatures		40

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	65,096	$	56,045
Marketable securities	81,254		98,104
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3,772		3,197
Total current assets	150,122		157,346
Property and equipment, net	4,925		5,651
Operating lease right-of-use asset	24,888		25,870
Restricted cash	1,595		1,595
Other assets	91		385
Total assets	$	181,621	$	190,847
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	535	$	1,550
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	11,700		13,089
Operating lease liability	5,757		5,384
Convertible note payable	—		—
Total current liabilities	17,992		20,023
Operating lease liability, non-current	25,348		26,909
Convertible note payable, non-current	25,462		25,015
Total liabilities	68,802		71,947
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 5,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	—		—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 150,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; 60,542,261 and 46,958,776 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	6		5
Additional paid-in capital	297,179		259,859
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,369)		(221)
Accumulated deficit	(182,997)		(140,743)
Total stockholders’ equity	112,819		118,900
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	181,621	$	190,847

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
License-related revenue	$	—	$	392	$	30,000	$	2,532
Operating expenses:
Research and development	16,894		14,037		51,715		37,250
General and administrative	6,004		5,847		18,970		17,923
Total operating expenses	22,898		19,884		70,685		55,173
Loss from operations	(22,898)		(19,492)		(40,685)		(52,641)
Interest expense	(829)		(421)		(2,244)		(1,861)
Other income (expense), net	487		20		675		67
Net loss	(23,240)		(19,893)		(42,254)		(54,435)
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.39)	$	(0.44)	$	(0.78)	$	(1.25)
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	59,054,486		45,236,775		54,143,394		43,510,078
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(23,240)	$	(19,893)	$	(42,254)	$	(54,435)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net of tax of $0	(199)		6		(1,148)		(3)
Comprehensive loss	$	(23,439)	$	(19,887)	(43,402)		(54,438)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share amounts)


	Common Stock
	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances at December 31, 2021	46,958,776	$	5	$	259,859	$	(221)	$	(140,743)	$	118,900
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	208	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plan	51,329	—		157		—		—		157
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	7,337,251	1		20,555		—		—		20,556
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		1,865		—		—		1,865
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—		(690)		—		(690)
Net income	—	—		—		—		6,199		6,199
Balances at March 31, 2022	54,347,564	$	6	$	282,436	$	(911)	$	(134,544)	$	146,987
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	9,135	—		11		—		—		11
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plan	2,234	—		7		—		—		7
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	1,025,935	—		2,110		—		—		2,110
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,073		—		—		2,073
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—		(259)		—		(259)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(25,213)		(25,213)
Balances at June 30, 2022	55,384,868	$	6	$	286,637	$	(1,170)	$	(159,757)	$	125,716
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	—	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs	284,400	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plan	94,745	—		110		—		—		110
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	4,778,248	—		8,666		—		—		8,666
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		1,766		—		—		1,766
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—		(199)		—		(199)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(23,240)		(23,240)
Balances at September 30, 2022	60,542,261	$	6	$	297,179	$	(1,369)	$	(182,997)	$	112,819

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share amounts)


	Common Stock
	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances at December 31, 2020	40,707,047	$	4	$	218,001	$	—	$	(62,258)	$	155,747
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	55,761	—		148		—		—		148
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plan	19,377	—		118		—		—		118
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	1,677,118	1		14,715		—		—		14,716
Issuance of common stock upon conversion of convertible note payable	961,538	—		1,500		—		—		1,500
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,380		—		—		2,380
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—		(1)		—		(1)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(15,561)		(15,561)
Balances at March 31, 2021	43,420,841	$	5	$	236,862	$	(1)	$	(77,819)	$	159,047
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	358,126	—		1,486		—		—		1,486
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	556,642	—		4,266		—		—		4,266
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,279		—		—		2,279
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	—	—		—		(8)		—		(8)
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(18,981)		(18,981)
Balances at June 30, 2021	44,335,609	$	5	$	244,893	$	(9)	$	(96,800)	$	148,089
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	72,745	—		305		—		—		305
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs	997,400	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plan	27,522	—		149		—		—		149
Issuance of common stock upon public offering, net of issuance costs	69,785	—		497		—		—		497
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		2,044		—		—		2,044
Unrealized gain on marketable securities	—	—		—		6		—		6
Net loss	—	—		—		—		(19,893)		(19,893)
Balances at September 30, 2021	45,503,061	$	5	$	247,888	$	(3)	$	(116,693)	$	131,197

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(42,254)	$	(54,435)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,037		1,194
Stock-based compensation expense	5,704		6,703
Non-cash interest expense related to note payable	447		927
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities	265		586
Non-cash operating lease cost	1,737		1,517
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(575)		309
Other assets	294		115
Accounts payable	(1,015)		(1,234)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(1,495)		(525)
Operating lease liability	(1,943)		(1,644)
Net cash used in operating activities	(37,798)		(46,487)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(205)		(52)
Purchases of marketable securities	(30,308)		(91,439)
Proceeds from sales or maturities of marketable securities	45,745		2,000
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	15,232		(89,491)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon public offering, net	31,332		19,479
Proceeds from employee stock purchases	274		267
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	11		1,939
Net cash provided by financing activities	31,617		21,685
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	9,051		(114,293)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	57,640		176,736
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	66,691	$	62,443
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	1,746	$	945
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Additional right-of-use asset and related lease liability	$	755	$	—
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	106	$	—
Conversion of note payable into shares of common stock	$	—	$	1,500

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

1. Nature of the Business

Surface Oncology, Inc. (the “Company” or “Surface”) is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company focused on using its specialized knowledge of the biological pathways critical to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (“TME”) for the development of next-generation cancer therapies. Surface was incorporated in April 2014 under the laws of the State of Delaware.

The Company is subject to risks common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the ability to obtain additional financing to fund operations. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

On May 22, 2020, the Company entered into a Capital on Demand™ Sales Agreement (the “2020 Sales Agreement”) with JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (“JonesTrading") to issue and sell shares of the Company’s common stock of up to $50,000 in gross proceeds, from time to time during the term of the 2020 Sales Agreement, through an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which JonesTrading acted as the Company’s agent and/or principal (the “2020 ATM Facility”). The 2020 ATM Facility provided that JonesTrading was entitled to compensation for its services in an amount of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares sold under the 2020 ATM Facility. The Company had no obligation to sell any shares under the 2020 ATM Facility and had the right, at any time, to suspend solicitation and offers under the 2020 Sales Agreement. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold 69,785 and 2,303,545 shares of common stock, at-the-market, under the 2020 Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $497 and $19,479, respectively. The Company did not sell any shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2020 Sales Agreement in 2020. On August 5, 2021, the Company closed the 2020 ATM Facility.

On August 5, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the 2020 Sales Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Sales Agreement”) with JonesTrading, which amended the 2020 Sales Agreement to allow the issuance and sale of up to $80,000 in gross proceeds, from time to time during the term of the Amended Sales Agreement, through an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which JonesTrading will act as the Company’s sales agent (the “2021 ATM Facility”). The 2021 ATM Facility provides that JonesTrading will continue to be entitled to compensation for its services in an amount of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares sold under the 2021 ATM Facility. The Company has no obligation to sell any shares under the Amended Sales Agreement and may, at any time, suspend solicitation and offers under the 2021 ATM Facility. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 4,778,248 and 13,141,434 shares of common stock, at-the-market under the Amended Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $8,666 and $31,331, respectively. Since August 5, 2021, the Company has sold 14,575,061 shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2021 ATM Facility for net proceeds of $41,377.

The Company’s financial statements have been prepared on the basis of continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. The Company has primarily funded its operations with proceeds from private and public sales of its securities, proceeds from a collaboration agreement with Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc. (“Novartis”), proceeds from a license agreement with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 4) Limited (“GSK”) and issuance of a term loan with K2 Health Ventures LLC (“K2HV”). The Company has a history of incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $182,997.

The Company expects that its operating losses and negative cash flows will continue for the foreseeable future. As of November 2, 2022, the issuance date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company expects that its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses, debt service obligations and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. The future viability of the Company beyond that date is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The Company will seek additional funding through public financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. The Company may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be required to delay, reduce, or eliminate research and development programs, product portfolio expansion, or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects.

Although management continues to pursue these plans, there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to the Company to fund continuing operations, if at all.

