banr-20200930

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED September 30, 2020

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number 000-26584

BANNER CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Washington			91-1691604
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

10 South First Avenue, Walla Walla, Washington 99362

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (509) 527-3636

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.01 per share	BANR	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes

[x]

[ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes

[x]

[ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

[x]

Accelerated filer [ ]

Non-accelerated filer [ ]

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes

☐

[x]

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Title of class:

As of October 31, 2020

Common Stock, $.01 par value per share

35,155,639 shares

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Table of Contents


PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Financial Statements. The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of Banner Corporation and Subsidiaries filed as a part of the report are as follows:

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019			4

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019			5

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019			6

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and the Year Ended December 31, 2019			7

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019			11

Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements			13

Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview			58

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019			66

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019			69

Asset Quality			77

Liquidity and Capital Resources			79

Capital Requirements			80

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk and Asset/Liability Management			82

Sensitivity Analysis			82

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures			86

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings			87

Item 1A – Risk Factors			87

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			88

Item 3 – Defaults upon Senior Securities			88

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures			88

Item 5 – Other Information			88

Item 6 – Exhibits			89

SIGNATURES			91

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain matters in this Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact, are based on certain assumptions and are generally identified by use of the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “plans,” “targets,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would” and “could.” Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions and statements about future economic performance and projections of financial items. These forward looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or implied by our forward-looking statements. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, is adversely affecting us, our customers, counterparties, employees, and third-party service providers, and the ultimate extent of the impacts on our business, financial position, results of operations, liquidity, and prospects is uncertain. Continued deterioration in general business and economic conditions, including further increases in unemployment rates, or turbulence in domestic or global financial markets could adversely affect our revenues and the values of our assets and liabilities, reduce the availability of funding, lead to a tightening of credit, and further increase stock price volatility. In addition, changes to statutes, regulations, or regulatory policies or practices as a result of, or in response to COVID-19, could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated or projected include, but are not limited to, the following: the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and provisions for credit losses; the ability to manage loan delinquency rates; competitive pressures among financial services companies; changes in consumer spending or borrowing and spending habits; interest rate movements generally and the relative differences between short and long-term interest rates, loan and deposit interest rates, net interest margin and funding sources; uncertainty regarding the future of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), and the potential transition away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks; the impact of repricing and competitors’ pricing initiatives on loan and deposit products; fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values; the ability to adapt successfully to technological changes to meet customers’ needs and developments in the marketplace; the ability to access cost-effective funding; the ability to control operating costs and expenses; the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain assets and liabilities, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant changes in valuation; staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect employees, and potential associated charges; disruptions, security breaches or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, information technology systems or on the third-party vendors who perform critical processing functions; changes in financial markets; changes in economic conditions in general and in Washington, Idaho, Oregon and California in particular; secondary market conditions for loans and the ability to sell loans in the secondary market; the costs, effects and outcomes of litigation; legislation or regulatory changes or reforms, including changes in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules, results of safety and soundness and compliance examinations by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the FDIC), the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions, Division of Banks, (the Washington DFI) or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require restitution or institute an informal or formal enforcement action which could require an increase in reserves for loan losses, write-downs of assets or changes in regulatory capital position, or affect the ability to borrow funds, or maintain or increase deposits, or impose additional requirements and restrictions, any of which could adversely affect liquidity and earnings; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; adverse changes in the securities markets; the inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations; changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; the economic impact of war or any terrorist activities; other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors affecting operations, pricing, products and services; including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (the CARES Act); future acquisitions by Banner of other depository institutions or lines of business; and future goodwill impairment due to changes in Banner’s business, changes in market conditions, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors; and other risks detailed from time to time in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including this report on Form 10-Q. Any forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs and assumptions at the time they are made. We do not undertake and specifically disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements included in this report or the reasons why actual results could differ from those contained in such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements by, or on behalf of, us. Further, many of these risks and uncertainties are currently amplified by and may continue to be amplified by or may, in the future, be amplified by, the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking statements discussed in this report might not occur, and you should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

As used throughout this report, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company” refer to Banner Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. All references to “Banner” refer to Banner Corporation and those to “the Banks” refer to its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Banner Bank and Islanders Bank, collectively.

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(Unaudited) (In thousands, except shares)

