10-Q

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________________ to _________________

Commission File Number: 001-39696

COMPASS THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware	82-4876496
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
80 Guest St., Suite 601 Boston, Massachusetts	02135
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 500-8099

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading

Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share

CMPX

OTCQB Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 10, 2021, the registrant had 61,694,565 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Summary Risk Factors

A summary of certain risk factors affecting our business and prospects is included below. You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our financial statements and the related notes and the information included the sections titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as the “Risk Factors” included in item 1A in this Quarterly Report on From 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020. If any of the events described below actually occurs, our business, results of operations, financial conditions, cash flows or prospects could be harmed. If that were to happen, you could lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business.

•

We have a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale. We have a history of significant losses, expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

•

We have never generated revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

•

We will require substantial additional financing to pursue our business objectives, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. A failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development, commercialization efforts or other operations.

•

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain outcomes. We may incur additional costs and experience delays in developing and commercializing or be unable to develop or commercialize our current and future product candidates.

•

Preclinical development is uncertain. Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all.

•

Positive results from preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of future results. Initial positive results in any of our clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when the trial is completed or in later stage trials.

•

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be materially harmed.

•

Even if a current or future product candidate receives marketing approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

•

The successful commercialization of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which third-party payors, including governmental authorities and private health insurers, provide coverage and adequate reimbursement levels, as well as implement pricing policies favorable for our product candidates. Failure to obtain

•

or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our product candidates, if approved, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

•

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad or robust, our competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates may be adversely affected.

•

Others may claim an ownership interest in our intellectual property and our product candidates, which could expose us to litigation and have a significant adverse effect on our prospects.

•

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

•

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company and our management expects to devote substantial time to public company compliance efforts.

•

Our business, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

•

We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

•

Because our shares of common stock are quoted on the OTCQB instead of a national exchange or quotation system, our investors may experience significant volatility in the market price of our stock and have difficulty selling their shares.

•

Because we became a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, by means other than a traditional underwritten initial public offering, we may not be able to attract the attention of research analysts at major brokerage firms.

•

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	4
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	13
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	23
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	23
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	24
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	24
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	24
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	43
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	43
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	43
Item 5.	Other Information	43
Item 6.	Exhibits	43
Signatures		44

iii

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except per share data)


	June 30,			December 31,
	2021			2020
Assets	(Unaudited)			(Note 1)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,208		$	47,076
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,326			3,126
Total current assets		34,534			50,202
Property and equipment, net		1,178			1,126
Restricted cash		210			263
Operating lease, right-of-use ("ROU") asset		4,630			—
Other assets		320			320
Total assets	$	40,872		$	51,911
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	559		$	1,061
Accrued expenses		1,174			1,571
Operating lease obligations, current portion		1,049			—
Current portion of long-term debt		5,611			7,467
Total current liabilities		8,393			10,099
Long-term debt, net of current portion		—			1,867
Operating lease obligations, long-term portion		3,604			—
Total liabilities		11,997			11,966

Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 10,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020		—			—

Common stock, $0.0001 par value: 300,000 shares authorized; 62,323 and 52,117 shares issued at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively; 61,666 and 51,221 shares outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		6			5

Additional paid-in-capital		243,503			191,348
Accumulated deficit		(214,634	)		(151,408	)
Total stockholders' equity		28,875			39,945
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	40,872		$	51,911

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	2,905		$	2,985		$	7,609		$	6,556
General and administrative		2,166			2,085			4,798			4,345
In-process R&D		50,618			—			50,618			—
Total operating expenses		55,689			5,070			63,025			10,901
Loss from operations		(55,689	)		(5,070	)		(63,025	)		(10,901	)
Other expense, net		(102	)		(471	)		(185	)		(1,026	)
Loss before income tax expense		(55,791	)		(5,541	)		(63,210	)		(11,927	)
Income tax expense		(13	)		(16	)		(13	)		(32	)
Net loss	$	(55,804	)	$	(5,557	)	$	(63,223	)	$	(11,959	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(1.07	)	$	(0.41	)	$	(1.23	)	$	(1.16	)
Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding		51,913			13,603			51,582			10,335

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount		Capital			Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020		—		$	—			51,221		$	5	$	191,348		$	(151,408	)	$	39,945
Vesting of share-based awards		—			—			92			—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		948			—			948
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(7,422	)		(7,422	)
Balance at March 31, 2021		—			—			51,313			5		192,296			(158,830	)		33,471
Common shares issued for Trigr acquisition		—			—			10,265			1		50,299			—			50,300
Vesting of share-based awards		—			—			88			—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		908			—			908
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(55,804	)		(55,804	)
Balance at June 30, 2021		—		$	—			61,666		$	6	$	243,503		$	(214,634	)	$	28,875


	Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Stockholders'
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount		Capital			Deficit			Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2019		207,164		$	129,870			7,034		$	1	$	3,304		$	(121,908	)	$	(118,603	)
Vesting of share-based awards		—			—			88			—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		247			—			247
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(6,402	)		(6,402	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		207,164			129,870			7,122			1		3,551			(128,310	)		(124,758	)
Common shares issued to former shareholders of Olivia Ventures Inc.		—			—			1,000			—		—			—			—
Conversion of Compass Therapeutics LLC preferred shares into common shares upon consummation of the reverse merger		(207,164	)		(129,870	)		30,630			3		129,867			—			129,870
Common shares issued in private placement, net of issuance costs of $6,902		—			—			12,097			1		53,580			—			53,581
Payment to non-participating Compass Therapeutics LLC members upon consummation of Merger		—			—			(14	)		—		(69	)		—			(69	)
Vesting of share-based awards		—			—			62			—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—			—		183			—			183
Net loss		—			—			—			—		—			(5,557	)		(5,557	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		—		$	—			50,897		$	5	$	187,112		$	(133,867	)	$	53,250

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(In thousands)


	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(63,223	)	$	(11,959	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		304			900
Loss (gain) on disposal of equipment		(44	)		8
Noncash interest expense		22			50
Share-based compensation		1,856			430
Write off of in-process R&D		50,618			—
Change in fair value of derivative liability		—			556
ROU asset amortization		518			—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(200	)		(982	)
Other long-term assets		—			32
Accounts payable		(502	)		952
Accrued expenses		(398	)		(1,998	)
Operating lease liability		(495	)		—
Settlement of derivative liability		—			(1,050	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(11,544	)		(13,061	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(424	)		(16	)
Asset acquistion costs		(318	)		—
Proceeds from sale of equipment		115			55
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(627	)		39
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		—			60,482
Issuance costs from issuance of common stock		—			(5,517	)
Repayment of borrowings under loan		(3,750	)		(1,875	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(3,750	)		53,090
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(15,921	)		40,068
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		47,339			25,566
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	31,418		$	65,634
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	226			486
Supplemental disclosure of financing activities
Acquisition of equipment included in accrued expenses	$	—		$	—
Deferred offering costs included in accrued expenses	$	—		$	(1,384	)
Payment to non-participating Compass LLC investors, within accrued expenses	$	—		$	(69	)
ROU asset acquired through operating leases	$	5,148		$	—
Acquisition of Trigr Therapeutics, Inc.	$	50,300		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Compass Therapeutics, Inc. (“Compass” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage, oncology-focused biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary antibody-based therapeutics to treat multiple human diseases. Our scientific focus is on the relationship between angiogenesis and the immune system. Our pipeline includes novel product candidates that leverage our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, including both angiogenesis-targeted agents and immune-oncology focused agents. These product candidates are designed to optimize critical components required for an effective anti-tumor response to cancer. These include modulation of the microvasculature via angiogenesis-targeted agents; induction of a potent immune response via activators on effector cells in the tumor microenvironment; and alleviation of immunosuppressive mechanisms used by tumors to evade immune surveillance. We plan to advance our product candidates through clinical development as both standalone therapies and in combination with our proprietary drug candidates as long as their continued development is supported by clinical and nonclinical data. References to Compass or the Company herein include Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company was incorporated as Olivia Ventures, Inc. (“Olivia”) in the State of Delaware on March 20, 2018. Prior to the Company’s reverse merger with Compass Therapeutics LLC (the “Merger”), Olivia was a “shell company” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to companies in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development will be successfully completed, that adequate protection for the Company’s technology will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. In addition, the Company is dependent upon the services of its employees and consultants.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments (which consist primarily of accruals, estimates and assumptions that impact the financial statements) considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2021 and its results of operations and changes in convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Compass Therapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries, and have been prepared by the Company in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “Annual Report”).

Going Concern

These financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the Company is a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. The Company has not generated any revenues from operations since inception and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities and borrowings from debt arrangements. Through June 30, 2021, we have received $132.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities and $15.0 million in term loan borrowings under the Credit Facility. Following the completion of the Merger, we completed a private placement of our common stock of $60.5 million.

As of June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $31.2 million. This cash balance is not sufficient to fund the Company’s current operating plan for at least the next twelve months following the filing of this Quarterly Report. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management is exploring opportunities to secure additional funding through equity or debt financings or through collaborations, licensing transactions or other sources.