The ongoing global outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease and its variants (collectively, “COVID-19”) and significant governmental and related measures implemented or reimplemented to help control the spread of the virus have impacted and could materially and adversely impact the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is continues to monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and take steps to identify and help minimize its adverse impact on, and risks to, the Company's business, although there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to identify all such steps or that any identified steps will be effective. Although COVID-19 has not had a material adverse impact on the Company’s operations and its clinical and preclinical programs, the extent to which COVID-19 will ultimately impact the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of COVID-19 and the severity of its variants or the effectiveness over time of the measures implemented or reimplemented to help contain the pandemic or mitigate against its impact, among others. Certain of the Company’s third-party service providers have experienced shutdowns or other business disruptions. As a result, the Company’s ability to conduct its business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially or negatively affected, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Surface Securities Corporation, a Massachusetts corporation, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.

The accounting policies followed in the preparation of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent in all material respects with those presented in Note 2 to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 2, 2022.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition and the accrual of research and development expenses. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2022 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are also unaudited. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2021, was derived from audited annual financial statements but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022, any other interim periods, or any future year period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss model. It also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. These changes may result in earlier recognition of credit losses. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which narrowed the scope and changed the effective date for non-public entities for ASU 2016-13. The FASB subsequently issued supplemental guidance within ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief (“ASU 2019-05”). ASU 2019-05 provides an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. This standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements upon adoption.

3. Marketable Securities

As of September 30, 2022, the fair value of available-for-sale marketable debt securities by type of security was as follows:


	September 30, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Marketable debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	57,852	$	—	(1,027)		$	56,825
U.S. government agency bonds	10,945		—		(217)		10,728
Corporate bonds	$	13,826	$	—	$	(125)	$	13,701
	$	82,623	$	—	$	(1,369)	$	81,254

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity are summarized as follows:


	September 30, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturing in one year or less	$	79,193	$	77,879
Maturing after one year	3,430		3,375
	$	82,623	$	81,254

As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of available-for-sale marketable debt securities by type of security was as follows:


	December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Marketable debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	77,550	$	—	(188)		$	77,362
U.S. government agency bonds	20,775		—		(33)		20,742
	$	98,325	$	—	$	(221)	$	98,104

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity are summarized as follows:


	December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturing in one year or less	$	60,462	$	60,406
Maturing after one year	37,863		37,698
	$	98,325	$	98,104

The Company has the intent and ability to hold investments in an unrealized loss position until recovery, which may be at maturity. The Company determined it is more likely than not it would not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost. As a result, the Company determined it did not hold any investments with an other-than-temporary decline in fair value as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

4. Fair Value of Financial Assets

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values:


	Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2022 using:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	41,954	$	—	$	—	$	41,954
Marketable securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	—		56,825		—		56,825
U.S. government agency bonds	—		10,728		—		10,728
Corporate bonds	$	—	$	13,701	$	—	13,701
	$	41,954	$	81,254	$	—	$	123,208


	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2021 using:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	20,309	$	—	$	—	$	20,309
Marketable securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	—	$	77,362	$	—	$	77,362
U.S. Government agency bonds	$	—	$	20,742	$	—	$	20,742
	$	20,309	$	98,104	$	—	$	118,413

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company’s cash equivalents were invested in money market funds, U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. government agency bonds and corporate bonds and were valued based on Level 1 and Level 2 inputs. Money market funds were valued by the Company based on quoted market prices, which represent a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. U.S. treasury notes, U.S. government agency bonds and corporate bonds were valued by obtaining third-party pricing sources, which use quoted prices in active markets for similar securities. These represent a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.

5. Collaboration and License Agreements

Novartis Agreement

In January 2016, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Novartis, which was subsequently amended in May 2016, July 2017, September 2017, and October 2018 (as amended, the “Novartis Agreement”). Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, the Company granted Novartis a worldwide exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target cluster of differentiation 73 (“CD73”). In addition, the Company initially granted Novartis the right to purchase exclusive option rights (each an “Option”) for up to four specified targets (each an “Option Target”) including certain development, manufacturing, and commercialization rights, pursuant to which, Novartis initially had the right to exercise up to three purchased Options. Accordingly, Novartis had the ability to exclusively license the development, manufacturing and commercial rights for up to four targets (inclusive of CD73). Through September 30, 2022, the Company had received an aggregate of $150,000 from Novartis in upfront payments, milestone payments, and option purchase payments.As of January 2020, there were no Options remaining for purchase and exercise, and accordingly the Company’s performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement ended. Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company is currently entitled to potential development milestones of $325,000 and sales milestones of $200,000, as well as tiered royalties on annual net sales by Novartis ranging from high single-digit to mid-teens percentages upon the successful commercialization of NZV930 (formerly SRF373). Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, the Company may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the Novartis Agreement.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Termination

Unless terminated earlier, the Novartis Agreement will continue in effect until neither the Company nor Novartis is researching, developing, manufacturing or commercializing NZV930. Novartis may terminate the Novartis Agreement for any or no reason upon prior notice to the Company within a specified time period. Either party may terminate the Novartis Agreement in full if an undisputed material breach is not cured within a certain period of time or upon notice of insolvency of the other party. To the extent Novartis terminates for convenience, or the Company terminates for Novartis’ uncured material breach, Novartis will grant the Company, on mutually agreeable financial terms, an exclusive, worldwide, irrevocable, perpetual and royalty-bearing license with respect to intellectual property controlled by Novartis that is reasonably necessary to research, develop, manufacture or commercialize NZV930.

Revenue Recognition – Collaboration Revenue – Related Party

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized under ASC 606, the Company performed the following steps: (i) identified the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determined whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

Under ASC 606, the Company recognized revenue using the cost-to-cost method, which it believes best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation. Under this method, revenue will be recorded as a percentage of the estimated transaction price based on the extent of progress towards completion. Under ASC 606, the estimated transaction price will include variable consideration. The Company does not include variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will occur when any uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The estimate of the Company’s measure of progress and estimate of variable consideration to be included in the transaction price will be updated at each reporting date as a change in estimate. The amount related to the unsatisfied portion will be recognized as that portion is satisfied over time.

Under ASC 606 the Company accounted for (i) the license it conveyed with respect to CD73; and (ii) its obligations to perform research on CD73 and other specified targets as a single performance obligation under the Novartis Agreement. Novartis’ right to purchase exclusive options to obtain certain development, manufacturing and commercialization rights would have been accounted for separately as they did not represent material rights, based on the criteria of ASC 606. Upon the exercise of any purchased option by Novartis, the contract promises associated with an Option Target would have used a separate cost-to-cost model for purposes of revenue recognition under ASC 606.

The Company did not recognize any revenue relating to the Novartis Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 as it does not have any remaining performance obligations under the agreement.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

GSK Agreement

In December 2020, the Company entered into a license agreement with GSK, which was subsequently amended in August 2021 (as amended, the “GSK Agreement”). Pursuant to the GSK Agreement, the Company granted GSK a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target the antibody GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813), targeting CD112R, also known as PVRIG (the “Licensed Antibodies”). GSK is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Licensed Antibodies and a joint development committee was formed to facilitate information sharing between the Company and GSK. GSK is responsible for all costs and expenses of such development, manufacturing and commercialization and is obligated to provide the Company with updates on its development, manufacturing and commercialization activities through the joint development committee. Under the terms of the GSK Agreement, GSK made a one-time upfront payment of $85,000 and was required to make additional payments to the Company for supply services and transition services of $4,314 and $950, respectively. In November 2021, GSK notified the Company it received clearance from the FDA for GSK4381562 to proceed into a first-in-human clinical trial, and as a result, the Company’s performance obligations under the GSK Agreement ended. In March 2022, the Company earned a $30,000 milestone payment from GSK upon the dosing of the first patient in the Phase 1 trial of GSK4381562, which it received in the second quarter 2022. The Company is currently eligible to receive up to $60,000 in clinical and $155,000 in regulatory milestones. In addition, the Company may receive up to $485,000 in sales milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive royalties on global net sales of any approved products based on the licensed antibodies, ranging in percentages from high single digits to mid-teens. Due to the uncertainty of pharmaceutical development and the historical failure rates generally associated with drug development, the Company may not receive any milestone payments or any royalty payments under the GSK Agreement.