September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019


ASSETS	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash and due from banks	$	289,144	$	234,359
Interest bearing deposits	416,394		73,376
Total cash and cash equivalents	705,538		307,735
Securities—trading	23,276		25,636
Securities—available-for-sale, amortized cost $1,690,069 and $1,529,946, respectively	1,758,384		1,551,557
Securities—held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses of $102 and none, respectively, fair value $450,806 and $237,805, respectively	429,033		236,094
Total securities	2,210,693		1,813,287
Equity securities	450,255		—
Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock	16,363		28,342
Loans held for sale (includes $153.0 million and $199.4 million, at fair value, respectively)	185,938		210,447
Loans receivable	10,163,917		9,305,357
Allowance for credit losses - loans	(167,965)		(100,559)
Net loans receivable	9,995,952		9,204,798
Accrued interest receivable	48,321		37,962
Real estate owned (REO), held for sale, net	1,795		814
Property and equipment, net	171,576		178,008
Goodwill	373,121		373,121
Other intangibles, net	23,291		29,158
Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI)	191,755		192,088
Deferred tax assets, net	64,367		59,639
Other assets	203,110		168,632
Total assets	$	14,642,075	$	12,604,031
LIABILITIES
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing	$	5,412,570	$	3,945,000
Interest-bearing transaction and savings accounts	5,887,419		4,983,238
Interest-bearing certificates	915,352		1,120,403
Total deposits	12,215,341		10,048,641
Advances from FHLB	150,000		450,000
Other borrowings	176,983		118,474
Subordinated notes, net	98,114		—
Junior subordinated debentures at fair value (issued in connection with Trust Preferred Securities)	109,821		119,304
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	200,038		227,889
Deferred compensation	45,249		45,689
Total liabilities	12,995,546		11,009,997
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 13)
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred stock - $0.01 par value per share, 500,000 shares authorized; no shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	—		—
Common stock and paid in capital - $0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized; 35,158,568 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020; 35,712,384 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019	1,347,612		1,373,198
Common stock (non-voting) and paid in capital - $0.01 par value per share, 5,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2020; 39,192 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019	—		742
Retained earnings	222,959		186,838
Carrying value of shares held in trust for stock-based compensation plans	(7,588)		(7,507)
Liability for common stock issued to stock related compensation plans	7,588		7,507
Accumulated other comprehensive income	75,958		33,256

Total shareholders’ equity	1,646,529		1,594,034
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	14,642,075	$	12,604,031

See Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited) (In thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
INTEREST INCOME:
Loans receivable	$	116,716	$	118,096	$	350,815	$	350,558
Mortgage-backed securities	7,234		9,415		24,354		29,716
Securities and cash equivalents	5,631		3,925		14,824		11,996
Total interest income	129,581		131,436		389,993		392,270
INTEREST EXPENSE:
Deposits	5,179		10,014		20,623		27,680
FHLB advances	988		3,107		4,036		9,953
Other borrowings	128		82		482		209
Junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes	2,260		1,612		4,988		5,008
Total interest expense	8,555		14,815		30,129		42,850
Net interest income	121,026		116,621		359,864		349,420
PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES	13,641		2,000		64,917		6,000
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	107,385		114,621		294,947		343,420
NON-INTEREST INCOME:
Deposit fees and other service charges	8,742		10,331		26,091		36,995
Mortgage banking operations	16,562		6,616		40,891		15,967
Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI)	1,286		1,076		4,653		3,475
Miscellaneous	951		2,914		5,017		5,431
	27,541		20,937		76,652		61,868
Net gain (loss) on sale of securities	644		(2)		815		(29)

Net change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	37		(69)		(2,360)		(172)


Total non-interest income	28,222		20,866		75,107		61,667
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:
Salary and employee benefits	61,171		59,090		184,494		169,359
Less capitalized loan origination costs	(8,517)		(7,889)		(25,433)		(20,137)
Occupancy and equipment	13,022		12,566		39,114		39,013
Information/computer data services	6,090		5,657		17,984		16,256
Payment and card processing expenses	4,044		4,330		12,135		12,355
Professional and legal expenses	2,368		2,704		6,450		7,474
Advertising and marketing	1,105		2,221		3,584		5,815
Deposit insurance expense	1,628		(1,604)		4,968		1,232
State/municipal business and use taxes	1,196		1,011		3,284		2,963
REO operations, net	(11)		126		93		263
Amortization of core deposit intangibles	1,864		1,985		5,867		6,090
Provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments	1,539		—		2,356		—
Miscellaneous	5,285		6,435		16,841		20,230
	90,784		86,632		271,737		260,913
COVID-19 expenses	778		—		3,169		—
Acquisition-related expenses	5		676		1,483		3,125
Total non-interest expense	91,567		87,308		276,389		264,038
Income before provision for income taxes	44,040		48,179		93,665		141,049
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	7,492		8,602		16,694		28,426
NET INCOME	$	36,548	$	39,577	$	76,971	$	112,623





Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	1.04	$	1.15	$	2.18	$	3.24
Diluted	$	1.03	$	1.15	$	2.17	$	3.23
Cumulative dividends declared per common share	$	0.41	$	0.41	$	0.82	$	1.23
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	35,193,109		34,407,462		35,285,567		34,760,607
Diluted	35,316,679		34,497,994		35,524,771		34,850,006

See Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited) (In thousands)

For the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
NET INCOME	$	36,548	$	39,577	$	76,971	$	112,623
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME, NET OF INCOME TAXES:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities arising during the period	(3,090)		5,861		47,000		43,268
Income tax benefit (expense) related to available-for-sale securities unrealized holding gain	742		(1,408)		(11,280)		(10,385)
Reclassification for net (gain) loss on available-for-sale securities realized in earnings	(125)		2		(296)		28
Income tax expense (benefit) related to available-for-sale securities realized in earnings	30		—		71		(7)
Changes in fair value of junior subordinated debentures related to instrument specific credit risk	(208)		204		9,483		674
Income tax expense (benefit) related to junior subordinated debentures	50		(49)		(2,276)		(162)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(2,601)		4,610		42,702		33,416
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	33,947	$	44,187	$	119,673	$	146,039

See Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited) (In thousands, except shares)

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and the Year Ended December 31, 2019


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income				Stockholders’ Equity
		Shares			Amount
Balance, January 1, 2019		35,182,772	$	1,337,436		$	134,055	$	7,104		$	1,478,595

Net income						33,346					33,346
Other comprehensive income, net of income tax								12,790			12,790
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($0.41/share)						(14,490)					(14,490)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered		(30,026)	950								950

Balance, March 31, 2019		35,152,746	$	1,338,386		$	152,911	$	19,894		$	1,511,191


Balance, April 1, 2019	35,152,746	$	1,338,386	$	152,911	$	19,894	$	1,511,191

Net income				39,700				39,700
Other comprehensive income, net of income tax						16,016		16,016
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($0.41/share)				(14,354)				(14,354)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered	20,897	575						575
Repurchase of common stock	(600,000)	(32,073)						(32,073)

Balance, June 30, 2019	34,573,643	$	1,306,888	$	178,257	$	35,910	$	1,521,055

Continued on next page


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amounts
Balance, July 1, 2019	34,573,643	$	1,306,888	$	178,257	$	35,910	$	1,521,055

Net income				39,577				39,577
Other comprehensive income, net of income tax						4,610		4,610
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($0.41/share)				(14,130)				(14,130)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered	(286)	1,672						1,672
Repurchase of common stock	(400,000)	(21,849)						(21,849)

Balance, September 30, 2019	34,173,357	$	1,286,711	$	203,704	$	40,520	$	1,530,935


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amounts
Balance, October 1, 2019	34,173,357	$	1,286,711	$	203,704	$	40,520	$	1,530,935

Net income				33,655				33,655
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax						(7,264)		(7,264)
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($1.41/share)				(50,521)				(50,521)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered	(132)	2,029						2,029

Issuance of shares for acquisition	1,578,351	85,200						85,200

Balance, December 31, 2019	35,751,576	$	1,373,940	$	186,838	$	33,256	$	1,594,034

Continued on next page


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income				Stockholders’ Equity
		Shares			Amount
Balance, January 1, 2020		35,751,576	$	1,373,940		$	186,838	$	33,256		$	1,594,034

New credit standard (Topic 326) - impact in year of adoption						(11,215)					(11,215)
Net income						16,882					16,882
Other comprehensive income, net of income tax								46,823			46,823
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($0.41/share)						(14,583)					(14,583)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered		(24,337)	1,534								1,534
Repurchase of common stock		(624,780)	(31,775)								(31,775)

Balance, March 31, 2020		35,102,459	$	1,343,699		$	177,922	$	80,079		$	1,601,700


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance, April 1, 2020	35,102,459	$	1,343,699	$	177,922	$	80,079	$	1,601,700

Net income				23,541				23,541
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax						(1,520)		(1,520)
Adjustment to previously accrued dividends				(15)				(15)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered	55,440	1,397						1,397


Balance, June 30, 2020	35,157,899	$	1,345,096	$	201,448	$	78,559	$	1,625,103

Continued on next page


	Common Stock and Paid in Capital			Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance, July 1, 2020	35,157,899	$	1,345,096	$	201,448	$	78,559	$	1,625,103

Net income				36,548				36,548
Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax						(2,601)		(2,601)
Accrual of dividends on common stock ($0.41/share)				(15,037)				(15,037)
Amortization of stock-based compensation related to restricted stock grants, net of shares surrendered	669	2,516						2,516

Balance, September 30, 2020	35,158,568	$	1,347,612	$	222,959	$	75,958	$	1,646,529

See Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited) (In thousands)

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	76,971	$	112,623
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided from operating activities:
Depreciation	13,677		12,934
Deferred income and expense, net of amortization	(8,503)		(350)
Amortization of core deposit intangibles	5,867		6,090
(Gain) loss on sale of securities	(815)		29

Net change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	2,360		172




Reinvested dividends – equity securities	(255)		—
(Increase) decrease in deferred taxes, net	(1,279)		16,136
Increase in current taxes payable	1,426		3,410
Stock-based compensation	6,893		5,101
Net change in cash surrender value of BOLI	(3,721)		(3,086)
Gain on sale of loans, including capitalized servicing rights	(34,951)		(11,834)
Loss on disposal of real estate held for sale and property and equipment, net	496		1,274
Provision for credit losses	64,917		6,000
Provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments	2,356		—
Provision for losses on real estate held for sale	18		—
Origination of loans held for sale	(1,032,523)		(756,283)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	1,091,984		694,259
Net change in:
Other assets	(51,796)		(26,381)
Other liabilities	5,040		8,398
Net cash provided from operating activities	138,162		68,492
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of securities—available-for-sale	(608,192)		(118,823)
Principal repayments and maturities of securities—available-for-sale	311,781		209,396
Proceeds from sales of securities—available-for-sale	128,939		43,114
Purchases of securities—held-to-maturity	(215,780)		(42,350)
Principal repayments and maturities of securities—held-to-maturity	20,691		44,971
Purchases of equity securities	(1,060,000)		—
Proceeds from sales of equity securities	610,519		—
Loan originations, net of principal repayments	(855,936)		(158,754)
Purchases of loans and participating interest in loans	(18)		(8,608)
Proceeds from sales of other loans	8,454		16,279