COVID-19 Update

We have been carefully monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential impact on our business and have taken important steps to help ensure the safety of our employees and to reduce the spread of COVID-19 community-wide. We are ensuring that essential staffing levels at our operations remain in place, including maintaining key personnel in our laboratory facilities. We have implemented stringent safety measures designed to create a safe and clean environment for our employees as we continue to comply with applicable federal, state and local guidelines instituted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

We have been able to continue to pursue patient dosing and monitoring of our Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 without significant delays. However, over the last six months we have experienced increased delays in patient enrollment in several of our trial sites. In order to address the reduction in patient enrollment, we have recently added three new sites. In addition, there have been delays in sourcing of selected supplies required for the manufacturing of material to be used in our future clinical trials, and these delays may impact the timing of initiation of our future clinical trials We expect that COVID-19 may continue to directly or indirectly impact (i) our employees and business operations or personnel at third-party suppliers and other vendors in the U.S. and other countries; (ii) the availability, cost or supply of materials; and (iii) the timeline for our ongoing clinical trial and potential future trials. We are continuing to assess the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our current and future business and operations, including our expenses and clinical trials, as well as on our industry and the healthcare system.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report, except as noted below.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016‑02, Leases, which requires a lessee to record a right‑of‑use asset and a corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. A modified retrospective transition approach is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. An entity may choose to use either (1) its effective date or (2) the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements as its date of initial application. If an entity chooses the second option, the transition requirements for existing leases also apply to leases entered into between the date of initial application and the effective date. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2021. See Note 7 for additional details on the Company’s accounting for leases.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes ("ASU 2019-12"), which is intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The new standard will be effective beginning January 1, 2022. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 to have a material impact on its financial position and results of operations upon adoption.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):


	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2021 Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
Assets
Cash equivalents - money market	$	28,859	$	—	$	—	$	28,859
Total assets	$	28,859	$	—	$	—	$	28,859


	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020 Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
Assets
Cash equivalents - money market	$	43,631	$	—	$	—	$	43,631
Total assets	$	43,631	$	—	$	—	$	43,631

4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):


	June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Equipment	$	5,389		$	5,356
Furniture and fixtures		22			629
Leasehold improvements		200			896
Software		364			180
Total property and equipment–at cost		5,975			7,061
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(4,797	)		(5,935	)
Property and equipment, net	$	1,178		$	1,126

Total depreciation expense for three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, was $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Total depreciation expense for six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, was $0.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

5. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2021		2020
Compensation and benefits	$	572	$	976
Research and development expenses		356		212
Legal and professional fees		-		326
Other		246		57
Total accrued expenses	$	1,174	$	1,571

6. Debt

The aggregate principal amount of debt outstanding consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,			December 31,
	2021			2020
Current portion of debt	$	5,625		$	7,500
Less: unamortized debt discount		(14	)		(33	)
Current portion of debt, net of debt discount	$	5,611		$	7,467
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	—		$	1,875
Less: unamortized debt discount		—			(8	)
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	—		$	1,867

The Company entered into, and subsequently amended, a term loan facility with Pacific Western Bank, Inc. (the “Credit Facility”), and received $15.0 million debt proceeds. The loans bear interest at the greater of (i) 6.25% and (ii) the prime rate plus an applicable margin of 2.0%. The interest rate was 6.25% at June 30, 2021. In an event of default, as defined in the Credit Facility, the interest rate applicable to borrowings would be increased by 5.0%. The Company made interest-only payments through March 31, 2020. In April 2020, the Company became obligated to make equal monthly principal payments of $625,000 through March 31, 2022 when the notes mature. The Credit Facility allows for prepayment of the outstanding principal at any time, subject to a prepayment charge that is dependent on the prepayment date.

The Credit Facility agreement contains a provision whereby the Company was obligated to pay a success fee of $1.1 million upon the achievement of certain liquidity events. Upon consummation of the Merger, the Company success fee payment became due and was paid in its entirety in June 2020.

The Credit Facility contains a negative pledge on the Company’s intellectual property and also contains customary indemnification obligations and customary events of default, including, among other things, (i) non‑payment, (ii) breach of warranty, (iii) non‑performance of covenants and obligations, (iv) default on other indebtedness, (v) judgments, (iv) change of control, (vii) bankruptcy and insolvency, (viii) impairment of security, (ix) key permit events, (x) key person event, (xi) regulatory matters, and (xii) key contracts. In addition, the Company must maintain a minimum cash balance of $6.0 million beginning in April 2020. In the event of default under the Credit Facility, the Company would be required to pay interest on principal and all other due and unpaid obligations at the current rate in effect plus 5%.

The borrowings are collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property, and contains affirmative and negative covenants including restrictions on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, encumber its property, or engage in certain fundamental business transactions, such as mergers or acquisitions of other businesses. The Company was in compliance with its covenants as of June 30, 2021.

The Company recognized interest expense of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company recognized interest expense of $0.3 million and $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate minimum future principal payments due in connection with the Credit Facility, as amended, are as follows (in thousands):


Year Ending December 31,
2021	$	3,750
2022		1,875
	$	5,625

7. Leases

The Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), or ASU 2016-02, effective January 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective transition method, in which the new standard is applied as of the date of initial adoption. The Company recognized and measured agreements executed prior to the date of initial adoption that were considered leases on January 1, 2021. No cumulative effect adjustment of initially applying the standard to the opening balance of retained earnings was made upon adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that will retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the standard. In addition, the Company elected the accounting policy of not recording short-term leases with a lease term at the commencement date of 12 months or less on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as permitted by the new standard.

The Company has evaluated its leases and determined that it has one lease that is classified as an operating lease. The classification of this lease is consistent with the Company’s determination under the previous accounting standard.

When available, the Company will use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, the Company’s current lease does not provide an implicit rate. Therefore, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on the date of the lease commencement.

The Company has one operating lease for its corporate office and laboratory facility (“Facility”) that was signed in December 2020. The Company moved into the Facility in January 2021. The Facility lease has an initial term of four years and five months, beginning on January 1, 2021. The Facility lease contains scheduled rent increases over the lease term. The discount rate used for the Facility lease is 6.25%, and the remaining lease term of the Facility lease is three years and eleven months as of June 30, 2021.

The table below presents the undiscounted cash flows for the lease term. The undiscounted cash flows are reconciled to the operating lease liabilities recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet:


	(000's)
Remainder of 2021	$	749
Years ending December 31,
2022		1,315
2023		1,348
2024		1,382
2025		426
Total minimum lease payments		5,220
Less: amount of lease payments representing interest		(567	)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		4,653
Less: operating lease obligations, current portion		(1,049	)
Operating lease obligations, long-term portion	$	3,604

8. Stock-Based Compensation

In June 2020, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and reserved 2.93 million shares of common stock for issuance under this plan. The 2020 Plan includes automatic annual increases. The increase on January 1, 2021 was 2.08 million shares. As of June 30, 2021, 1.64 million shares remain available for future grant.

The 2020 Plan authorizes the board of directors or a committee of the board to grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options and restricted stock awards to eligible officers, employees, consultants and directors of the Company. Options generally vest over a period of four years and have a contractual life of ten years from the date of grant.

Stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was classified in the condensed consolidated statement of operations as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021		2020
	(000’s)

Research and development	$	298	$	112
General and administrative		1,558		318
Total	$	1,856	$	430

As of June 30, 2021, remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to options and restricted stock awards to be recognized in future periods totaled $9.0 million

Restricted Stock

Prior to the adoption of the 2020 Plan, the Company issued restricted stock. A summary of the Company’s restricted stock activity during the six months ended June 30, 2021 is as follows:


	Shares			Fair Value
Weighted Average Fair Value	(000’s)			Per Share
Unvested, December 31, 2020		896		$	1.78
Granted		—		$	—
Vested		(180	)	$	1.87
Forfeited or canceled		(59	)	$	1.60
Unvested, June 30, 2021		657		$	1.78

As of June 30, 2021, stock compensation expense for restricted stock is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the 2020 Plan:


				Weighted		Weighted
	Number of			Average		Average
	Unvested			Exercise		Remaining
	Options			Price		Contractual
	(000’s)			Per Share		Life (in years)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		2,159		$	5.00		9.1
Granted		1,424		$	5.36		9.7
Exercise		—		$	5.00		—
Forfeited/cancelled		(211	)	$	5.00		—
Outstanding at June 30, 2021		3,372		$	5.15		9.2
Vested at June 30, 2021		1,123		$	5.00		8.7

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the weighted average grant date fair value for options granted was $3.95. The aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding as of June 30, 2021 was $3 thousand. There was no aggregate intrinsic value for vested options as of June 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2021, stock option expense for options is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years.

There were no stock options granted for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2021 were as follows:


Expected term (in years)	6.1
Risk-free rate	0.76	%
Expected volatility	89.3	%

9. Merger Transaction

On May 11, 2021 the Company and Trigr Therapeutics, Inc. (“TRIGR”), a private biotechnology company, entered into a definitive merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries and a two-step merger structure, acquired all of the outstanding shares of TRIGR (the “Merger”). On June 25, 2021, the Merger was consummated. Consideration payable to TRIGR shareholders at closing totaled an aggregate of 10,265,133 shares of the Company’s common stock with a fair value of $50.3 million (after giving effect to elimination of fractional shares that would otherwise be issued). In addition, TRIGR shareholders are eligible to receive up to $9 million, representing earnout payments based on three independent events. The first potential earnout payment is $2 million related to a milestone payment under the Elpiscience agreement, due the Company upon IND approval of CTX-009 in China, and remitted to the TRIGR shareholders. The Company will act as a conduit to this transaction and will remit to the former TRIGR shareholders up to $2 million related to this milestone payment received from Elpiscience. The second potential earnout payment of $2 million, is contingent upon the Company entering into a regional license agreement with a specific third party. Since the Company has not entered into a regional license agreement with that third party and assesses the probability of reaching such agreement with that party to be low, no provision is being made. The third and last potential earnout is $5 million which is dependent on the Company successfully filing a biologics license application and being granted marketing approval for the product candidate acquired in the transaction, CTX-009. As CTX-009 is in early clinical development and the clinical development of CTX-009 and regulatory strategy are subject to substantial risk, it is not probable that this payment will be made and as such, no provision is being made.

To determine whether the transaction meets the definition of a business acquisition or an asset acquisition in accordance with ASC 805-10-55, we had to assess the nature of the transaction and the fair value of the assets acquired in the transaction. Our assessment suggest that the fair value of the transaction is substantially concentrated in a license to a single identifiable asset, CTX-009, and a potential financial interest (in the form of royalties) in an additional set of early-stage similar assets. The guidance further requires a business acquisition to include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs. Because all asset acquisitions include inputs, the existence of a substantive process is what distinguishes a business acquisition from an asset acquisition. Our assessment is that there is no process or outputs that are being acquired with the TRIGR acquisition. As a result, the TRIGR acquisition is considered to fall under the guidance of an asset acquisition rather than a business acquisition. Accordingly, the Company allocated the $50.3 million transaction amount and $0.3 million of transaction costs to the acquired license. As the license is considered in process R&D, the Company expensed the acquired asset on the transaction date.