Termination

Unless terminated earlier, the GSK Agreement expires on a licensed product-by-licensed product and country-by-country basis on the later of ten years from the date of first commercial sale or when there is no longer a valid patent claim or regulatory exclusivity covering such licensed product in such country. Either party may terminate the GSK Agreement for an uncured material breach by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. GSK may terminate the GSK Agreement for its convenience. The Company may terminate the GSK Agreement if GSK institutes certain actions related to the licensed patents or if GSK ceases development activities, other than for certain specified technical or safety reasons. In the event of termination, the Company would regain worldwide rights to the terminated program.

Revenue Recognition – License-Related Revenue

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized under ASC 606, the Company performed the following steps: (i) identified the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determined whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

The Company assessed the GSK Agreement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that GSK is a customer. The Company identified the following promises under the contract: (i) a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize the Licensed Antibodies; (ii) supplying Licensed Antibodies until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority (iii) transition services until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority; and (iv) participation on the joint development and joint patent committees. The Company assessed the above promises and determined that the worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize the Licensed Antibodies is considered functional intellectual property and distinct from other promises under the contract. This functional license is distinct in the context of the GSK Agreement as GSK can benefit from the license on its own or together with other readily available resources. In addition, the supply and transition services are not complex or specialized, could be performed by another qualified third party, are not expected to significantly modify or customize the license to GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813), and are expected to be performed only for a short period of time. The Company determined that the impact of participation on the joint development and joint patent committees was insignificant and had an immaterial impact on the accounting model. Based on these assessments, the Company identified three distinct performance obligations at the outset of the GSK Agreement.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The Company determined the transaction price of the GSK Agreement, under ASC 606, to be $90,264, consisting of the upfront payment of $85,000 plus $4,314 for supply of the Licensed Antibodies and $950 for the transition services. The Company evaluated how much variable consideration related to clinical and regulatory milestones to include in the transaction price using the most likely amount approach and concluded that no amount should be included in the transaction price due to the high degree of uncertainty and risk associated with these potential payments. The Company also determined that royalties and sales milestones relate solely to the licenses of intellectual property and are therefore excluded from the transaction price under the sales- or usage-based royalty exception of ASC 606. Revenue related to these royalties and sales milestones will only be recognized when the associated sales occur, and relevant thresholds are met.

As noted above, the Company identified three performance obligations in the GSK Agreement: (i) the delivery of the worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize the Licensed Antibodies; (ii) supply of Licensed Antibodies until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority; and (iii) transition services until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority. The selling price of each performance obligation in the GSK Agreement was determined based on the Company’s standalone selling price with the objective of determining the price at which it would sell such an item if it were to be sold regularly on a standalone basis. The Company recognized revenue for the license performance obligation upon transfer of the license to GSK. As control of the license was transferred on the effective date of December 16, 2020, and GSK could begin to use and benefit from the license, the Company recognized $85,000 of license-related revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company recognized the costs allocated to supply services and transition services over time as the Company transferred control of these services and GSK received and consumed the benefit as the Company performed the services. The Company re-evaluated the transaction price at the end of each reporting period and as uncertain events were resolved, or other changes in circumstances occurred, adjusted its estimate of the transaction price as necessary. The transaction and supply services were completed in November 2021.

In November 2021, GSK notified the Company it received clearance from the FDA for GSK4381562 to proceed into a first-in-human clinical trial and as a result the Company's performance obligations under the GSK Agreement ended.

In March 2022, GSK notified the Company it had dosed the first patient in its in Phase 1 study of GSK4381562 in patients with solid tumors. As a result of this Phase 1 study initiation, the first clinical milestone under the GSK Agreement was achieved. The Company concluded the variable consideration associated with this milestone was no longer constrained and recognized $30,000 in license-related revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as it had no further performance obligations associated with the milestone. The Company did not recognize license-related revenue under the GSK Agreement in the three months ended September 30, 2022.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company did not recognize any license-related revenue related to the transition services or supply services, as the Company's performance obligations under the GSK Agreement had ended. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $48 and $709 of license-related revenue related to the transition services, respectively, and recognized $344 and $1,823 of license-related revenue related to the supply services, respectively, which represents the costs incurred for the manufacturing and transition services that were performed.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized the following totals of license-related revenue:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
License-related revenue	$	—	$	392	$	30,000	$	2,532

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

6. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue 150,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value common stock.

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, if any, subject to the preferential dividend rights of any outstanding preferred stock. No dividends have been declared or paid by the Company through September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had reserved 23,972,858 and 32,934,776 shares, respectively, of common stock for the exercise of outstanding stock options, shares to be issued under the 2021 ATM Facility, shares to be issued upon the conversion of the Loan Agreement (as defined in Note 8 below), as amended, shares to be issued upon the vesting of restricted stock units and the number of shares remaining available for future grant under the Company’s 2018 Plan, Inducement Plan and ESPP (each defined in Note 7 below).

In May 2020, the Company entered into the 2020 Sales Agreement with JonesTrading to issue and sell up to $50,000 in shares of the Company's common stock, from time to time. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold 69,785 and 2,303,545 shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2020 Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $497 and $19,479, respectively. The Company did not sell any shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2020 Sales Agreement in 2020. On August 5, 2021, the Company closed the 2020 ATM Facility.

In August 2021, the Company entered into the Amended Sales Agreement with JonesTrading, which amended the 2020 Sales Agreement to allow the issuance and sale of up to $80,000 in shares of the Company's common stock, from time to time. In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 4,778,248 and 13,141,434 shares of common stock, at-the-market under the Amended Sales Agreement, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $8,666 and $31,331, respectively. Since August 5, 2021, the Company has sold 14,575,061 shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2021 ATM Facility for net proceeds of $41,377.

7. Stock-Based Awards

2014 Stock Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) provided for the Company to grant incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards or restricted stock units to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The 2014 Plan is administered by the board of directors, or at the discretion of the board of directors, by a committee of the board of directors. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions were determined at the discretion of the board of directors, or their committee if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of the stock options could not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and the term of the stock options could not be greater than ten years.

As of December 31, 2018, all remaining shares available under the 2014 Plan were transferred to the Company’s 2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”).

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

2018 Stock Option and Incentive Plan

In April 2018, the Company’s 2018 Plan was approved by its stockholders and became effective. The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards, cash-based awards and dividend equivalent rights to the Company’s officers, employees, non-employee directors and other key persons (including consultants). The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan was 1,545,454, plus the shares of common stock remaining available for issuance under the 2014 Plan, the reserved shares shall be cumulatively increased each January 1 by 4% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors or compensation committee of the board of directors. The shares of common stock underlying any awards that are forfeited, cancelled, held back upon exercise or settlement of an award to satisfy the exercise price or tax withholding, reacquired by the Company prior to vesting, satisfied without the issuance of stock, expire or are otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) under the 2018 Plan and the 2014 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.

As of September 30, 2022, 457,833 shares were available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan.

Stock options granted under the 2014 Plan and 2018 Plan to employees generally vest over four years and expire after ten years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since December 31, 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
				(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	7,057,258	$	6.59	6.98	$	4,678
Granted	2,042,300	3.49
Exercised	(9,343)	1.18
Forfeited	(539,249)	6.94
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022	8,550,966	$	5.83	6.79	$	234
Options exercisable at September 30, 2022	5,529,847	$	6.13	5.64	$	234
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2022	8,550,966	$	5.83	6.79	$	234

The weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and year ended December 31, 2021 was $2.33 and $6.41, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were outstanding stock options held by non-employees for the purchase of 260,570 and 276,570 shares of common stock, respectively, with service-based vesting conditions.

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2018, the Company’s 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) was approved by its stockholders and became effective. A total of 256,818 shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance under this plan. In addition, the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the ESPP automatically increased on January 1, 2019, and shall increase each January 1 thereafter through January 1, 2028, by the lesser of (i) 1% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 and (ii) such lesser number of shares as determined by the administrator of the Company’s ESPP. As of September 30, 2022, a total of 1,405,755 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under this plan.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company issued 94,745 and 148,308 shares of common stock under the ESPP, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company issued 27,522 and 46,899 shares of common stock under the ESPP, respectively.