Net cash paid related to branch divestiture	—		(10,382)
Purchases of property and equipment	(9,936)		(16,738)
Proceeds from sale of real estate held for sale and sale of other property	2,869		6,809
Proceeds from FHLB stock repurchase program	52,164		130,073
Purchase of FHLB stock	(40,185)		(123,740)
Other	3,913		1,461
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,650,717)		(27,292)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Increase in deposits, net	2,166,700		266,129
Proceeds from long term FHLB advances	—		300,000
Repayment of long term FHLB advances	—		(100,189)
Repayment of overnight and short term FHLB advances, net	(300,000)		(358,000)
Increase in other borrowings, net	58,508		1,019
Net proceeds from issuance of subordinated notes	98,027		—
Cash dividends paid	(79,655)		(42,073)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(1,447)		(1,904)
Cash paid for the repurchase of common stock	(31,775)		(53,922)
Net cash provided from financing activities	1,910,358		11,060
NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	397,803		52,260
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	307,735		272,196
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD	$	705,538	$	324,456

Continued on next page

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

(Unaudited) (In thousands)

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Interest paid in cash	$	31,817	$	45,348
Tax refunds received	27,515		18,220
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING TRANSACTIONS:
Loans, net of discounts, specific loss allowances and unearned income, transferred to real estate owned and other repossessed assets	1,588		246
Dividends accrued but not paid until after period end	1,179		14,679

See Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

BANNER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

SELECTED NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1: BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Banner Corporation (the Company or Banner), a bank holding company incorporated in the State of Washington and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Banner Bank and Islanders Bank (the Banks).

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In preparing these financial statements, the Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to September 30, 2020 for potential recognition or disclosure. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included. Certain information and note disclosures have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and the accounting standards for interim financial statements. Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2019 Consolidated Financial Statements and/or schedules to conform to the 2020 presentation. These reclassifications may have affected certain ratios for the prior periods. The effect of these reclassifications is considered immaterial. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements. Various elements of the Company’s accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the judgments, estimates and assumptions inherent in those policies, are significant to an understanding of Banner’s financial statements. These policies relate to (i) the methodology for the recognition of interest income, (ii) determination of the provision and allowance for credit losses, (iii) the valuation of financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value (iv) the valuation of intangibles, such as goodwill, core deposit intangibles (CDI) and mortgage servicing rights, (v) the valuation of real estate held for sale, (vi) the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations and subsequent recognition of related income and expense, and (vii) the valuation or recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities. These policies and judgments, estimates and assumptions are described in greater detail in subsequent notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Critical Accounting Policies) in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC (2019 Form 10-K). There have been no significant changes in our application of these accounting policies during the first nine months of 2020, except for the change related to the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) as described in below and Note 2.

The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our 2019 Form 10-K. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year or any other interim period.

As a result of the adoption of Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, the Company has updated the following significant accounting policies.

Securities: Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the ability and positive intent to hold them to maturity. Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are available for future liquidity requirements and may be sold prior to maturity. Debt securities classified as trading are also available for future liquidity requirements and may be sold prior to maturity. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at cost, net of the allowance for credit losses- securities, adjusted for amortization of premiums to the earliest callable date and accretion of discounts to maturity. Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on debt securities classified as available-for-sale are excluded from earnings and are reported net of tax as accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), a component of shareholders’ equity, until realized. Debt securities classified as trading are also measured at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on securities classified as trading are included in earnings. (See Note 9 for a more complete discussion of accounting for the fair value of financial instruments.) Realized gains and losses on sale are computed on the specific identification method and are included in earnings on the trade date sold.

If debt securities were transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale, unrealized gains or losses from the time of transfer would be accreted or amortized over the remaining life of the debt security based on the amount and timing of future estimated cash flows. The accretion or amortization of the amount recorded in AOCI increases the carrying value of the investment and does not affect earnings.

Equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities: Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The Company’s held-to maturity portfolio contains mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio also contains municipal bonds that are typically rated by major rating agencies as Aa or better. The Company has never incurred a loss on a municipal bond, therefore the expectation of credit losses on these securities is insignificant. The Company uses industry historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions to establish the allowance for credit losses on the municipal bond portfolio. Less than 2% of the Company’s held-to-maturity portfolio are community development bonds representing pools of one- to four-family loans. The expected credit losses on these bonds is similar to Banner’s one- to four-family residential loan portfolio.