10. Related Parties and Related-Party Transactions

On October 16, 2014, the Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Adimab, LLC. The Company’s co-founder has a direct ownership interest in Adimab, LLC. The Company recorded no research and development expenses in connection with this agreement during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

In connection with the acquisition of TRIGR and upon consummation of the merger agreement on June 25, 2021, Miranda Toledano, who previously served as the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of TRIGR, was appointed to Compass Board of Directors as an independent director. Additionally, to facilitate the transition of CTX-009 from TRIGR, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Ms. Toledano on June 25, 2021 for a period of six months.

11. Other Expense

Other income and expense consisted of the following:


	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
	(000's)						(000's)

Interest income	$	9		$	7		$	24		$	48
Interest expense		(111	)		(242	)		(253	)		(518	)
Change in fair value of derivative liability		—			(236	)		—			(556	)
Realized gain on disposal of equipment		—			—			44			—
Total other income (expenses)	$	(102	)	$	(471	)	$	(185	)	$	(1,026	)

12. License, Research and Collaboration Agreements

Collaboration Agreements

ABL Bio Agreements

In November 2018, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary TRIGR and ABL Bio ("ABL Bio") Corporation, a South Korean biotechnology company (“ABL Bio”), entered into exclusive global (excluding South Korea) license agreement (the “TRIGR License Agreement”) which granted TRIGR a license to ABL001, ABL Bio’s bispecific antibody targeting DLL4 and VEGF-A (renamed CTX-009). Under the terms of the agreement, ABL Bio and TRIGR would jointly develop CTX-009, with ABL Bio responsible for development of CTX-009 throughout the end of Phase 1 clinical trial and TRIGR responsible for the development of CTX-009 from Phase 2 and onward. ABL Bio received a $5 million upfront payment and is eligible to receive up to $405 million in development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments and tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of CTX-009 in Oncology, and ABL Bio is also eligible to receive up to $185 million in development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments and tiered, single-digit royalties on net sales of CTX-009 in Ophthalmology. The financial terms of the agreement were amended in May 2021 but remain substantially similar to the terms in the TIRGR License Agreement. As a result of the TRIGR acquisition, the TRIGR License Agreement was assigned to the Company and the Company has assumed all the rights and liabilities of the agreement. See Note 9 for further information on the TRIGR transaction.

In May 2021, TRIGR and ABL Bio terminated license agreements to several preclinical assets. As a result of the return of these assets to ABL Bio and termination of the license agreements, the Company is eligible to receive royalties on potential royalty payments that ABL Bio is eligible to get from its future licensees to two bispecific antibodies ABL101 and ABL103 that were previously licensed to TRIGR.

Adimab Agreement

The Company entered into a collaboration agreement with Adimab, LLC on October 16, 2014. The agreement includes provisions for payment of royalties at rates ranging in the single digits as a percentage of future net sales within a specified term from the first commercial sale. There were no milestone payments made during the first six months of 2021. As of June 30, 2021, future potential milestone payments in connection with this agreement amounted to $1.8 million.

Other License and Research Agreements

FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies Agreement

The Company entered into a scope of work (“SOW”) under a master services agreement with FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies on July 20, 2020. The Company made cash payments of $0.9 million and recorded $0.2 million in research and development expense during the three months ended June 30, 2021. The Company made cash payments of $1.2 million and recorded $1.2 million in research and development expense during the six months ended June 30, 2021. As of June 30, 2021, future payments in connection with this SOW amounted to $1.8 million.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Compass Therapeutics, Inc. should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2021. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risk, uncertainties and assumptions. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the “Risk Factors” section included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage, oncology-focused biopharmaceutical company developing proprietary antibody-based therapeutics to treat multiple human diseases. Our scientific focus is on the relationship between angiogenesis and the immune system. Our pipeline includes novel product candidates that leverage our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, including both angiogenesis-targeted agents and immune-oncology focused agents. These product candidates are designed to optimize critical components required for an effective anti-tumor response to cancer. These include modulation of the microvasculature via angiogenesis-targeted agents; induction of a potent immune response via activators on effector cells in the tumor microenvironment; and alleviation of immunosuppressive mechanisms used by tumors to evade immune surveillance. We plan to advance our product candidates through clinical development as both standalone therapies and in combination with our proprietary drug candidates as long as their continued development is supported by clinical and nonclinical data.

On June 25, 2021, the Company and Trigr Therapeutics, Inc. (“TRIGR”), a private biotechnology company, consummated a definitive merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries and a two-step merger structure, acquired all of the outstanding shares of TRIGR (the “Merger”). Consideration payable to TRIGR shareholders at closing totaled an aggregate of 10,265,133 shares of Compass’ common stock (after giving effect to elimination of fractional shares that would otherwise be issued). In addition, TRIGR shareholders are eligible to receive up to $9 million, representing earnout payments which are dependent on certain events, including $5 million which is dependent on biologics license application approval of a product candidate acquired in the transaction, renamed CTX-009.

The Company currently has two product candidates in clinical development:

CTX-009 (formerly designated TR009/ABL001/NOV1501) is an anti-DLL4 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody, which has been added to the Company's pipeline via the acquisition of TRIGR. It is undergoing clinical development in patients with advanced solid tumors in South Korea. A Phase 1 dose escalation study and a Phase 1b dose expansion monotherapy study have been completed and a Phase 1b combination study is ongoing in South Korea. Data from CTX-009's Phase 1 dose escalation and dose expansion monotherapy study demonstrate an approximately 20% Overall Response Rate (ORR) at the targeted therapeutic doses, with confirmed partial responses per RECIST criteria in heavily pre-treated colorectal and gastric cancer patients in whom multiple therapies have failed, including VEGF-targeted therapeutics, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 regimens and chemotherapies. Interim results from the ongoing Phase 1b combination study testing the tolerability and activity of CTX-009 in combination with irinotecan or paclitaxel suggest that CTX-009 is well tolerated in combination with chemotherapy. As of May 31, 2021, there have been four partial responses in the Phase 1b study with an ORR of 23.5% and Clinical Benefit Rate (CBR) of 76%. The Phase 1b study enrollment is complete, and as of July 31, 2021, four patients remain in the study. In addition, a Phase 2a study in patients with cholangiocarcinoma has begun in South Korea, and patients are being screened and enrolled in the study. In contrast to historical anti-DLL4 antibodies, the administration of CTX-009 has not been associated with severe pulmonary hypertension. Full data from the ongoing Phase 1b studies are expected to be provided later in 2021.

CTX-471 is a monoclonal antibody agonist of CD137, a key co-stimulatory receptor on immune cells. In July 2019, we initiated a Phase 1 trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of CTX-471 as a monotherapy in oncology patients who were previously treated with PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and subsequently relapsed or progressed after a period of stable disease. The design of this trial includes a dose escalation stage (Phase 1a) followed by a dose expansion stage (Phase 1b). The dose escalation stage of the Phase 1 trial has been completed and CTX-471 was observed to be generally well-tolerated. The dose expansion stage of the trial is currently ongoing and, as of June 21, 2021, 18 patients have received at least one dose of CTX-471. Of the 18 patients treated so far, 15 patients have reached their first tumor evaluation at week 9, of which 9 had stable disease. Subsequently, one of those patients who has

advanced small cell lung cancer had a partial response at Week 17 and this response has been confirmed at week 25. As of June 21, 2021, there have been no treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs) in the Phase 1b dose expansion stage of the trial. We expect to complete the Phase 1b stage of the trial during the first half of 2022. The next step for development of CTX-471 is the initiation of a Phase 1b combination study with a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocker in the first half of 2022.

In addition to our product candidates in clinical development, we have a bispecific antibody, CTX-8371, that simultaneously targets both PD-1 and PD-L1, the targets of well-known and widely used checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. IND-enabling studies with CTX-8371 were initiated in August 2020. We are targeting an IND submission for CTX-8371 in the second quarter of 2022.

We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities and borrowings from debt arrangements. Through June 30, 2021, we have received $132.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities, $15.0 million in term loan borrowings under a credit facility with Pacific Western Bank, or the Credit Facility, and $60.5 million in gross proceeds from the sale of our common stock in a private placement in June 2020.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and have not generated any revenue from the sale of products and we do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the near future, if at all. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our treatments and any future product candidates. Our net losses were $55.8 million and $5.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $63.3 million and $12.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 include $50.6 million of in-process R&D expense related to the TRIGR merger, which was a stock only transaction. We had an accumulated deficit of $214.7 million at June 30, 2021. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses for at least the next several years as we advance through clinical development, develop additional product candidates and seek regulatory approval of any product candidates that complete clinical development. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. We may also incur expenses in connection with the in-licensing or acquisition of additional product candidates.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through equity and debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. As of June 30, 2021, we had $31.2 million in cash and cash equivalents. Based on our research and development plans, we expect that such cash resources will not enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for the next 12 months. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

COVID-19 Update

We have been able to continue to pursue patient dosing and monitoring of our Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 without significant delays. However, over the last six months we have experienced increased delays in patient enrollment in several of our trial sites. In order to address the reduction in patient enrollment, we have recently added three new sites. In addition, there have been delays in sourcing of selected supplies required for the manufacturing of material to be used in our future clinical trials, and these delays may impact the timing of initiation of our future clinical trials We expect that COVID-19 may continue to directly or indirectly impact (i) our employees and business operations or personnel at third-party suppliers and other vendors in the U.S. and other countries; (ii) the availability, cost or supply of materials; and (iii) the timeline for our ongoing clinical trials and potential future trials. We are continuing to assess the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our current and future business and operations, including our expenses and clinical trials, as well as on our industry and the healthcare system.

Components of Results of Operations

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates, CTX-471 and CTX-8371, as well as unrelated discovery program expenses. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:



employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits and equity-based compensation expense, for employees engaged in research and development functions



expenses incurred under agreements with organizations that support our platform program development



Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMO”) that are primarily engaged to provide drug substance and product for our clinical trials, research and development programs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, nonclinical studies and other scientific development services



the cost of acquiring and manufacturing nonclinical and clinical trial materials, including manufacturing registration and validation batches



costs related to compliance with quality and regulatory requirements



facilities and equipment expenses

Advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially in connection with our planned clinical development activities in the future. At this time, we cannot accurately estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical development of any future product candidates.