2021 Inducement Plan

In December 2021, the Company adopted the Company’s 2021 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”) pursuant to which the Company reserved 600,000 shares of common stock to be used exclusively for grants of equity-based awards to individuals who were not previously employees or directors of the Company, as an inducement material to the individual’s entry into employment with the Company within the meaning of Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Marketplace Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards in the form of nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, unrestricted stock awards, and dividend equivalent rights. The Inducement Plan was adopted by the Company without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c)(4) of the Marketplace Rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc.

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option under the Inducement Plan activity since December 31, 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
				(in years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	—	$	—	0.00	$	—
Granted	371,600	2.66
Exercised	—	—
Forfeited	(17,900)	2.33
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022	353,700	$	2.68	9.57	$	—
Options exercisable at September 30, 2022	—	$	—	0.00	$	—
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2022	353,700	$	2.68	9.57	$	—

The weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $1.80. As of September 30, 2022, 246,300 shares were available for future issuance under the Inducement Plan.

Restricted Stock Units

The Company has granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) with service-based vesting conditions. RSUs represent the right to receive shares of common stock upon meeting specified vesting requirements. Unvested shares of restricted common stock units may not be sold or transferred by the holder. These restrictions lapse according to the service-based vesting conditions of each award. To date, in 2022, the Company has granted 732,000 RSUs, of which 40% vested in August 2022 and 60% will vest in August 2023, as long as the individual remains an employee of the Company at such time.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The table below summarizes the Company’s RSU activity since December 31, 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2021	—	$	—
Granted	732,000	3.64
Vested	(284,400)	3.64
Forfeited	(30,660)	3.64
Unvested restricted stock units as of September 30, 2022	416,940	$	3.64

The expense related to RSUs granted to employees was $466 and $1,285, and $124 and $1,103 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock unit awards in the following expense categories of its condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Research and development expenses	$	689	$	848	$	2,049	$	2,535
General and administrative expenses	1,077		1,196		3,655		4,168
	$	1,766	$	2,044	$	5,704	$	6,703

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had an aggregate of $12,461 of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.76 years.

8. Debt

On November 22, 2019, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with K2HV (the “Lender”). The Lender made available to the Company term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25,000 under the Loan Agreement. On October 1, 2021, the Company entered into a first amendment to the Loan Agreement with the Lender (as amended, the “First Loan Amendment”). On September 21, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Loan Agreement with the Lender (as further amended, the “Second Loan Amendment”). The Company plans to use the proceeds of the term loans to support clinical development as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Loan Agreement provided for a term loan commitment of $25,000 in three potential tranches: (i) a $7,500 term loan facility funded on November 22, 2019 (the “First Tranche Term Loan”), (ii) a $10,000 term loan facility funded on June 5, 2020 (the “Second Tranche Term Loan”), and (iii) a $7,500 term loan facility (the “Third Tranche Term Loan”). All three of these term loans had a maturity date of December 1, 2023.

The Company was obligated to pay a final fee equal to 4.45% of the aggregate amount of the term loans funded, such payment to occur upon the earliest of (i) the maturity date, (ii) the acceleration of the term loans, and (iii) the prepayment of the term loans.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The Lender was able to, at its option, elect to convert any portion of no more than $4,000 of the then outstanding term loan amount and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $1.56 per share. The Company determined that the embedded conversion option was not required to be separated from the term loan. The embedded conversion option meets the derivative accounting scope exception since the embedded conversion option is indexed to the Company’s own common stock and qualifies for classification within stockholders’ equity. The Company recognized a beneficial conversion feature of $2,101, which represented the difference between the commitment date stock price of $2.33 per share and the conversion price of $1.56 per share. The beneficial conversion feature was recorded as a discount on the term loan and is accreted to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the loan.

In August 2020, the Lender elected to convert $2,000 of the outstanding term loan amount into 1,282,050 shares of the Company's common stock, in accordance with the Loan Agreement. In February 2021, the Lender elected to convert $1,500 of the outstanding term loan amount into 961,538 shares of the Company's common stock, in accordance with the Loan Agreement. After the conversions, the outstanding principal balance was $14,000.

In October 2021, the Loan Agreement was amended. Under the First Loan Amendment, the Lender made available to the Company term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50,000, in three potential tranches: (i) a $25,000 term loan facility (including refinancing of the Company’s outstanding amounts under the Loan Agreement) funded on October 1, 2021 (the "First Tranche Refinancing Term Loan"), (ii) up to a $15,000 term loan facility (the "Second Tranche Refinancing Term Loan"), and (iii) an up to $10,000 term loan facility (the "Third Tranche Refinancing Term Loan") (together the "Refinancing Term Loans"). All three of these tranches have a maturity date of October 1, 2025.

Borrowings under all three tranches of the term loan facility bear interest at a floating per annum rate equal to the greater of (i) 8.50% and (ii) the sum of (A) the greater of (x) the prime rate last quoted in The Wall Street Journal (or a comparable replacement rate if The Wall Street Journal ceases to quote such rate) or (y) 3.25%, plus (B) 5.25%. In September 2022, the interest rate was increased to 11.5%. Under the First Loan Amendment, the Company was permitted to make interest-only payments on the outstanding principal balance of the term loan for approximately eighteen months following the funding date. The interest-only period could have been extended by an additional nine months, subject to the Company raising net cash proceeds from financing activities (including without limitation sales of the Company's securities and up-front or milestone payments pursuant to existing or new strategic partnerships), in an aggregate amount of at least $100,000. The term of the loan facility is 48 months, with repayment in monthly installments commencing at the end of the resulting interest-only period as outlined above through the end of the 48-month term.

The Company is obligated to pay a final fee equal to (i) 4.25% of the aggregate amount of the term loans funded, such payment to occur upon the earliest of (i) the maturity date, (ii) the acceleration of the term loans, and (iii) the prepayment of the term loans and (ii) $779 on the earlier of December 1, 2023 or the prepayment of the term loans. The Company has the option to prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding principal balance of the term loans under the First Loan Amendment. If the Company prepays all of the term loans prior to the maturity date, it will pay the Lender a prepayment penalty fee based on a percentage of the outstanding principal balance, equal to 5% if the payment occurs on or before 24 months after the initial funding date, 3% if the prepayment occurs more than 24 months after, but on or before 36 months after the initial funding date, or 1% if the prepayment occurs more than 36 months after the initial funding date.

The Lender was able to, at its option, elect to convert any portion of no more than $4,500 of the then outstanding term loan amount and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of (i) with respect to the first $500 converted, $1.56 per share and (ii) with respect to any additional amounts converted in excess of $500, $7.81 per share.

The Company’s obligations under the First Loan Amendment are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of its assets. The First Loan Amendment contains customary representations, warranties and also includes customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants, change of control and a material adverse effect clause.

Upon the occurrence of an event of default, a default interest rate of an additional 5.00% per annum may be applied to the outstanding loan balances, and the Lender may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and exercise all of its rights and remedies as set forth in the First Loan Amendment and under applicable law.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The First Loan Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification; as such, the financing costs of $313 were reflected as additional debt discount and is amortized as an adjustment to interest expense over the term of the First Loan Amendment.

In September 2022, the Company entered into the Second Loan Amendment. Under the Second Loan Amendment, the loan facility continues to carry a 48-month term with interest only payments extended for ten months, ending on February 1, 2024. In addition, the Lender may, at its option, elect to convert any portion of no more than $4,500 of the then outstanding term loan amount and all accrued and unpaid interest thereon into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of (i) with respect to the first $500 converted, $1.56 per share and (ii) with respect to any additional amounts converted in excess of $500, $1.83 per share. The effective interest rate of the term loan as of September 30, 2022 is 14.19%.

The Second Loan Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification. The financing costs were immaterial. The Company recorded interest expense related to the loan facility of $829 and $2,244, and $421 and $1,858 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair value of the loan at September 30, 2022 approximates its carrying value.