For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovering its cost basis, the entire impairment loss would be recognized in earnings. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized costs, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. Projected cash flows are discounted by the current effective interest rate. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The remaining impairment related to all other factors, the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and fair value, is recognized as a charge to AOCI.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the non-collectability of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent of requirement to sell is met.

Loans Receivable: The Banks originate residential one- to four-family and multifamily mortgage loans for both portfolio investment and sale in the secondary market. The Banks also originate construction and land development, commercial real estate, commercial business, agricultural and consumer loans for portfolio investment. Loans receivable not designated as held for sale are recorded at amortized cost, net of the allowance for credit losses. Amortized cost is the principal amount outstanding, net of deferred fees, discounts and premiums. Accrued interest on loans is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Premiums, discounts and deferred loan fees are amortized to maturity using the level-yield methodology.

Loans Held for Sale. Residential one- to four-family and multifamily mortgage loans originated with the intent to be sold in the secondary market are considered held for sale. Residential one- to four-family loans under best effort delivery commitments are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated market value. Residential one- to four-family loans under mandatory delivery commitments are carried at fair value in order to match changes in the value of the loans with the value of the related economic hedges on the loans. Fair values for residential mortgage loans held for sale are determined by comparing actual loan rates to current secondary market prices for similar loans. The multifamily held-for-sale loans are carried at fair value in order to match changes in the value of the loans with the value of the related economic hedges on the loans. Fair values for multifamily loans held for sale are calculated based on discounted cash flows using a discount rate that is a combination of market spreads for similar loan types added to selected index rates. Net unrealized losses on loans held for sale that are carried at lower of cost or market are recognized through the valuation allowance by charges to income. Non-refundable fees and direct loan origination costs related to loans held for sale are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan. Gains and losses on sales of loans held for sale are determined using the aggregate method and are recorded in the mortgage banking operations component of non-interest income.

Loans Acquired in Business Combinations: Loans acquired in business combinations are recorded at their fair value at the acquisition date. Acquired loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit-deteriorated or purchased non-credit-deteriorated. Purchased credit-deteriorated (PCD) loans have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. For PCD loans, an allowance for credit losses is determined at the acquisition date using the same measurement methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The loan’s fair value grossed up for the allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through a provision for credit losses.

For purchased non-credit-deteriorated loans, the difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the life of the loans. While credit discounts are included in the determination of the fair value for non-credit-deteriorated loans, since these discounts are expected to be accreted over the life of the loans, they cannot be used to offset the allowance for credit losses that must be recorded at the acquisition date. As a result, an allowance for credit losses is determined at the acquisition date using the same methodology as other loans held for investment and is recognized as a provision for credit losses in the statement of operations. Any subsequent deterioration (improvement) in credit quality is recognized by recording (recapturing) a provision for credit losses.

Income Recognition on Nonaccrual Loans and Securities: Interest on loans and securities is accrued as earned unless management doubts the collectability of the asset or the unpaid interest. Interest accruals on loans are generally discontinued when loans become 90 days past due for payment of interest or principal and the loans are then placed on nonaccrual status. Loans are reported as past due when installment payments, interest payments, or maturity payments are past due based on contractual terms. All previously accrued but uncollected interest is written off by reversing interest income upon transfer to nonaccrual status. For any future payments collected, interest income is recognized only upon management’s assessment that there is a strong likelihood that the full amount of a loan will be repaid or recovered. A loan may be put on nonaccrual status sooner than this policy would dictate if, in management’s judgment, the interest may be uncollectable. While less common, similar interest reversal and nonaccrual treatment is applied to investment securities if their ultimate collectability becomes questionable. Loans modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic are considered current if they are less than 30 days past due on the contractual payments at the time the loan modification program was put in place and therefore continue to accrue interest unless the interest is being waived.

Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans: The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. The Banks have elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis in their estimate of the allowance for credit losses. The provision for credit losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of collective and individual loss reserves. The Company has established systematic methodologies for the determination of the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses. The methodologies are set forth in a formal policy and take into consideration the need for a valuation allowance for loans evaluated on a collective (pool) basis which have similar risk characteristics as well as allowances that are tied to individual loans that do not share risk characteristics. The Company increases its allowance for credit losses by charging provisions for credit losses on its consolidated statement of operations. Losses related to specific assets are applied as a reduction of the carrying value of the assets and charged against the allowance for credit loss reserve when management believes the non-collectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Recoveries on previously charged off loans are credited to the allowance for credit losses.

Management estimates the allowance for credit losses using relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for expected credit losses over the life of the loan based on evaluating historical credit loss experience and making adjustments to historical loss information for differences in the specific risk characteristics in the current loan portfolio. These factors include, among others, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, differences in underwriting standards, delinquency rates, actual loss experience and current economic conditions.

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. In estimating the component of the allowance for credit losses for loans that share common risk characteristics, loans are pooled based on loan type and areas of risk concentration. For loans evaluated collectively, the allowance for credit losses is calculated using life of loan historical losses adjusted for economic forecasts and current conditions.