The successful development and commercialization of product candidates is highly uncertain. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization.

In-Process R&D

In-process R&D expenses consists of the acquisition of Trigr Therapeutics, Inc., whose primary asset is CTX-009, an anti-DLL4 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody. As we expense research and development costs as incurred, the cost of this acquisition was expensed. See Note 9, to the financial statements contained in this Form 10-Q for further description of the accounting of this transaction.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, finance, corporate and business development, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters; professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and administrative consulting services; insurance costs; administrative travel expenses; marketing expenses and other operating costs.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support our business operations.

Other expense, net

Other expense consists of interest expense, interest income and realized losses on sales of furniture and equipment.

Interest expense consists primarily of cash interest under our Credit Facility that we entered into in March 2018 and the related non-cash interest attributable to the amortization of deferred financing costs incurred in connection with this facility.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020			Change
				(000’s)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	2,905		$	2,985		$	(80	)
General and administrative		2,166			2,085			81
In-process R&D		50,618			—			50,618
Total operating expenses		55,689			5,070			50,619
Loss from operations		(55,689	)		(5,070	)		(50,619	)
Other expense, net		(102	)		(471	)		369
Loss before income tax expense		(55,791	)		(5,541	)		(50,250	)
Income tax expense		(13	)		(16	)		3
Net loss	$	(55,804	)	$	(5,557	)	$	(50,247	)

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses were flat for the three months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020. The Company spent $0.2 million less on early development programs for the three months ended June 30, 2021 than for the same period in 2020. The Company spent an additional $0.3 million in clinical expense related to CTX-471 and $0.3 million less in manufacturing expense related to CTX-8371 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 than for the same period in 2020.

We track outsourced development, outsourced personnel costs and other research and development costs of specific programs. In 2021, we began tracking our internal personnel costs on a program-by-program basis. Research and development expenses are summarized by program in the table below:


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2021		2020
	(000’s)

CTX-471	$	698	$	954
CTX-8371		284		33
NKP30 cell engagement platform		10		—
CTX-009		105		—
Unallocated research and development expenses		1,808		1,998
Total research and development expenses	$	2,905	$	2,985

In-Process R&D

In-process R&D was $50.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and consisted of costs related to the TRIGR acquisition. There were no in process R&D expenses in 2020. See Note 9 for further description.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.1 million to $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $2.1 million for the same period in 2020. Stock compensation increased by $0.6 million, partially offset by lower personnel and facilities expenses.

Other Expense, Net

We recognized interest expense of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The reduction in interest is from a lower outstanding loan balance.

Income Tax Expense

During the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we recognized income tax expenses of $13 and $16 thousand, respectively, which were primarily attributable to the services that Compass Advisors, Inc., our wholly-owned subsidiary, provided at cost plus a profit margin.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020			Change
				(000’s)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	7,609		$	6,556		$	1,053
General and administrative		4,798			4,345			453
In-process R&D		50,618			—			50,618
Total operating expenses		63,025			10,901			52,124
Loss from operations		(63,025	)		(10,901	)		(52,124	)
Other expense, net		(185	)		(1,026	)		841
Loss before income tax expense		(63,210	)		(11,927	)		(51,283	)
Income tax expense		(13	)		(32	)		19
Net loss	$	(63,223	)	$	(11,959	)	$	(51,264	)

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $1.1 million from $6.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 to $7.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The was primarily attributable to an increase in manufacturing costs related to CTX-8371 of $0.9 million.


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021		2020
	(000’s)

CTX-471	$	1,696	$	1,812
CTX-8371		1,778		86
NKP30 cell engagement platform		127		—
CTX-009		105		—
Unallocated research and development expenses		3,903		4,658
Total research and development expenses	$	7,609	$	6,556

In-process R&D

In-process R&D was $50.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and consisted of costs related to the TRIGR acquisition. There were no in-process R&D expenses in 2020. See Note 9 for further description.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.5 million to $4.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $4.3 million for the same period in 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to the issuance of stock options in the second half of 2020 and first quarter of 2021, which resulted in increased stock compensation expense of $1.5 million. This increase was partially offset by reduced personnel and facilities costs.

Other expense, net

We recognized interest expense of $0.3 million and $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The reduction in interest is from a lower outstanding loan balance.

A fair value of the derivative related to the Credit Facility was increased by $0.3 million as of June 30, 2020. Following our reverse merger with Compass Therapeutics LLC in June 2020, the derivative was settled.

Income tax expense

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized income tax expenses of $13 thousand. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we recognized income tax expenses of $32 thousand.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, research and development activities, building our intellectual property portfolio and providing general and administrative support for these operations. To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities and borrowings from debt arrangements. Through June 30, 2021, we have received $132.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities and $15.0 million in term loan borrowings under the Credit Facility. Following the completion of the Merger, we completed a private placement of our common stock and received gross proceeds of $60.5 million. As of June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $31.2 million.

Funding Requirements

Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, primarily research and development expenditures. Cash used to fund operating expenses is impacted by the timing of when we pay these expenses, as reflected in the change in our outstanding accounts payable, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:



the scope, timing, progress and results of discovery, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our product candidates;



the costs of manufacturing our product candidates for clinical trials and in preparation for marketing approval and commercialization;



the extent to which we enter into collaborations or other arrangements with additional third parties in order to further develop our product candidates;



the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims;



the costs and fees associated with the discovery, acquisition or in-license of additional product candidates or technologies;



our ability to establish additional collaborations on favorable terms, if at all;



the costs required to scale up our clinical, regulatory and manufacturing capabilities;



the costs of future commercialization activities, if any, including establishing sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution capabilities, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval; and



revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval.

We will need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for clinical trials, other research and development expenditures, and business development activities. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical studies.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, current stockholders’ interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect rights of common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research, product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Going Concern

As of June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $31.2 million. The Company has not generated any revenues from operations since inception and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of our equity securities and borrowings from debt arrangements. Through June 30, 2021, we have received $132.0 million in gross proceeds from the sale of equity securities and $15.0 million in term loan borrowings under the Credit Facility. Following the completion of the Merger, we completed a private placement of our common stock of $60.5 million. Our cash balance is not sufficient to fund the Company’s current operating plan for at least the next twelve months following the filing of this Quarterly Report. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. We are exploring opportunities to secure additional funding through equity or debt financings or through collaborations, licensing transactions or other sources.

Cash Flows

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:


	Six months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020
	(000’s)

Cash used in operating activities	$	(11,544	)	$	(13,061	)
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(627	)		39
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(3,750	)		53,090
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(15,921	)	$	40,068

Operating Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we used $11.5 million of cash in operating activities, resulting from our net loss of $63.3 million, offset by non‑cash charges of $53.3 million and the change in operating assets and liabilities of $1.6 million. Our non‑cash charges are from the TRIGR acquisition expense of in-process R&D of $50.6 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.3 million, share-based compensation expense of $1.9 million, offset by $44 thousand of gain on disposal of equipment.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we used $13.1 million of cash in operating activities, resulting from our net loss of $12.0 million and the change in operating assets and liabilities of $3.0 million, offset by non‑cash charges of $1.9 million. Our non‑cash charges were comprised of depreciation and amortization of $0.9 million, share-based compensation expense of $0.4 million, non-cash interest expense of $50,000, and a change in fair value of our derivative liability of $0.5 million. The change in our operating assets was primarily related to the settlement of a derivative liability and a decrease in our accounts payable and accrued expenses and due to the timing in which we pay our vendors.

Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, cash used in investing activities was $0.6 million attributed to $0.4 million in leasehold improvements and purchases of equipment and $0.3 million for acquisition costs related to TRIGR, partially offset by the sale of property and equipment. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, cash provided by investing activities was $39 thousand attributable to the sale of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we had $3.8 million in principal payments under the Credit Facility. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we received cash of $53.1 million from financing activities primarily from the closing of the private placement in June 2020 which resulted in net proceeds of $55.0 million. This was partially offset by $1.9 million in principal payments related to the 2018 Credit Facility.

Indebtedness

In March 2018, we entered into the Credit Facility with Pacific Western Bank which matures on March 1, 2022 and consists of $15.0 million in term loans. The term loans bear interest at the greater of (i) 6.25% and (ii) the prime rate plus an applicable margin of 2.0%. As of June 30, 2021, the interest rate was 6.25%. We made interest-only payments through June 30, 2020, and beginning in April 2020, we began to make equal monthly principal payments of $625 thousand. Payments are scheduled through March 2022. As of June 30, 2021, $5.6 million was outstanding.

Future Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities. The timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:



the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical trials for our product candidate or any future product candidates we may develop;



the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of nonclinical studies for our product candidates or any future product candidates we may develop;



our ability to maintain our relationships with key collaborators;



the outcome, timing and cost of seeking and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the potential for such authorities to require that we perform more nonclinical studies or clinical trials than those that we currently expect or change their requirements on studies that had previously been agreed to;



the cost to establish, maintain, expand, enforce and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with licensing, preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patents or other intellectual property rights;



the effect of competing technological and market developments;



the costs of continuing to grow our business, including hiring key personnel and maintain or acquiring operating space;



market acceptance of any approved product candidates, including product pricing, as well as product coverage and the adequacy of reimbursement by third-party payors;



the cost of acquiring, licensing or investing in additional businesses, products, product candidates and technologies;



the cost and timing of selecting, auditing and potentially validating a manufacturing site for commercial-scale manufacturing;



the cost of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any product candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval and that we determine to commercialize; and



our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems.

We will require additional funding to execute the current plans of the Company. The plans are to initiate at least one Phase 2 clinical trial of CTX-009, complete Part 2 of our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 and commence the planned Phase 1 development of CTX-8371, subject to satisfactory completion of IND-enabling activities for that product candidate. We expect that we will require additional funding to complete the clinical development of CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371, commercialize our product candidates, if we receive regulatory approval, and pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates. If we receive regulatory approval for CTX-009, CTX-471 or CTX-8371 or other product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize ourselves.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, ownership interest may be materially diluted, and the terms of such securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specified actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

There have been no material changes from the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk previously disclosed in Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

See Note 2 of the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2021 and Part II, Item 7 “Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgements and Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 for our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Off‑Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off‑balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Management’s Evaluation of our Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as of June 30, 2021. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2021, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we are not involved in any material legal proceedings. However, from time to time, we could be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Additional risk factors from the Annual Report on Form 10-K are as follows:

We have identified conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Based on our current operating plans, we do not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months from the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We have incurred significant losses since inception and expect to incur significant and increasing losses for at least the next several years. We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, could force us to delay or reduce our product development and clinical trials.