Future principal debt payments on the loan payable reflecting the amended terms are as follows:


	September 30, 2022
2022	$	—
2023	—
2024	12,438
2025	12,562
Total principal payments	25,000
Final fee due in 2023	1,063
Final fee due at maturity in 2025	779
Total principal payments and final fee	26,842
Unamortized debt discount and final fee	(1,380)
Note payable	$	25,462

9. Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders was calculated as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021

Basic and diluted net loss per share:
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(23,240)	$	(19,893)	$	(42,254)	$	(54,435)
Denominator:
Weighted average commons shares outstanding — basic and diluted	59,054,486		45,236,775		54,143,394		43,510,078
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.39)	$	(0.44)	$	(0.78)	$	(1.25)

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

The Company’s potential dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The Company excluded the following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated above because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:


	September 30,
	2022	2021
Stock options to purchase common stock	8,904,666	7,007,251
Shares to be issued under the 2018 ESPP	1,405,755	1,084,476
RSU's issued and expecting to vest	416,940	—
Shares available from conversion of note payable	2,506,306	320,514
	13,233,667	8,412,241

10. Income Taxes

The Company did not provide for any income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon its ability to realize the deferred tax assets. Management has considered the Company’s history of cumulative net losses incurred since inception and its lack of commercialization of any products or generation of any revenue from product sales since inception and has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established against the deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Management reevaluates the positive and negative evidence at each reporting period.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had no accrued interest or tax penalties recorded. The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. The Company’s tax years are still open under statute from 2018 to present. All years may be examined to the extent the tax credit or net operating loss carryforwards are used in future periods. There are currently no federal or state audits.

11. Leases

Sublease Agreement with EQRx, Inc.

In May 2022, the Company entered into the second amendment to the Sublease Agreement (as amended, the “Sublease Amendment”). The Sublease Amendment extended the term of the sublease for a period of 18 months, with an option to extend the sublease for a further six months upon the expiration of the Sublease Amendment. The Sublease Amendment has been accounted for as a single-modified contract. The Company determined the Sublease Amendment would continue to be accounted for as an operating lease. Consistent with the Company’s policy election for lessor operating leases, each lease component and its associated non-lease components is accounted for as a single lease component.

In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized sublease income of $643 and $1,947, and $656 and $1,969, respectively.

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SURFACE ONCOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

As of September 30, 2022, future undiscounted cash inflows under the sublease are as follows:


Year Ending December 31,
2022	$	723
2023	2,566
2024	1,494
	$	4,783

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is not currently party to any material legal proceedings. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. The Company expenses as incurred the costs related to its legal proceedings.

13. Related Party Transactions

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc.

Novartis is a related party because it is a greater than 5% stockholder of the Company. In January 2016, the Company entered into the Novartis Agreement and sold 2,000,000 shares of its Series A-1 Preferred Stock to Novartis for gross proceeds of $13,500. In addition, concurrent with the Company’s initial public offering of common stock, the Company issued Novartis 766,666 shares of its common stock at $15.00 per share, for proceeds of $11,500 in a private placement.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company made no cash payments to Novartis related to the Novartis Agreement. As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, no amounts were due from Novartis. The Company did not recognize any collaboration revenue - related party under the Novartis Agreement in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.

Vaccinex, Inc.

On November 30, 2017, the Company entered into a research agreement (the “Vaccinex Research Agreement”) with Vaccinex, Inc. (“Vaccinex”), pursuant to which Vaccinex used its technology to assist the Company with identifying and selecting experimental human monoclonal antibodies against targets selected by the Company. On March 23, 2021, the Company exercised its option under the Vaccinex Research Agreement to enter into an exclusive license agreement (the “Vaccinex License Agreement”) to certain antibodies generated under the Vaccinex Research Agreement. A member of the Company's Board of Directors and former Chief Executive Officer is a member of the board of directors of Vaccinex.

The Company paid $50 to Vaccinex in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company paid Vaccinex $850. The payments were recognized as research and development expense. There was no amount due by the Company to Vaccinex as of September 30, 2022 or 2021.

14. Subsequent Events

Effective November 1, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a strategic decision to pause the internal clinical development of SRF617, a novel antibody targeting CD39, and focus resources on the advancement of its SRF388 and SRF114 programs, which it believes hold the greatest near-term potential to provide benefit to patients. The Company is also implementing a corporate restructuring which will reduce the Company's workforce by approximately 20%. The majority of the personnel and program restructuring will be completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. The Company currently estimates that it will record a charge in the fourth quarter of 2022 of approximately $4,100, consisting of severance, benefits, outplacement services and costs associated with terminating contracts. As a result of the restructuring, the Company is actively pursuing partnership opportunities to advance its SRF617 with third-party collaborators or partners.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company focused on using our specialized knowledge of the biological pathways critical to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, or the TME, for the development of next-generation cancer therapies. While first-generation immuno-oncology therapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, represented a remarkable therapeutic advancement, we believe most patients do not achieve durable clinical benefit primarily because these therapies focus on only one element of the complex and interconnected immunosuppressive TME. We believe there is a significant opportunity to more broadly engage both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in a multi-faceted, coordinated and patient-specific approach, to meaningfully improve cure rates for patients with a variety of cancers.

We aim to identify key components within the TME to gain a deep understanding of its biology, leverage this understanding to define the optimal therapeutic targets and the patients most likely to benefit, and develop novel antibody therapeutics with differentiated biologic activity. By utilizing our expertise in immunology, oncology, assay development, antibody selection and characterization, and translational research, we are developing and advancing a broad pipeline of TME-focused programs that we believe are the next generation of immuno-oncology therapies. Our programs demonstrate our multi-faceted approach by targeting several critical components of the immunosuppressive TME.

NZV930 (formerly SRF373) and SRF617 are antibodies designed to inhibit cluster of differentiation, or CD, 73 and CD39, respectively, and illustrate how our specialized knowledge of TME biology can be leveraged across programs. CD73 and CD39 are both critical enzymes involved in the production of extracellular adenosine, a key metabolite with strong immunosuppressive properties within the TME. NZV930 and SRF617 each aim to reduce the production of immunosuppressive adenosine, but target different points of the adenosine pathway. In addition to reducing the production of adenosine, we believe SRF617 will also stimulate anti-tumor immunity because of its ability to maintain levels of extracellular adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. In June 2018, a Phase 1 trial of NZV930 was initiated by our partner, Novartis. SRF617 received orphan drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in March 2021. In December 2021, we presented initial clinical data demonstrating SRF617’s potential in combination with chemotherapy and other immuno-oncology therapies. We initiated a Phase 2 trial of SRF617 in patients with advanced prostate cancer in March 2022. In November 2022, we announced the strategic decision to pause SRF617 program. We are actively pursuing potential business development opportunities for SRF617.

SRF388 is an antibody targeting interleukin 27, or IL-27, an immunosuppressive cytokine, or protein that is overexpressed in certain cancers, including hepatocellular, lung and renal cell carcinoma. IL-27 is a cytokine secreted by macrophages and antigen presenting cells that plays an important physiologic role in suppressing the immune system, as evidenced by its ability to resolve tissue inflammation. In addition, one of the subunits of IL-27, EBI3, is highly expressed during pregnancy and its expression is correlated with maternal-fetal tolerance. Due to its immunosuppressive nature, there is a rationale for inhibiting IL-27 to treat cancer, as this approach will influence the activity of multiple types of immune cells that are necessary to recognize and attack a tumor. SRF388 received orphan drug designation and fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in November 2020. We initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating SRF388 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer in April 2022. In May 2022, we announced our plans to expand the open-label lead-in of the Phase 2 clinical trial. In June 2022, at the 2022 American Society of Clinical Oncology, or ASCO, Annual Meeting, we presented initial Phase 1/1b data demonstrating clinical activity in multiple solid tumor types, with three partial responses across non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.

GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813) is an antibody targeting CD112R, also known as PVRIG, an inhibitory protein expressed on natural killer, or NK, and T cells. GSK4381562 blocks the interaction of CD112R with CD112, its binding partner that is expressed on tumor cells. GSK4381562 can promote the activation of both NK and T cells, with potential to elicit a strong anti-tumor response and promote immunological memory. On December 16, 2020, we granted GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 4) Limited, or GSK, an exclusive license to worldwide development and commercialization rights of SRF813. In March 2021, GSK initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial of GSK4381562 in patients with solid tumors.

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SRF114 is designed as a highly specific afucosylated IgG1 antibody targeting CCR8, a chemokine receptor highly expressed on regulatory T cells, or Treg cells, in the TME. SRF114 causes depletion of intra-tumoral Treg cells, important regulators of immune suppression and tolerance, through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or ADCC, leading to anti-tumor activity in preclinical models. In October 2022, the FDA cleared the IND application for SRF114. We anticipate initiating a Phase 1 trial of SRF114 in the first quarter of 2023.