For commercial real estate, multifamily real estate, construction and land, commercial business and agricultural loans with risk rating segmentation, historical credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type and risk rating. For one- to four- family residential loans, historical credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type and delinquency status. These models calculate an expected life-of-loan loss percentage for each loan category by calculating the probability of default, based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by risk rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis and the severity of loss, based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred for each loan pool. For commercial real estate, commercial business, and consumer loans without risk rating segmentation, historical credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that calculates an expected life-of-loan loss percentage for each loan category by considering the historical cumulative losses based on the aggregate net lifetime losses incurred for each loan pool. The model captures historical loss data back to the first quarter of 2008. For loans evaluated collectively, management uses economic indicators to adjust the historical loss rates so that they better reflect management’s expectations of future conditions over the remaining lives of the loans in the portfolio based on reasonable and supportable forecasts. These economic indicators are selected based on correlation to the Company’s historical credit loss experience and are evaluated for each loan category. The economic indicators evaluated include unemployment, gross domestic product, real estate price indices and growth, yield curve spreads, treasury yields, the corporate yield, the market volatility index, the Dow Jones index, the consumer confidence index, and the prime rate. Management considers various economic scenarios and forecasts when evaluating the economic indicators and probability weights the various scenarios to arrive at the forecast that most reflects management’s expectations of future conditions. The allowance for credit losses is then adjusted for the period in which those forecasts are considered to be reasonable and supportable. To the extent the lives of the loans in the portfolio extend beyond the period for which a reasonable and supportable forecast can be made, the adjustments discontinue to be applied so that the model reverts back to the historical loss rates using a straight line reversion method. Management selected an initial reasonable and supportable forecast period of 12 months with a reversion period of 12 months. Both the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the reversion period are periodically reviewed by management.

Further, for loans evaluated collectively, management also considers qualitative and environmental factors for each loan category to adjust for differences between the historical periods used to calculate historical loss rates and expected conditions over the remaining lives of the loans in the portfolio. In determining the aggregate adjustment needed management considers the financial condition of the borrowers, the nature and volume of the loans, the remaining terms and the extent of prepayments on the loans, the volume and severity of past due and classified loans as well as the value of the underlying collateral on loans in which the collateral dependent practical expedient has not been used. Management also considers the Company’s lending policies, the quality of the Company’s credit review system, the quality of the Company’s

management and lending staff, and the regulatory and economic environments in the areas in which the Company’s lending activities are concentrated.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio that are individually evaluated for impairment are not included in the collective evaluation. Factors involved in determining whether a loan should be individually evaluated include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower and the value of the underlying collateral. Expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or when the Banks determine that foreclosure is probable, the expected credit loss is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As a practical expedient, the Banks measure the expected credit loss for a loan using the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Banks' assessment as of the reporting date.

In both cases, if the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, the Banks will recognize an allowance as the difference between the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell (if applicable), at the reporting date and the amortized cost basis of the loan. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan, any expected recovery added to the amortized cost basis will be limited to the amount previously charged-off. Subsequent changes in the expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are included within the provision for credit losses in the same manner in which the expected credit loss initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Banks.

The CARES Act provided guidance around the modification of loans as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which outlined, among other criteria, that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis to borrowers who were current as defined under the CARES Act prior to any relief, are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g. six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. To qualify as an eligible loan under the CARES Act, a loan modification must be (1) related to COVID-19; (2) executed on a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (3) executed between March 1, 2020, and the earlier of (a) 60 days after the date of termination of the national emergency by the President or (b) December 31, 2020.

Loan Origination and Commitment Fees: Loan origination fees, net of certain specifically defined direct loan origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the loans’ interest yield using the level-yield method over the contractual term of each loan adjusted for actual loan prepayment experience. Net deferred fees or costs related to loans held for sale are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan. Loan commitment fees are deferred until the expiration of the commitment period unless management believes there is a remote likelihood that the underlying commitment will be exercised, in which case the fees are amortized to fee income using the straight-line method over the commitment period. If a loan commitment is exercised, the deferred commitment fee is accounted for in the same manner as a loan origination fee. Deferred commitment fees associated with expired commitments are recognized as fee income.

Allowance for Credit Losses - unfunded loan commitments: An allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments is maintained at a level that, in the opinion of management, is adequate to absorb expected credit losses associated with the contractual life of the Banks’ commitments to lend funds under existing agreements such as letters or lines of credit. The Banks use a methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments that applies the same segmentation and loss rate to each pool as the funded exposure adjusted for probability of funding. Draws on unfunded loan commitments that are considered uncollectible at the time funds are advanced are charged to the allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet exposures. Provisions for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments are recognized in non-interest expense and added to the allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments, which is included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Note 2: ACCOUNTING STANDARDS RECENTLY ISSUED OR ADOPTED

Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326)