We may experience increased costs, disruptions or other difficulties with the integration of TRIGR.

On June 25, 2021, we consummated the acquisition of all outstanding shares of TRIGR Therapeutics, Inc., or TRIGR. As a result of this acquisition, we also acquired certain assets of TRIGR, including CTX-009 (formerly designated TR009/ABL001/NOV1501), an anti-DLL4 x VEGF-A bispecific antibody that is undergoing clinical development in patients with advanced solid tumors in South Korea. A Phase 1 dose escalation study and a Phase 1b dose expansion monotherapy study have been completed, and a Phase 1b combination study is ongoing. We plan to file an IND in the United States and continue the development of this product candidate across multiple indications. While we have invested, and continue to invest, significant resources in due diligence, planning and integration of TRIGR, it is possible that significant issues and potential unknown liabilities may arise during the course of the integration and ongoing development of CTX-009, which may result in increased costs, delays in the initiation of clinical trials and other difficulties that are not presently contemplated.

We have not historically developed the product candidate we acquired in our recent acquisition of TRIGR and are relying on TRIGR’s prior research to advance this product candidate and intellectual property obtained by TRIGR.

The product candidate that was acquired in the TRIGR acquisition, CTX-009, was initially developed by TRIGR and its licensor ABL Bio. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to develop, advance, or run clinical trials with this product candidate. In addition, our intellectual property rights covering the product candidate that was acquired in the TRIGR acquisition, CTX-009, were developed by TRIGR and its licensor, ABL Bio. We were not responsible for obtaining, maintaining or enforcing such intellectual property rights and we are relying on the previous work of TRIGR and its licensor to have adequately protected such intellectual property. We are relying on TRIGR’s previous work to continue our development of this product candidate. As a result, we cannot ensure that we will be able to successfully advance this product candidate going forward or that the intellectual property rights were protected at a level comparable to our previously disclosed intellectual property.

Certain of our clinical trials are conducted in overseas jurisdictions, which may subject us to delays and expenses.

We are conducting certain clinical trials in overseas jurisdictions. For example, clinical trials for CTX-009 are currently being conducted in South Korea. Regulators in the United States, such as the FDA, or in other foreign jurisdictions, may not support our trial design and protocol, which would delay our clinical development plans and increase our expenses.

In addition, there are risks inherent in conducting clinical trials in overseas jurisdictions, which may subject us to delays and expenses, such as:



regulatory and administrative requirements of the jurisdiction where the trial is conducted that could burden or limit our ability to conduct clinical trials;



differing and conflicting regulatory requirements;



foreign exchange fluctuations;



manufacturing, customs, shipment, and storage requirements;



cultural differences in medical practice and clinical research; and



the risk that the patient populations in such trials are not considered representative as compared to the patient population in the target markets where approval is being sought.

The following risk factors from the Annual Report on Form 10-K have been modified:

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. Since our founding in 2014, we have incurred significant net losses. Our net losses were $29.5 million and $34.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and as of December 31, 2020 and June 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $151.4 million and $214.7 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2020 and June 30, 2021, we had stockholders’ equity of $39.9 million and $28.9 million, respectively. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from private placements of preferred and common equity and borrowings under the 2018 loan and security agreement with Pacific Western Bank, or the 2018 Credit Facility. Since commencing operations, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to organizing and staffing our company, identifying business development opportunities, raising capital, securing intellectual property rights related to our product candidates, conducting discovery, and research and development activities for our product candidates.

We expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we have a commercialized product. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:


	•	continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs;


	•	leverage our research and development capabilities, including our proprietary StitchMabs TM technology, to advance additional product candidates into preclinical and clinical development;


	•	seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;


	•	hire additional clinical, quality control, regulatory, scientific and administrative personnel;


	•	expand our operational, financial and management systems and increase personnel, including to support our clinical development and our operations as a public company;


	•	maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;


	•	establish a marketing, sales, distribution and medical affairs infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and commercialize, whether on our own or jointly with a partner;


	•	acquire or in-license other technologies or engage in strategic partnerships; and


	•	incur additional legal, accounting or other expenses in operating our business, including the additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining marketing approval for product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling products and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We may never succeed in any or all of these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain our research and development efforts, expand our business or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We have never generated revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with our collaboration partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for the next several years, if ever. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our, or our existing or future collaborators’, success in:


	•	completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, including our ongoing and planned clinical trials of CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371;


	•	seeking and obtaining marketing approvals for any product candidates that we or our collaborators develop;


	•	identifying and developing new product candidates;


	•	launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval by establishing a marketing, sales, distribution and medical affairs infrastructure or, alternatively, collaborating with a commercialization partner;


	•	achieving coverage and adequate reimbursement by hospitals and third-party payors, including governmental authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurers and managed care organizations, for product candidates, if approved, that we or our collaborators develop;


	•	obtaining market acceptance of product candidates, if approved, that we develop as viable treatment options;


	•	addressing any competing technological and market developments;


	•	negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may enter and performing our obligations under such arrangements;


	•	maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets and know-how;


	•	defending against third-party interference or infringement claims, if any; and


	•	attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

We anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any product candidate that is approved for commercial sale. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or other regulatory agencies to perform clinical trials or studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate, or if there are any delays in establishing appropriate manufacturing arrangements for or in completing our clinical trials for the development of any of our product candidates, for example, as a result of any setbacks or delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to continue the preclinical and clinical development of our current and future programs. If we receive marketing approval for any product candidates, we will require significant additional amounts of cash in order to launch and commercialize such product candidates. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the designs and outcomes of our planned and anticipated clinical trials are highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development of and commercialize any product candidate we develop. Additionally, any COVID-19 related program setbacks or delays due to changes in federal, state, or local laws and regulations or clinical site policies could impact our programs and increase our expenditures.

Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:


	•	the scope, progress, timing, results and costs of researching and developing CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and our other product candidates, and of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials;


	•	the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining marketing approval for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates we develop, if clinical trials are successful;


	•	the costs of manufacturing CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials and in preparation for marketing approval and commercialization;


	•	the impact of COVID-19 on the initiation or completion of preclinical studies or clinical trials, the third-parties on whom we rely, and the supply of our product candidates;


	•	the costs of commercialization activities, including marketing, sales and distribution costs, for CTX 009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates we develop, whether alone or with a collaborator, if any of these product candidates are approved for sale;


	•	our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements on favorable terms, if at all;


	•	the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, expanding, defending and enforcing patent claims, including litigation costs and the outcome of any such litigation;


	•	our current collaboration and license agreements remaining in effect and our achievement of milestones and the timing and amount of milestone payments we are required to make, or that we may be eligible to receive, under those agreements;


	•	the timing, receipt and amount of sales of, on our future products, if any; and


	•	the emergence of competing therapies and other adverse developments in the oncology and immunology market.

Until we can generate sufficient product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity and debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements, other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. As of June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $31.2 million. Based on our research and development plans, we expect that these

cash resources will not enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements over the next 12 months. This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Changes may occur beyond our control that would cause us to consume our available capital before that time, including changes in, and progress of, our development activities, acquisitions of additional product candidates and changes in regulation.

If we raise additional capital through marketing, sales and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, future revenue streams or research programs, technologies or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. Further, to the extent that we raise additional capital through additional sales of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, investors’ ownership interest will be diluted. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we would be subject to fixed payment obligations and may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain additional financing on favorable terms when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials, or other research and development activities or one or more of our development programs.

Risks related to the discovery and development of our product candidates

Our business is dependent on our ability to advance our current and future product candidates through clinical trials, obtain marketing approval and ultimately commercialize them.

We are early in our development efforts. We will be conducting our first clinical trials since acquiring CTX-009, currently our lead product candidate, and are currently conducting clinical trials for CTX-471. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for several years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any other current or future product candidates we develop, which may never occur. Our current product candidates, including CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates we develop will require additional preclinical or clinical development, management of clinical, preclinical and manufacturing activities, marketing approval in the United States and other jurisdictions, demonstration of effectiveness to pricing and reimbursement authorities, sufficient cGMP manufacturing supply for both preclinical and clinical development and commercial production, building of a commercial organization and substantial investment and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenues from product sales.

The clinical and commercial success of our current and future product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:


	•	timely and successful completion of preclinical studies and our clinical trials;


	•	sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials;
	•	Our plans to successfully submit investigational new drug,or IND,applications with the FDA for CTX-009, CTX-8371 and/or other current and future product candidates;


	•	our ability to complete preclinical studies for current or future product candidates;


	•	successful enrollment in, including maintaining or reaching target enrollment levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, and completion of clinical trials;


	•	successful data from our clinical program that supports an acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates in the intended patient populations;


	•	our ability to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers on a timely and cost-efficient manner;


	•	whether we are required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to conduct additional clinical trials or other studies beyond those planned or anticipated to support approval of our product candidates;


	•	acceptance of our proposed indications and the primary endpoint assessments evaluated in the clinical trials of our product candidates by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities;


	•	receipt and maintenance of timely marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;


	•	successfully launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if approved;


	•	the prevalence, duration and severity of potential side effects or other safety issues experienced with our product candidates, if approved;


	•	entry into collaborations to further the development of our product candidates;


	•	obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection or regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;


	•	acceptance of the benefits and uses of our product candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;


	•	maintaining a continued acceptable safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of the product candidates following approval;


	•	our compliance with any post-approval requirements imposed on our products, such as post-marketing studies, a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, or additional requirements that might limit the promotion, advertising, distribution or sales of our products or make the products cost prohibitive;


	•	competing effectively with other therapies;


	•	obtaining and maintaining healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;


	•	our ability to identify bispecifics; and


	•	enforcing and defending intellectual property rights and claims.