We expect that the unique insights generated in any one of our product programs will accelerate the development of the other programs in a synergistic fashion due to the interconnections between these TME pathways.

Effective November 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a strategic decision to pause the internal clinical development of SRF617, a novel antibody targeting CD39, and focus resources on the advancement of our SRF388 and SRF114 programs, which we believe hold the greatest near-term potential to provide benefit to patients. We are also implementing a corporate restructuring which will reduce our workforce by approximately 20%. The majority of the personnel and program restructuring will be completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. We currently estimate that we will record a charge in the fourth quarter of 2022 of approximately $4.0 million, consisting of severance, benefits, outplacement services and costs associated with terminating contracts. As a result of the restructuring, we are actively pursuing partnership opportunities to advance its SRF617 with third-party collaborators or partners.

We were incorporated and commenced principal operations in 2014. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our programs, including NZV930, SRF617, SRF388, GSK4381562, and SRF114, building our intellectual property portfolio, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. To date, we have financed our operations with proceeds from the public and private sales of our securities, payments received under our license and collaboration agreements and a debt financing. As of September 30, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $146.3 million. Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of the product candidates we develop. Our net loss was $23.2 million and $42.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our net loss was $19.9 million and $54.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021. As of September 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $183.0 million. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years, particularly as we:

•pursue the clinical development of product candidates;

•leverage our programs to advance product candidates into preclinical and clinical development;

•seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

•hire additional clinical, quality control, and scientific personnel;

•expand our operational, financial, and management systems and increase personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing, and commercialization efforts, and our operations as a public company;

•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;

•establish a sales, marketing, medical affairs, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly with a commercial partner; and

•acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies.

As a result, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, which may include licenses and collaborations with third parties or other transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into other agreements or arrangements, when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

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We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, as of September 30, 2022 will enable us to fund our operating expenses, debt service obligations and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2024, excluding any future milestone payments from Novartis and GSK. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

We continue to monitor the ongoing global outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease and its variants, or collectively COVID-19, and have taken steps to identify and help mitigate its adverse impact on, and risks to, our business posed by the spread of the virus and significant governmental and related measures implemented or reimplemented to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Although COVID-19 has not had a material adverse impact on our operations and our clinical and preclinical programs, the extent to which COVID-19 will ultimately impact our business, results of operations or financial condition will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the duration of COVID-19 and the severity of its variants or the effectiveness over time of measures implemented or reimplemented to help contain the pandemic or mitigate against its impact, among others. Given the fluidity of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, we do not yet know the full extent of the potential impact of COVID-19 may have on our business operations.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to do so in the near future. All of our revenue to date has been derived from the collaboration agreement we entered into with Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., or Novartis, which was subsequently amended in May 2016, July 2017, September 2017, and October 2018 and the license agreement with we entered into with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 4) Limited, or GSK, which was subsequently amended in August 2021. If our development efforts for our programs are successful and result in regulatory approval or additional license or collaboration agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from additional collaboration or license agreements that we may enter into with third parties. We expect that our revenue for the next several years will be derived primarily from the collaboration agreement with Novartis and the license agreement with GSK, as well as any additional collaborations or licenses that we may enter into in the future.

Novartis Agreement

In January 2016, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Novartis, which was subsequently amended in May 2016, July 2017, September 2017, and October 2018 or, as amended, the Novartis Agreement, to develop next-generation cancer therapies. Under the Novartis Agreement, we were responsible for performing research on antibodies that bind to CD73 and four other specified targets. We were responsible for all costs and expenses incurred by, or on behalf of, us in connection with the research.

Upon entering into the Novartis Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $70.0 million from Novartis and granted Novartis a worldwide exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target CD73. In addition, we initially granted Novartis the right to purchase exclusive option rights, each an Option, to up to four specified targets, including certain research, development, manufacturing and commercialization rights, pursuant to which, Novartis initially had the right to exercise up to three purchased Options. As of June 2020, there were no Options remaining for purchase and exercise by Novartis, and accordingly our performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement ended. We are currently entitled to potential development milestones of $325.0 million, potential sales milestones of $200.0 million, as well as tiered royalties on annual net sales of NZV930 by Novartis ranging from high single-digit to mid-teens percentages. Such amount of potential milestone payments assumes the successful clinical development and achievement of all sales milestones for NZV930.

Under ASC 606 we accounted for (i) the license conveyed with respect to CD73 and (ii) our obligations to perform research on CD73 and other specified targets as a single performance obligation under the Novartis Agreement. We recognize revenue using the cost-to-cost method, which we believe best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation. Under this method, revenue is recorded as a percentage of the estimated transaction price based on the extent of progress towards completion.

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Through September 30, 2022, we had received an aggregate of $150.0 million from Novartis in upfront payments, milestone payments, and option purchase payments. As of January 2020, we no longer have any performance obligations under the Novartis Agreement. We did not recognize any collaboration revenue - related party in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.

GSK Agreement

In December 2020, we entered into a license agreement with GSK, which was subsequently amended in August 2021 or, as amended, the GSK Agreement, under which we granted GSK a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target the antibody SRF813, targeting CD112R, also known as PVRIG, or the Licensed Antibodies. GSK is responsible for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Licensed Antibodies and a joint development committee was formed to facilitate information sharing between us and GSK. Under the terms of the GSK Agreement, GSK is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the Licensed Antibodies. Pursuant to the August 2021 amendment to the GSK Agreement, we provided additional transition and supply services related to the development and manufacturing of the Licensed Antibodies.

Under the terms of the GSK Agreement, GSK made a one-time upfront payment of $85.0 million and was required to make additional payments to us for supply services and transition services of $4.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively. We are eligible to receive up to $60.0 million in clinical and $155.0 million in regulatory milestones. In addition, we may receive up to $485.0 million in sales milestone payments. We are also eligible to receive royalties on global net sales of any approved products based on the licensed antibodies, ranging in percentages from high single digits to mid-teens.

Under ASC 606 we account for (i) the delivery of the worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize the Licensed Antibodies; (ii) supply of Licensed Antibodies until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority; and (iii) transition services until an IND is accepted by a regulatory authority as separate and distinct performance obligations. We determined the transaction price of the GSK Agreement, under ASC 606, to be $90.3 million, consisting of the upfront payment of $85.0 million plus $4.3 million for supply of the Licensed Antibodies and $1.0 million for the transition services. We recognized revenue for the license performance obligation at a point in time, that is upon transfer of the license to GSK. As control of the license was transferred on the effective date of December 16, 2020 and GSK could begin to use and benefit from the license, we recognized $85.0 million of license-related revenue during the year ended December 31, 2020 under the GSK Agreement. We recognized the portion of the transaction price allocated to supply services and transition services over time. We transfer control of these services over time and GSK receives and consumes the benefit over time as we perform the services.

In November 2021, GSK received clearance from the FDA for GSK4381562 to proceed into a first-in-human clinical trial and as a result our performance obligations under the GSK Agreement ended. No amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations was unsatisfied as of November 2021.

In March 2022, GSK notified us it had dosed the first patient in their in Phase 1 study of GSK4381562 in patients with solid tumors. As a result of this Phase 1 study initiation, the first clinical milestone under the GSK Agreement was achieved. We concluded the variable consideration associated with this milestone was no longer constrained and recognized $30.0 million in license-related revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as we had no further performance obligations associated with the milestone. We did not recognize license-related revenue under the GSK Agreement in the three months ended September 30, 2022.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we did not recognize any license-related revenue related to the transition services or supply services as our performance obligations under the GSK Agreement had ended. We recognized an immaterial amount of license-related revenue related to the transition services in the three months ended September 30, 2021. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $0.7 million of license-related revenue related to the transition services. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $0.3 million and $1.8 million of license-related revenue related to the supply services, which represented the costs incurred for the manufacturing and transition services that were performed.