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended, which replaces the incurred loss methodology that delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as CECL. The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. The ASU affects loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off-balance-sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial asset not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. The ASU replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in previous GAAP with CECL, a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This ASU requires a financial asset (or group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset(s) to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This ASU broadens the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The use of forecasted information incorporates more timely information in the estimate of expected credit loss, which will be more decision useful to users of the financial statements. The following table illustrates the pre-tax impact of the adoption of this ASU (in thousands):


	January 1, 2020 As Reported Under Topic 326		January 1, 2020 Pre-Topic 326 Adoption		Impact of Topic 326 Adoption
Assets
Held-to-maturity debt securities
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	—	$	—	$	—
Municipal bonds	28		—		28
Corporate bonds	35		—		35
Mortgage-backed or related securities	—		—		—
Allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities	$	63	$	—	$	63

Loans
Commercial real estate	$	27,727	$	30,591	$	(2,864)
Multifamily real estate	2,550		4,754		(2,204)
Construction and land	25,509		22,994		2,515
Commercial business	26,380		23,370		3,010
Agricultural business	3,769		4,120		(351)
One-to four-family residential	11,261		4,136		7,125
Consumer	11,175		8,202		2,973
Unallocated	—		2,392		(2,392)
Allowance for credit losses on loans	$	108,371	$	100,559	$	7,812

Liabilities
Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments	$	9,738	$	2,716	$	7,022

Total					$	14,897

The $14.9 million total increase was recorded net of tax as an $11.2 million reduction to shareholders' equity as of the adoption date. In addition to the increase in the allowance for credit losses upon adoption, the Company expects more variability in its quarterly provision for credit losses going forward due to the CECL model’s sensitivity to changes in the economic forecast and other factors. The Company has updated its accounting policies based on the adoption of this ASU. See Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

NOTE 3: BUSINESS COMBINATION

Acquisition of AltaPacific Bancorp

On November 1, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding common shares of AltaPacific Bancorp (AltaPacific), the holding company for AltaPacific Bank, a California state-chartered commercial bank. AltaPacific was merged into Banner and AltaPacific Bank was merged into Banner Bank. Pursuant to the previously announced terms of the acquisition, AltaPacific shareholders received 0.2712 shares of Banner common stock in exchange for each share of AltaPacific common stock, plus cash in lieu of any fractional shares and to cancel in-the-money AltaPacific stock options. The merged banks operate as Banner Bank. The primary reason for the acquisition was to expand the Company’s presence in California by adding density within our existing geographic footprint. The acquisition provided $425.7 million in assets, $313.4 million in deposits and $332.4 million in loans to Banner.

The application of the acquisition method of accounting resulted in recognition of a CDI asset of $4.6 million and goodwill of $34.0 million. The acquired CDI has been determined to have a useful life of approximately ten years and will be amortized on an accelerated basis. Goodwill is not amortized but will be evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more often if circumstances dictate to determine if the carrying value remains appropriate. Goodwill will not be deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition is accounted for as a tax-free exchange for tax purposes.

The following table presents a summary of the consideration paid and the estimated fair values as of the acquisition date for each major class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):


	AltaPacific
	November 1, 2019
Consideration to AltaPacific equity holders:
Cash paid		$	2,360
Fair value of common shares issued		85,200
Total consideration		87,560

Fair value of assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	39,686
Securities	20,348
Federal Home Loan Bank stock	2,005
Loans receivable (contractual amount of $338.2 million)	332,355
Real estate owned held for sale	650
Property and equipment	3,809
Core deposit intangible	4,610
Bank-owned life insurance	11,890
Deferred tax asset	166
Other assets	10,150
Total assets acquired	425,669

Fair value of liabilities assumed:
Deposits	313,374
Advances from FHLB	40,226
Junior subordinated debentures	5,814
Deferred compensation	4,508
Other liabilities	8,154
Total liabilities assumed	372,076

Net assets acquired		53,593
Goodwill		$	33,967

Acquired goodwill represents the premium the Company paid over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The Company paid this premium for a number of reasons, including growing the Company’s customer base, acquiring assembled workforces, and expanding its presence in existing markets. See Note 7, Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Mortgage Servicing Rights for the accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets.

Fair values are preliminary and subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information regarding the closing date fair values becomes available. Additional adjustments to the acquisition accounting that may be required would most likely involve loans, property and equipment, or the deferred tax asset. As of November 1, 2019, the unpaid principal balance on purchased non-credit-impaired loans was $333.5 million. The fair value of the purchased non-credit-impaired loans was $328.2 million, resulting in a discount of $5.3 million recorded on these loans, which includes $5.8 million of a credit related discount. This discount is being accreted into income over the life of the loans on an effective yield basis.

The following table presents the acquired AltaPacific purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans as of the acquisition date (in thousands):


	AltaPacific
	November 1, 2019
Acquired PCI loans:
Contractually required principal and interest payments	$	5,881
Nonaccretable difference	(1,046)
Cash flows expected to be collected	4,835
Accretable yield	(683)
Fair value of PCI loans	$	4,152

The financial results of the Company include the revenues and expenses produced by the acquired assets and assumed liabilities of AltaPacific since November 1, 2019. Disclosure of the amount of AltaPacific’s revenue and net income (excluding integration costs) included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations is impracticable due to the integration of the operations and accounting for this acquisition. The pro forma impact of the AltaPacific acquisition to the historical financial results was determined to not be significant.