These factors, many of which are beyond our control, could cause us to experience significant delays or an inability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize our current or future product candidates, and could otherwise materially harm our business. Successful completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials does not mean that CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any other current or future product candidates we develop will receive regulatory approval. Even if regulatory approvals are obtained, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our current and any future product candidates we develop, which would materially harm our business. If we are not able to generate sufficient revenue through the sale of any current or future product candidate, we may not be able to continue our business operations or achieve profitability.

To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe, pure and potent in humans. Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is highly uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process and our future clinical trial results may not be successful. We may experience delays in completing our clinical trials or preclinical studies and initiating or completing additional clinical trials. Although certain trials (or portions thereof) of CTX-009 and CTX-471 have been completed, we may experience delays in completing ongoing or future trials or in initiating any planned clinical trials and development efforts. Additionally, we

cannot be certain the ongoing and planned preclinical studies or clinical trials for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any other future product candidates will begin on time, not require redesign, enroll an adequate number of subjects on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. We may also experience numerous unforeseen events during our clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize the product candidates we develop, including:


	•	results from preclinical studies or clinical trials may not be predictive of results from later clinical trials of any product candidate;


	•	the FDA or other regulatory authorities, Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, or independent ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;


	•	the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data such as long-term toxicology studies, or impose other requirements on us, before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial;


	•	we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, as the terms of these agreements can be subject to extensive negotiation and vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;


	•	clinical trials of any product candidate may fail to show safety, purity or potency, or may produce negative or inconclusive results, which may cause us to decide, or regulators to require us, to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials or which may cause us to decide to abandon product candidate development programs;


	•	the number of patients required for clinical trials may be larger than we anticipate, or we may have difficulty in recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials, including as a result of the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical trial sites, eligibility criteria for the clinical trial, the nature of the clinical trial protocol, the availability of approved effective treatments for the relevant disease and competition from other clinical trial programs for similar indications and clinical trial subjects;


	•	enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials or may fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate. For example, we have experienced some challenges in the enrollment of patients into our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471, and there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges in the future for this trial or other trials;


	•	our CROs and other third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;


	•	we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;


	•	any of our product candidates could cause undesirable side effects that could result in significant negative consequences, including the inability to enter clinical development or receive regulatory approval;


	•	the cost of preclinical or nonclinical testing and studies and clinical trials of any product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;


	•	we may face hurdles in addressing subject safety concerns that arise during the course of a trial, causing us or our investigators, regulators, IRBs or ethics committees to suspend or terminate trials, or reports may arise from nonclinical or clinical testing of other cancer therapies that raise safety or efficacy concerns about our product candidates;


	•	the supply, quality or timeliness of delivery of materials for product candidates we develop or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials may be insufficient or inadequate; and


	•	we may need to change the manufacturing site and potentially the CMO for our product candidates from those that are able to produce clinical supply for our Phase 1 clinical trials to those with the capacity and ability to perform commercial manufacturing and/or the production of clinical material for our later stage clinical trials.

We could encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, or by the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, ethics committees or the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or DSMB, for such trial or by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Such authorities may impose such a suspension or termination due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of our product candidates. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials. Further, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials. For example, we are conducting and may in the future conduct additional “open-label” clinical trials. An “open-label” clinical trial is one where both the patient and investigator know whether the patient is receiving the investigational product candidate or either an existing approved drug or placebo. Most typically, open-label clinical trials test only the investigational product candidate and sometimes may do so at different dose levels. Open-label clinical trials are subject to various limitations that may exaggerate any therapeutic effect as patients may be subject to a “patient bias” where patients perceive their symptoms to have improved merely due to their awareness of receiving an experimental treatment. Moreover, patients selected for early clinical studies often include the most severe sufferers and their symptoms may have been bound to improve notwithstanding the new treatment. In addition, open-label clinical trials may be subject to an “investigator bias” where those assessing and reviewing the physiological outcomes of the clinical trials are aware of which patients have received treatment and may interpret the information of the treated group more favorably given this knowledge.

Principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or a regulatory authority concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of the marketing application we submit. Any such delay or rejection could prevent or delay us from commercializing our current or future product candidates.

If we experience delays in the completion, or termination, of any clinical trial of our product candidates, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down the development and approval process for our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues. Significant clinical trial delays could also allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do or shorten any periods during which we have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates.

Any such events would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.

Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates or result in the development of our product candidates stopping early.

With the exception of CTX-009, which is undergoing clinical trials in South Korea, and CTX-471, which is currently being tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial, all of our product candidates are still in the discovery or preclinical stage, and the risk of failure for such product candidates is high. In addition, any one or more of our product candidates that have not yet entered the clinic may never advance into clinical development. For instance, in early 2021, we conducted a review of our pipeline and made the strategic decision to deprioritize the development efforts for our NKp30 innate cell engager platform and to refrain from advancing CTX-8573 to IND-enabling studies. In order to obtain FDA approval to market a new biologic we must demonstrate proof of safety, purity and potency, including efficacy, in humans. To meet these requirements we will have to conduct adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Before we can commence clinical trials for a product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical testing and studies that support our planned clinical trials in humans. We cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies and cannot predict if the FDA will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and studies will ultimately support the further development of our current or future product candidates. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit INDs or similar applications for our preclinical programs on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of INDs or similar applications will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

Conducting preclinical testing is a lengthy, time-consuming and expensive process. The length of time of such testing may vary substantially according to the type, complexity and novelty of the program, and often can be several years or more per program. Delays associated with programs for which we are conducting preclinical testing and studies may cause us to incur additional operating expenses. The commencement and rate of completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials for a product candidate may be delayed by many factors, including but not limited to:


	•	an inability to generate sufficient preclinical or other in vivo or in vitro data to support the initiation of clinical studies;


	•	delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on study design;


	•	any setbacks or delays on account of the COVID-19 pandemic; and


	•	the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities not permitting the reliance on preclinical or other data from published scientific literature.

Our current or future product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties when used alone or in combination with other approved products or investigational new drugs that could halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe, pure and potent for use in each target indication, and failures can occur at any stage of testing. As with most biological products, use of our current or future product candidates could be associated with side effects or adverse events which can vary in severity from minor reactions to death and in frequency from infrequent to prevalent. There have been serious adverse side effects reported in response to antibody therapeutics and bispecifics in oncology.

Immuno-oncology drugs have been observed to cause side effects, generally related to over activation of the immune system. These include colitis, diabetes, pituitary inflammation, thyroiditis, myocarditis, liver inflammation, thrombocytopenia, among others. Our immuno-oncology product candidates, including CTX-471, may have similar or additional side effects. We completed the Phase 1a stage of the clinical trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of CTX-471 in mid-2020. In this study, all of the 19 patients enrolled received at least one dose of CTX-471. There were two treatment-related serious adverse events reported that included hypoxia, which resolved, and thrombocytopenia purpura, which also resolved. Two dose-limiting toxicities of immune-related thrombocytopenia were also reported. The second stage (Phase 1b) of our CTX-471 Phase 1 trial is currently ongoing.

As of June 21 2021, 18 patients in the Phase 1b stage had received at least one dose of CTX-471. As of June 21 2021, no severe treatment-related emergent side effects have been reported in the Phase 1b stage; however, severe treatment related side effects may emerge at a later time in the study. In addition to any potential side effects caused by the product or product candidate, the administration process or related procedures also can cause adverse side effects. If

unacceptable adverse events occur, our clinical trials or any future marketing authorization could be suspended or terminated.

We are developing CTX-8371 as a potential bispecific antibody that simultaneously targets both PD-1 and PD-L1, the targets of well-known and widely used checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. While we have observed so far in preclinical testing that simultaneous targeting of both PD-1 and PD-L1 has been associated with less toxicity than targeting either PD-1 alone or PD-L1 alone, there can be no assurance that CTX-8371 will not demonstrate unacceptable toxicities in later testing that may render it unsafe or intolerable.

If unacceptable side effects arise in the development of our product candidates, we, the FDA, the IRBs at the institutions in which our studies are conducted or the DSMB could suspend or terminate our clinical trials or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease clinical trials or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete any of our clinical trials or result in potential product liability claims. In addition, these side effects may not be appropriately recognized or managed by the treating medical staff. We expect to have to train medical personnel using our product candidates to understand the side effect profiles for our clinical trials and upon any commercialization of any of our product candidates. Inadequate training in recognizing or managing the potential side effects of our product candidates could result in patient injury or death. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Although our current and future product candidates have undergone and will undergo safety testing to the extent possible and, where applicable, under such conditions discussed with regulatory authorities, not all adverse effects of drugs can be predicted or anticipated. Antibody therapeutics and bispecifics and their method of action of harnessing the body’s immune system are powerful and could lead to serious side effects that we only discover in clinical trials or during commercial marketing. Unforeseen side effects could arise either during clinical development or after our product candidates have been approved by regulatory authorities and the approved product has been marketed, resulting in the exposure of additional patients. So far, we have not demonstrated that CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any other product candidate is safe in humans, and we cannot predict if ongoing or future clinical trials will do so. If any of our current or future product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials or do not gain marketing approval, we will not be able to generate revenue and our business will be harmed.

In addition, we intend to pursue CTX-009 and CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies and may develop CTX-8371 and future product candidates in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional risks relating to undesirable side effects or other properties. For example, the other therapies may lead to toxicities that are improperly attributed to our product candidates or the combination of our product candidates with other therapies may result in toxicities that the product candidate or other therapy does not produce when used alone. The other therapies we are using in combination may be removed from the market, or we may not be able to secure adequate quantities of such materials for which we have no guaranteed supply contract, and thus be unavailable for testing or commercial use with any of our approved products. The other therapies we may use in combination with our product candidates may also be supplanted in the market by newer, safer or more efficacious products or combinations of products.

Even if we successfully advance one of our product candidates through clinical trials, such trials will likely only include a limited number of subjects and limited duration of exposure to our product candidates. As a result, we cannot be assured that adverse effects of our product candidates will not be uncovered when a significantly larger number of patients are exposed to the product candidate. Further, any clinical trial may not be sufficient to determine the effect and safety consequences of taking our product candidates over a multi-year period.