Through September 30, 2022, we have received $85.0 million from GSK in upfront payments, $30.0 million in clinical milestones and $5.0 million in reimbursement for the transition and supply services.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred and consist of costs incurred for our research activities, including our discovery efforts, and the development of our programs. These expenses include:

•salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel engaged in research and development functions;

•expenses incurred in connection with the preclinical development of our programs and clinical trials of our product candidates, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants, contractors, and contract research organizations, or CROs;

•the cost of manufacturing drug products for use in our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including under agreements with third parties, such as consultants, contractors, and contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs;

•laboratory supplies;

•facilities, depreciation and other expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for depreciation and amortization, rent and maintenance of facilities, insurance and supplies; and

•third-party license fees.

We generally do not track our internal research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis as they primarily relate to personnel, early research and consumable costs, which are deployed across multiple projects under development. These costs are included in unallocated research and development expenses in the table below. A portion of our research and development costs are external costs, which we do track on a program-by-program basis.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by program:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021

	(in thousands)
SRF388	3,346		2,833		$	13,432	$	8,333
SRF617	3,974		4,287		11,990		8,557
SRF114	2,441		1,092		5,371		2,363
GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813)	—		399		—		2,147
Other early-stage programs	120		300		270		419
Unallocated research and discovery expenses	7,013		5,126		20,652		15,431
Total research and development expenses	$	16,894	$	14,037	$	51,715	$	37,250

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We anticipate that our research and development expenses will decrease in the future as a result of the strategic decision to pause the SRF617 program as well as the reduction in headcount relating to the corporate restructuring announced in November 2022. This will be partially offset by increased clinical development costs as we advance our SRF388 Phase 2 clinical trials and prepare to initiate SRF114 clinical development.

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of any of our product candidates that we develop from our programs. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, net cash inflows will commence from sales of product candidates we develop. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing product candidates, including the uncertainty of:

•successful completion of clinical trials and preclinical studies;

•sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary clinical trials and preclinical studies;

•acceptance of INDs for our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials;

•successful enrollment and completion of clinical trials;

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•successful data from our clinical program that supports an acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates in the intended populations;

•receipt of regulatory and marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•receipt and maintenance of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•establishing agreements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply for our clinical trials and commercial manufacturing, if any of our product candidates are approved;

•entry into collaborations, licenses and other arrangements to further the development of our product candidates;

•obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;

•successfully launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved;

•acceptance of our product candidates’ benefits and uses, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

•maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval;

•effectively competing with other therapies; and

•obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our programs or any product candidate we develop would significantly change the costs, timing, and viability associated with the development of such program or product candidate.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our personnel in executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters; professional fees paid for accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services; insurance costs; travel expenses; and facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will decrease in the future as a result of a reduction in headcount relating to the corporate restructuring announced in November 2022, This will be partially offset by accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, compliance, and director and officer insurance costs as well as investor and public relations expenses associated with operating as a public company.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest and other income consist primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities as well as interest expense incurred on our loan and security agreement, as amended, with K2 Health Ventures LLC, or K2HV.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, along with the changes in those items:


	Three months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022 v 2021
	(in thousands)
License related revenue	$	—	$	392	$	(392)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	16,894		14,037		2,857
General and administrative	6,004		5,847		157
Total operating expenses	22,898		19,884		3,014
Loss from operations	(22,898)		(19,492)		(3,406)
Interest and other income (expense), net	(342)		(401)		59
Net loss	$	(23,240)	$	(19,893)	$	(3,347)

License-Related Revenue

We did not recognize license-related revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2022. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $0.3 million and an immaterial amount of license-related revenue related to the supply services and transition services, respectively, which represented the costs incurred for the manufacturing and transition services that were performed.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, along with the changes in those items:


	Three months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022 v 2021
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses by program:
SRF388	$	3,346	$	2,833	$	513
SRF617	3,974		4,287		(313)
SRF114	2,441		1,092		1,349
GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813)	—		399		(399)
Other early-stage programs	120		300		(180)
Research and discovery and unallocated expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	4,686		3,272		1,414
Facility related and other	2,327		1,854		473
Total research and development expenses	$	16,894	$	14,037	$	2,857

Research and development expenses were $16.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $14.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase of $2.9 million was primarily due to increases of $0.5 million in external costs for our SRF388 program, $1.3 million in external costs for our SRF114 program and $1.9 million for research and discovery and unallocated costs, which were partially offset by a decrease of $0.3 million in external costs for our SRF617 program, $0.4 million in external costs for the GSK4381562 program and $0.2 million in external costs for our other early stage programs.

The increase in research and development expenses for our SRF388 program was primarily due to continued enrollment in our Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials.

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The decrease in research and development expenses for our SRF617 program was primarily due to slower enrollment in our Phase 1/1b and Phase 2 trials in Q3 2022.

The increase in research and development expenses for our SRF114 program was primarily due to increased expenses relating to IND-enabling activities and manufacturing. We received clearance from the FDA for our SRF114 IND application in October 2022.

The increase in research and discovery and unallocated expenses was primarily due to increased headcount and consulting expenses in 2022.

The decrease in research and development expenses for the GSK4381562 program was primarily due to the transfer of responsibility for development of the program to GSK as part of the GSK Agreement.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase primarily relates to personnel related costs from increased headcount.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest and other income (expense), net were approximately $(0.3) million and $(0.4) million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, due primarily to interest expense related to the Loan Agreement, as amended, partially offset by interest income on invested balances of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, along with the changes in those items:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022 v 2021
			(in thousands)
License-related revenue	$	30,000	$	2,532	$	27,468
Operating expenses:
Research and development	51,715		37,250		14,465
General and administrative	18,970		17,923		1,047
Total operating expenses	70,685		55,173		15,512
Income (loss) from operations	(40,685)		(52,641)		11,956
Interest and other income (expense), net	(1,569)		(1,794)		225
Net income (loss)	$	(42,254)	$	(54,435)	$	12,181

License-Related Revenue

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $30.0 million related to the achievement of the first clinical milestone upon GSK dosing the first patient in their Phase 1 study of GSK4381562 in patients with solid tumors. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $1.8 million and $0.7 million of license-related revenue related to the supply services and transition services, respectively, which represented the costs incurred for the manufacturing and transition services that were performed.

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Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, along with the changes in those items:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021		2022 v 2021
			(in thousands)
Direct research and development expenses by program:
SRF388	$	13,432	$	8,333	$	5,099
SRF617	11,990		8,557		3,433
SRF114	5,371		2,363		3,008
GSK4381562 (formerly SRF813)	—		2,147		(2,147)
Other early-stage programs	270		419		(149)
Research and discovery and unallocated expenses:
Personnel related (including stock-based compensation)	13,779		10,217		3,562
Facility related and other	6,873		5,214		1,659
Total research and development expenses	$	51,715	$	37,250	$	14,465

Research and development expenses were $51.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $37.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase of $14.5 million was primarily due to increases of $5.1 million in external costs for our SRF388 program, $3.4 million in external costs for our SRF617 program, $5.2 million for research and discovery and unallocated costs and $3.0 million in external costs for our SRF114 program, which were partially offset by a decrease of $2.1 million in external costs for the GSK4381562 program.

The increase in research and development expenses for our SRF388 program was primarily due to continued enrollment in our Phase 1 dose escalation trial and advancement into a Phase 2 trial in 2022.

The increase in research and development expenses for our SRF617 program was primarily due increased manufacturing costs incurred in 2022, which were partially offset by slower enrollment in our Phase 1/1b and Phase 2 trials in 2022.

The increase in research and discovery and unallocated expenses was primarily due to increased headcount and consulting expenses in 2022.

The decrease in research and development expenses for the GSK4381562 program was primarily due to the transfer of responsibility for development of the program to GSK as part of the GSK Agreement.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $19.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $17.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase of $1.0 million was primarily due to increases in personnel related costs from increased headcount, partially offset by a decrease in legal expenses.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net

Interest and other income (expense), net were approximately $(1.6) million and $(1.8) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, due primarily to interest expense related to the Loan Agreement, as amended, partially offset by interest income on invested balances of our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses. We have generated limited revenue to date from the Novartis Agreement and the GSK Agreement. We have not yet commercialized any product and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any products for several years, if at all. To date, we have financed our operations with proceeds from public and private sales of our securities, payments received under the Novartis Agreement, payments received under the GSK Agreement and a debt financing. Through September 30, 2022, we had received gross proceeds of $247.3 million from public and private sales of our securities, $25.0 million from our Loan Agreement, as amended, with K2HV, $120.0 million from the GSK Agreement and $150.0 million from the Novartis Agreement.