If any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:


	•	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product;


	•	we may be required to recall a product or change the way such product is administered to patients;


	•	additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing processes for the product or any component thereof;


	•	regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication;


	•	we may be required to implement a REMS or create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;


	•	we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;


	•	the product may become less competitive; and


	•	our reputation may suffer.

Any of the foregoing events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and result in the loss of significant revenues, which would materially harm our business. In addition, if one or more of our product candidates or our antibody therapeutic development approach generally prove to be unsafe, our entire technology platform and pipeline could be affected, which would also materially harm our business.

As an organization, we have limited experience designing and implementing clinical trials and we have never conducted pivotal clinical trials. Failure to adequately design a trial, or incorrect assumptions about the design of the trial, could adversely affect the ability to initiate the trial, enroll patients, complete the trial, or obtain regulatory approval on the basis of the trial results, as well as lead to increased or unexpected costs and in delayed timelines.

The design and implementation of clinical trials is a complex process. We have limited experience designing and implementing clinical trials, and we may not successfully or cost-effectively design and implement clinical trials that achieve our desired clinical endpoints efficiently, or at all. A clinical trial that is not well designed may delay or even prevent initiation of the trial, can lead to increased difficulty in enrolling patients, may make it more difficult to obtain regulatory approval for the product candidate on the basis of the study results, or, even if a product candidate is approved, could make it more difficult to commercialize the product successfully or obtain reimbursement from third-party payors. Additionally, a trial that is not well-designed could be inefficient or more expensive than it otherwise would have been, or we may incorrectly estimate the costs to implement the clinical trial, which could lead to a shortfall in funding. We also expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials.

See “—Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties—We rely or will rely on third parties to help conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates we develop. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any current or future product candidates we develop and our business could be materially harmed.”

Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete clinical trials that are required for BLA submission and FDA approval of CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or current or future product candidates. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop.

Because the number of subjects in our Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471 is small, the results from this trial, once completed, may be less reliable than results achieved in larger clinical trials.

Nineteen patients were enrolled in our Phase 1a dose escalation stage of the trial and as of June 21 2021, 18 patients have received at least one dose of CTX-471 in the Phase 1b dose expansion stage of the trial. A study design that is considered appropriate includes a sufficiently large sample size with appropriate statistical power, as well as proper control of bias, to allow a meaningful interpretation of the results. The preliminary results of studies with smaller sample sizes and heterogeneous patient populations, such as our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CTX-471, can be disproportionately influenced by the impact the treatment had on a few individuals, which limits the ability to generalize the results across a broader community, thus making the study results less reliable than studies with a larger number of subjects and with more homogeneous patient populations. As a result, there may be less certainty that CTX-471 would achieve a statistically significant effect in any future clinical trials. If we conduct any future clinical trials of CTX-471, we may not achieve a statistically significant result or the same level of statistical significance seen, if any, in our Phase 1 clinical trial. Similarly, if we conduct a clinical trial of any other product candidate we develop, including CTX-471, with a

smaller sample size, the results of any such trial may be less reliable than results achieved in larger clinical trials and may provide less certainty of achieving statistically significant effects in any future clinical trials.

We have chosen to prioritize development of CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371. We may expend our limited resources on product candidates or indications that do not yield a successful product and fail to capitalize on other candidates or indications for which there may be a greater likelihood of success or may be more profitable.

Because we have limited resources, we have strategically determined to prioritize development of CTX-009, CTX-471 and CTX-8371 rather than other product candidates. This decision is based, in part, on the significant resources required for developing and manufacturing antibody therapeutics and bispecifics. To date, no regulatory authority has granted approval for an antibody therapeutic targeting CD137, also known as 4-1BB, as well as the target of CTX-471. Of note, several drugs targeting CD137 have been tested in early-stage clinical trials, and at least one of these drugs had severe side effects. It is possible that CTX-471 may have similar adverse effects, including toxicity, in humans. As a result, we may be foregoing other potentially more profitable antibody therapies or drugs with a greater likelihood of success. Our decisions concerning the allocation of research, development, collaboration, management and financial resources toward particular product candidates or therapeutic areas may not lead to the development of any viable commercial product and may divert resources away from better opportunities.

Similarly, our potential decisions to delay, terminate or collaborate with third parties with respect to certain programs may subsequently also prove to be suboptimal and could cause us to miss valuable opportunities. If we make incorrect determinations regarding the viability or market potential of any of our current or future product candidates or misread trends in the oncology, autoimmunology or biopharmaceutical industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases and disease pathways that may later prove to have greater commercial potential than those we choose to pursue, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to invest additional resources to retain development and commercialization rights.

Risks related to regulatory approval of our product candidates

Regulatory agencies may not agree with the design of our clinical development programs for one or more of our product candidates that we intend to utilize to support an expedited development process.

We intend to pursue an accelerated approval pathway for one or more of our product candidates, such as CTX-009, where we believe our proposed adaptive design of our clinical development program for this product candidate could support expedited development. However, we have not yet reached any agreement with the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities on the availability of such a strategy, nor have we initiated discussions to seek such agencies’ feedback on such pathway. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in reaching alignment with regulatory authorities with the effect and purpose of shortening the development path for any of our product candidates.

We intend to develop CTX-009 and CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies and may develop CTX-8371 and future product candidates in combination with other therapies, which exposes us to additional regulatory risks.

We intend to develop CTX-009 in combination with other therapies, such as chemotherapy, and CTX-471 in part in combination with other therapies, such as trastuzumab, and may develop CTX-8371 and future product candidates in combination with one or more currently approved cancer therapies. These combinations have not been previously tested in the clinic and may, among other things, fail to demonstrate synergistic activity, may fail to achieve superior outcomes relative to the use of single agents or other combination therapies, or may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety or efficacy traits in clinical trials to enable us to complete those clinical trials or obtain marketing approval for the combination therapy.

In addition, we did not develop or obtain regulatory approval for, and we do not manufacture or sell, any of these approved therapeutics. Therefore, even if any product candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risk that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in combination with our product candidate or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with these existing therapies. This could result in our own products being removed from the market or being less successful commercially. Combination

therapies are commonly used for the treatment of cancer diseases, and we would be subject to similar risks if we develop any of our product candidates for use in combination with other drugs or for indications other than cancer.

We may also evaluate CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any future product candidate in combination with one or more other cancer therapies that have not yet been approved for marketing by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We will not be able to market and sell CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any product candidate we develop in combination with any such unapproved cancer therapies that do not ultimately obtain marketing approval.

If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities do not approve these other biological products or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues arise with, the biological products we choose to evaluate in combination with CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any product candidate we develop, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market any such product candidate.

Risks related to the commercialization of our product candidates

The market opportunities for any current or future product candidate we develop, if approved, may be limited to those patients who are ineligible for established therapies or for whom prior therapies have failed, and may be small.

Any revenue we are able to generate in the future from product sales will be dependent, in part, upon the size of the market in the United States and any other jurisdiction for which we gain regulatory approval and have commercial rights. If the markets or patient subsets that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenues from sales of such products, even if approved.

Cancer therapies are sometimes characterized as first-line, second-line or third-line, and the FDA often approves new therapies initially only for third-line use. When cancer is detected early enough, first-line therapy, usually chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, radiation therapy or a combination of these, is sometimes adequate to cure the cancer or prolong life without a cure. Second- and third-line therapies are administered to patients when prior therapy is not effective. The number of patients who receive second- and third-line treatment is significantly smaller than the number of patients who receive first-line treatment, and the prognosis of patients who receive second- or third-line treatment is often poorer than that of patients who receive first-line treatment.

We may initially seek approval for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any other product candidates we develop as second- or third-line therapies. If we do so, for those products that prove to be sufficiently beneficial, if any, we would expect potentially to seek approval as a first-line therapy, but there is no guarantee that any product candidate we develop, even if approved, would be approved for first-line therapy, and, prior to any such approvals, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials.

The number of patients who have the types of cancer or autoimmune diseases we are targeting may turn out to be lower than expected. Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for our current or future product candidates may be limited, if and when approved. Even if we obtain significant market share for any product candidate, if and when approved, if the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining marketing approval for additional indications, including to be used as first- or second-line therapy.

If we are unable to establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 or any other product candidate that may receive regulatory approval, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved.

We do not have sales or marketing infrastructure. To achieve commercial success for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any other product candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval, we will need to establish a sales and marketing organization. In the future, we expect to build a focused sales and marketing infrastructure to market some of our product candidates in the United States, if and when they are approved. There are risks involved with establishing our own marketing, sales and distribution capabilities. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to market our products on our own include:


	•	our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;


	•	the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians in order to educate physicians about our product candidates, once approved;


	•	the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and


	•	unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.

If we are unable to establish our own marketing, sales and distribution capabilities and are forced to enter into arrangements with, and rely on, third parties to perform these services, our revenue and our profitability, if any, are likely to be lower than if we had developed such capabilities ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell, market and distribute our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish marketing, sales and distribution capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.

Risks related to healthcare, insurance and legal matters

Enacted healthcare legislation, changes in healthcare law and implementation of regulations, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize our product candidates, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, could affect the prices we may set, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

In the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions, there have been and likely will continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory changes regarding the healthcare system directed at broadening the availability of healthcare, improving the quality of healthcare, and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or, collectively, the ACA, was passed, which substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The ACA, among other things, subjects biological products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars, expands the types of entities eligible for the 340B drug discount program, addresses a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, increases the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extends the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, establishes annual fees and taxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, and creates a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program in which, as a condition of coverage of its products under Medicare Part D, manufacturers must now agree to offer 50% (increased to 70% pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or BBA, effective as of 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Various portions of the ACA are currently undergoing legal and constitutional challenges in the United States Supreme Court; the previous Trump Administration issued various Executive Orders which eliminated cost sharing subsidies and various provisions that would impose a fiscal burden on states or a cost, fee, tax, penalty or regulatory burden on individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices; and Congress has introduced several pieces of legislation aimed at significantly revising or repealing the ACA. Also, in December 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, issued a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain ACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the ACA risk adjustment program. It is unclear whether the ACA will be overturned, repealed, replaced, or further amended. We cannot predict what affect further changes to the ACA would have on our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. For example, on August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit

reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year. These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2030 unless additional congressional action is taken. However, the Medicare sequester reductions under the BCA will be suspended from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. Additionally, the BBA, among other things, amended the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase the point-of-sale discount (from 50% under the ACA to 70%) that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and, closed the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole”.

Moreover, payment methodologies may be subject to changes in healthcare legislation and regulatory initiatives. For example, CMS may develop new payment and delivery models, such as bundled payment models. Recently, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the cost of drugs under Medicare and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For example, at the federal level, the previous Trump administration’s budget proposal for fiscal year 2021 includes a $135 billion allowance to support legislative proposals seeking to reduce drug prices, increase competition, lower out-of-pocket drug costs for patients, and increase patient access to lower-cost generic and biosimilar drugs. On March 10, 2020, the previous Trump administration sent “principles” for drug pricing to Congress, calling for legislation that would, among other things, cap Medicare Part D beneficiary out-of-pocket pharmacy expenses, provide an option to cap Medicare Part D beneficiary monthly out-of-pocket expenses, and place limits on pharmaceutical price increases. Additionally, the previous Trump Administration previously released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out-of-pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. HHS has started soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same, is implementing others under its existing authority. For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option of using step therapy, a type of prior authorization, for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019. Although a number of these and other proposed measures may require additional authorization to become effective, Congress has indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs.

On July 24, 2020 and September 13, 2020, then-President Trump announced several executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that seek to implement several of the administration's proposals. In response, the FDA released a final rule on September 24, 2020, which went into effect on November 30, 2020, providing guidance for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada. Further, on November 20, 2020, CMS issued an Interim Final Rule implementing the Most Favored Nation (“MFN”) Model under which Medicare Part B reimbursement rates will be calculated for certain drugs and biologicals based on the lowest price drug manufacturers receive in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with a similar gross domestic product per capita. The MFN Model regulations mandate participation by identified Part B providers and will apply in all U.S. states and territories for a seven-year period beginning January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2027. On December 28, 2020, a judge in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction prohibiting CMS from implementing the MFN rule. On August 6, 2021, CMS released a proposed rule that would rescind the MFN rule, although the timing of its adoption remains uncertain as of the date hereof.

At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Legally mandated price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions on coverage or access could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, regional healthcare authorities and individual hospitals are increasingly using bidding procedures to determine what pharmaceutical products and which suppliers will be included in their prescription drug and other healthcare programs. This could reduce the ultimate demand for our product candidates that we successfully commercialize or put pressure on our product pricing.

We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the extent to which state and federal governments cover particular healthcare products and services and could limit the amounts that the federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services. This could result in reduced demand for any product candidate or complementary or companion diagnostics we develop or could result in additional pricing pressures.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action in the United States. If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our product candidates may lose any regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Risks related to manufacturing of our product candidates

The loss of our third-party manufacturing partners or our, or our partners’, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or to supply sufficient quantities at acceptable quality levels or prices, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business.

We have contracted with qualified third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, to manufacture our product candidates for preclinical and clinical trials. If approved, commercial supply of CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates may also be manufactured at one or more CMOs.

The facilities used by our CMOs to manufacture our product candidates are subject to various regulatory requirements and may be subject to the inspection of the FDA or other regulatory authorities. We do not control the manufacturing process at our CMOs, and are completely dependent on them for compliance with current regulatory requirements. If we or our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions, we may not be able to rely on their manufacturing facilities for the manufacture of elements of our product candidates. In addition, we have limited control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority finds our facilities or those of our CMOs inadequate for the manufacture of our product candidates or if such facilities are subject to enforcement action in the future or are otherwise inadequate, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates.

Additionally, our CMOs may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments or on account of global pandemics or similar events, including the COVID-19 pandemic. If our CMOs were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide our product candidate to patients in clinical trials, or to provide product for the treatment of patients once approved, would be jeopardized.

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates proceed through preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials towards potential approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize processes and results. Therefore, we will likely need to change our CMOs for manufacturing of any product candidates that advance to later-stage trials to those that can support commercial-scale manufacturing. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the materials manufactured using altered processes. Such changes may also require additional testing, FDA notification or FDA approval. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to commence sales and generate revenue.

We are subject to multiple manufacturing risks, any of which could substantially increase our costs and limit supply of our product candidates.

The process of manufacturing antibody therapeutics and bispecifics, including our product candidates, is complex, time-consuming, highly regulated and subject to several risks, including:

•

product loss during the manufacturing process, including loss caused by contamination, equipment failure or improper installation or operation of equipment, or operator error. Even minor deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral or other contaminations are discovered in our products or in the manufacturing facilities in which our products are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination;

•

we will likely need to change our CMOs for manufacturing of any product candidates that advance to later-stage trials to those that can support large-scale manufacturing for later stage clinical trials as well as commercial supply needs;


	•	we will likely need to conduct additional work on chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMC, in relation to the production of the cell line for CTX-009 to support later-stage clinical trials and to meet commercial supply needs;


	•	the manufacturing facilities in which our products are made could be adversely affected by equipment failures, labor and raw material shortages, natural disasters, power failures and numerous other factors; and


	•	any adverse developments affecting manufacturing operations for our products may result in shipment delays, inventory shortages, lot failures, product withdrawals or recalls, or other interruptions in the supply of our products. We may also have to take inventory write-offs and incur other charges and expenses for products that fail to meet specifications, undertake costly remediation efforts or seek more costly manufacturing alternatives.

We have experienced, and may in the future experience challenges with our third party manufacturers that could have an adverse impact on the development of our product candidates. For example, the expected timing of submission of our IND for our product candidate CTX-8371 was shifted to mid-2022 due to delays at our outside manufacturer for that candidate.

We may also make changes to our manufacturing processes at various points during development, for a number of reasons, such as controlling costs, achieving scale, decreasing processing time, increasing manufacturing success rate or other reasons. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve their intended objectives, and any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of our ongoing or future clinical trials. In some circumstances, changes in the manufacturing process may require us to perform ex vivo comparability studies and to collect additional data from patients prior to undertaking more advanced clinical trials. For instance, changes in our process during the course of clinical development may require us to show the comparability of the product used in earlier clinical phases or at earlier portions of a trial to the product used in later clinical phases or later portions of the trial.

Risks related to intellectual property

Our intellectual property agreements with third parties may be subject to disagreements over contract interpretation, which could narrow the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, resulting in termination of our access to such intellectual property or increase our financial or other obligations to our licensors.

The agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in our intellectual property agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. Such licenses include those with ABL Bio Inc. with respect to our CTX-009 product candidate and with Adimab, LLC, with respect to our CTX-471 product candidate. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could affect the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or affect financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, or we otherwise are unable to maintain our licenses for our product candidates, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates.

Risks related to our work with third parties

We rely or will rely on third parties to help conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any future product candidates we develop. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or commercialize CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any current or future product candidates we develop and our business could be materially harmed.

We currently do not have the ability to independently conduct preclinical studies that comply with the regulatory requirements known as current good laboratory practice, or GLP, requirements. We also do not currently have the ability to independently conduct any clinical trials. The FDA and regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions require us to comply with regulations and standards, including cGCP, or requirements for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials, in order to ensure that the data and results are scientifically credible and accurate and that the trial subjects are adequately informed of the potential risks of participating in clinical trials. We rely on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract laboratories and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct GLP-compliant preclinical studies and cGCP-compliant clinical trials on our product candidates properly and on time. While we have agreements governing their activities, we control only certain aspects of their activities and have limited influence over their actual performance. The third parties with whom we contract for execution of our GLP-compliant preclinical studies and our cGCP-compliant clinical trials play a significant role in the conduct of these studies and trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. These third parties are not our employees and, except for restrictions imposed by our contracts with such third parties, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our current or future product candidates. Although we rely on these third parties to conduct our GLP-compliant preclinical studies and cGCP-compliant clinical trials, we remain responsible for ensuring that each of our preclinical studies and clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its investigational plan and protocol and applicable laws and regulations, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

Many of the third parties with whom we contract may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. Further, under certain circumstances, these third parties may unilaterally terminate their agreements with us. If the third parties conducting our preclinical studies or our clinical trials do not adequately perform their contractual duties or obligations, experience significant business challenges, disruptions or failures, do not meet expected deadlines, including on account of the COVID-19 pandemic, terminate their agreements with us or need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our protocols or to GLP and cGCP, or for any other reason, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties. This could be difficult, costly or impossible, and our preclinical studies or clinical trials may need to be extended, delayed, terminated or repeated. As a result, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval in a timely fashion, or at all, for the applicable product candidate, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

Risks related to our business

We will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As our development plans and strategies develop, and as we transition into operating as a public company, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, marketing, sales, financial and other personnel. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:


	•	identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining and motivating additional employees;


	•	managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA review process for CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any other current or future product candidates we develop, while complying with our contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties; and


	•	improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

Our future financial performance and our ability to advance development of and, if approved, commercialize CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any current or future product candidates we develop will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services. We cannot assure you that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain marketing approval of any current or future product candidates or otherwise advance our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and expanding our groups of consultants and contractors, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize CTX-009, CTX-471, CTX-8371 and any current or future product candidates we develop and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit Number		Description

10.1*		Research and Development Collaboration and License Agreement, dated November 30, 2018, between TRIGR Therapeutics, Inc. and ABL Bio Inc.

31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL Document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed herewith.

** These exhibits are being furnished and shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall such exhibits be deemed to be incorporated by reference in any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as otherwise stated in such filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Company Name

Date: August 16, 2021	By:	/s/ Thomas Schuetz
		Thomas Schuetz, MD
		Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer

Date: August 16, 2021	By:	/s/ Vered Bisker-Leib
		Vered Bisker-Leib, PhD
		President and Chief Operating Officer
Date: August 16, 2021	By:	/s/ Neil Lerner
		Neil Lerner, CPA
		Vice President - Finance