In May 2020, we entered into a Capital on DemandTM sales agreement, or the 2020 Sales Agreement, with JonesTrading to issue and sell up to $50.0 million in shares of our common stock, from time to time. Since May 2020, we sold 2,303,545 shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2020 Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $19.5 million.

In August 2021, we entered into an amendment to the 2020 Sales Agreement, or the Amended Sales Agreement with JonesTrading, which amended the 2020 Sales Agreement to allow the issuance and sale of up to $80 million in shares of our common stock, from time to time. Through September 30, 2022, we sold 14,575,061 shares of common stock at-the-market under the Amended Sales Agreement for net proceeds of $41.4 million.

Effective November 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a corporate restructuring to pause the internal clinical development of SRF617 and focus resources on the advancement of our SRF388 and SRF114 programs. We currently estimate that we will record a charge in the fourth quarter of 2022 of approximately $4.0 million, consisting of severance, benefits, outplacement services and costs associated with terminating contracts.

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $146.3 million.

Effects of Inflation

We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our business or operating results during the periods presented. However, inflation, has had, and may continue to have, an impact on the labor costs we incur to attract and retain qualified personnel, costs to conduct clinical trials and other operational costs. Inflationary costs could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, increased inflation has had, and may continue to have, an effect on interest rates. Increased interest rates may adversely affect our borrowing rate and our ability to obtain, or the terms under which we can obtain, any potential additional funding.

Future Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses will decrease in the future as a result of the corporate restructuring and strategic decision to pause the SRF617 program annoucned in November 2022. This will be partially offset by increased clinical development costs as we advance our SRF388 Phase 2 clinical trials and prepare to initiate SRF114 clinical development. Additionally, we expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, as of November 2, 2022, will enable us to fund our operating expenses, debt service obligations and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2024, excluding any future milestone payments from Novartis and GSK. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including:

•completing clinical development of existing product candidates and programs, identifying new product candidates, and completing pre-clinical and clinical development of such product candidates in a timely manner, if at all;

•seeking and obtaining marketing approvals for any of product candidates that we develop;

•launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval by establishing a sales force, marketing, medical affairs and distribution infrastructure or, alternatively, collaborating with a commercialization partner;

•achieving adequate coverage and reimbursement by hospitals, government and third-party payors for product candidates that we develop;

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•establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide adequate, in both amount and quality, products and services to support clinical development and the market demand for product candidates that we develop, if approved;

•obtaining market acceptance of product candidates that we develop as viable treatment options;

•addressing any competing technological and market developments;

•negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter and performing our obligations in such collaborations, licensings and other arrangements;

•maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how;

•defending against third-party interference or infringement claims, if any; and

•attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. Further, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.

In addition to the variables described above, if and when any product candidate we develop successfully completes development, we will incur substantial additional costs associated with regulatory filings, marketing approval, post-marketing requirements, maintaining our intellectual property rights, and regulatory protection, in addition to other costs. We cannot reasonably estimate these costs at this time.

Until such time, if ever, that we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity or debt financings and license and collaboration arrangements or other transactions. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity or debt, the ownership interests of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities, these securities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through license and collaboration arrangements or other transactions in the future, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate development or future commercialization efforts.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes information regarding our cash flows for each of the periods presented:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(37,798)	$	(46,487)
Investing activities	15,232		(89,491)
Financing activities	31,617		21,685
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	9,051	$	(114,293)

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Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $37.8 million, primarily due to our net loss of $42.3 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $4.7 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $9.2 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 consisted primarily of an increase of $0.6 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $1.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a decrease of $1.9 million in our operating lease liability, and $1.0 million decrease in accounts payable. The decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities is primarily due to the decrease in accrued bonus and accrued professional fees. The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets is a result of increased clinical expenses and higher insurance premiums. The decrease in our operating lease liability is a result of rental payments made on our operating leases, and the decrease in accounts payable is a result of timing of payments.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $46.5 million, primarily due to a net loss of $54.4 million and changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.0 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $10.9 million. Net cash used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 consisted primarily of a $0.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a $1.2 million decrease in accounts payable and a decrease of 1.6 million in our operating lease liability. This was offset by an increase of $0.3 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities is primarily due to the decrease in accrued bonus and contract manufacturing costs, the decrease in our operating lease liability is a result of rental payment made on our operating leases, and the decrease in accounts payable is a result of timing of payments. The increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets is primarily due to receivables from GSK related to reimbursement for the supply and transition services performed.

Investing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by investing activities was $15.2 million, consisting of proceeds from sales or maturities of marketable securities of $45.7 million, which was partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $30.3 million and purchases of property and equipment of $0.2 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $89.5 million related to the net purchases of marketable securities.

Financing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $31.6 million, consisting of proceeds of $31.3 million received from issuance of our shares of common stock at-the-market under the Amended Sales Agreement and proceeds of $0.3 million received from the issuance of shares under our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $21.7 million, consisting of proceeds of $19.5 million received from issuance of our shares of common stock at-the-market under the 2020 Sales Agreement, proceeds of $0.3 million received from the issuance of shares under our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and proceeds of $1.9 million from the exercise of options to purchase common stock.

Contractual Obligations

We have entered into agreements in the normal course of business with contract research organizations for clinical trials and clinical supply manufacturing and with vendors for preclinical research studies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contractual obligations are generally cancellable by us upon prior written notice to the vendor.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were no material changes, to our contractual obligations and commitments from those described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations and Commitments” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2022.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our critical accounting policies and the methodologies and assumptions we apply under them have not materially changed since our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2022.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Emerging Growth Company Status

As an “emerging growth company,” the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 allows us to delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards are made applicable to private companies. However, we have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of September 30, 2022 consisted of cash and investments in money market funds, U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. government agency bonds and corporate bonds. Interest income is sensitive to changes in the general level of interest rates, which have risen in the past few months and may continue to rise; however, due to the nature of these investments, we do not believe that we have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, refers to controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

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Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) has occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In October 2020, we filed an opposition in the European Patent Office, or EPO, opposing the grant of European Patent No. EP 3258951B1 to Compugen, Ltd., or the Compugen Patent. We are one of two parties opposing the grant of the Compugen Patent, which relates generally to PVRIG (an alternate name for CD112R) antibodies for use in treating cancer. In connection with the license agreement with GSK, GSK has assumed responsibility for this opposition. The proprietor’s response to the statements of opposition was filed on March 22, 2021; the oral proceedings are expected to be scheduled for June of 2023 and the summons to oral proceedings is expected to issue shortly. Accordingly, final resolution of the opposition may be several years in the future.

In June 2021, we filed an opposition in the EPO, opposing the grant of European Patent No. EP 3153526B1 to INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), or the INSERM Patent. We are one of four parties opposing the grant of the INSERM Patent, which relates generally to pharmaceutical compositions comprising anti-CD39 antibodies which inhibit activity of regulatory T cells (Treg) for use in the treatment or prevention of cancers. The proprietor’s response to the statements of opposition was filed on January 14, 2022; we are currently awaiting a summons to oral proceedings. Accordingly, final resolution of the opposition may be several years in the future.

From time to time, we may become involved in other litigation or legal proceedings relating to claims arising from the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risk factors previously disclosed in Part II, Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and in Part I, Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Additional risks include:

Our corporate restructuring may not be successful.

In November 2022, we announced a corporate restructuring to focus resources on the advancement of our SRF388 and SRF114 programs, and pause the SRF617 program. There is no guarantee that this corporate restructuring will achieve its intended benefits or that our post-restructuring focus will be sufficient for us to achieve success. For example, our corporate restructuring may not result in anticipated savings or other economic benefits, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected, could make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel and may disrupt our operations, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits listed on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such exhibits, which is incorporated herein by reference, are filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


Exhibit Number						Description
10.1						Second Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 21, 2022, by and between Surface Oncology, Inc. and K2 HealthVentures LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 23, 2022 (File No. 001-38459) and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS						XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document


*			The certification furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and Exhibit 32.2 hereto is deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Surface Oncology, Inc.
Date: November 2, 2022	By:	/s/ Robert W. Ross, M.D.
		Robert W. Ross, M.D.
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 2, 2022	By:	/s/ Jessica Fees
		Jessica Fees
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)