Note 4: SECURITIES

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value of securities at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Trading:


Corporate bonds	$	27,203	$	23,276


	$	27,203	$	23,276


	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Allowance for Credit Losses		Fair Value
Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	169,740	$	1,140	$	(967)	$	—	$	169,913
Municipal bonds	257,056		15,707		(355)		—		272,408
Corporate bonds	53,756		2,300		(85)		—		55,971
Mortgage-backed or related securities	1,199,816		51,199		(515)		—		1,250,500
Asset-backed securities	9,701		51		(160)		—		9,592

	$	1,690,069	$	70,397	$	(2,082)	$	—	$	1,758,384


	September 30, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Allowance for Credit Losses
Held-to-Maturity:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	341	$	10	$	—	$	351	$	—
Municipal bonds	377,019		19,260		(593)		395,686		(60)
Corporate bonds	3,254		—		(13)		3,241		(42)
Mortgage-backed or related securities	48,521		3,007		—		51,528		—
	$	429,135	$	22,277	$	(606)	$	450,806	$	(102)


	December 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Trading:


Corporate bonds	$	27,203					$	25,636


	$	27,203					$	25,636
Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	90,468	$	286	$	(1,156)	$	89,598
Municipal bonds	101,927		5,233		(3)		107,157
Corporate bonds	4,357		14		(6)		4,365
Mortgage-backed or related securities	1,324,999		20,325		(3,013)		1,342,311
Asset-backed securities	8,195		—		(69)		8,126

	$	1,529,946	$	25,858	$	(4,247)	$	1,551,557
Held-to-Maturity:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	385	$	4	$	—	$	389
Municipal bonds	177,208		3,733		(2,213)		178,728
Corporate bonds	3,353		—		(11)		3,342
Mortgage-backed or related securities	55,148		921		(723)		55,346
	$	236,094	$	4,658	$	(2,947)	$	237,805

Accrued interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities was $2.9 million and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and was $6.1 million and $4.8 million on available-for-sale debt securities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on securities is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition and is excluded from the calculation of the allowance for credit losses.

At September 30, 2020, the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for securities available-for-sale aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	3,162	$	(7)	$	53,105	$	(960)	$	56,267	$	(967)



Municipal bonds	16,636		(355)		—		—		16,636		(355)
Corporate bonds	11,205		(85)		—		—		11,205		(85)





Mortgage-backed or related securities	75,459		(500)		1,558		(15)		77,017		(515)



Asset-backed securities	870		(16)		6,469		(144)		7,339		(160)

	$	107,332	$	(963)	$	61,132	$	(1,119)	$	168,464	$	(2,082)

At December 31, 2019, the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows (in thousands):


	December 31, 2019
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	2,747	$	(20)	$	60,979	$	(1,136)	$	63,726	$	(1,156)



Municipal bonds	1,902		—		494		(3)		2,396		(3)
Corporate bonds	594		(6)		—		—		594		(6)




Mortgage-backed or related securities	300,852		(2,829)		33,360		(184)		334,212		(3,013)



Asset-backed securities	1,204		(17)		5,989		(52)		7,193		(69)

	$	307,299	$	(2,872)	$	100,822	$	(1,375)	$	408,121	$	(4,247)
Held-to-Maturity
U.S. Government and agency obligations	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Municipal bonds	44,605		(1,889)		19,017		(324)		63,622		(2,213)
Corporate bonds	—		—		489		(11)		489		(11)
Mortgage-backed or related securities	11,117		(723)		—		—		11,117		(723)
	$	55,722	$	(2,612)	$	19,506	$	(335)	$	75,228	$	(2,947)

At September 30, 2020, there were 64 securities—available-for-sale with unrealized losses, compared to 90 at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, there were 17 securities—held-to-maturity with unrealized losses. Management does not believe that any individual unrealized loss as of September 30, 2020 resulted from credit loss or that any individual unrealized loss represented other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) as of December 31, 2019. The decline in fair market value of these securities was generally due to changes in interest rates and changes in market-desired spreads subsequent to their purchase.

There were no sales of securities—trading during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019. There were no securities—trading in a nonaccrual status at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. Net unrealized holding losses of $2.4 million were recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $172,000 of net unrealized holding losses recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

There were 30 sales of securities—available-for-sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, with a net gain of $296,000. There were 45 sales of securities—available-for-sale during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which resulted in a net loss of $28,000. There were no securities—available-for-sale in a nonaccrual status at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

There were no sales of securities—held-to-maturity during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019, although there were partial calls of securities that resulted in a net loss of $1,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. There were no securities—held-to-maturity in a nonaccrual status or 30 days or more past due at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

The Company also sold Visa Class B stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, with a net gain of $519,000. The stock was previously carried at a zero-cost basis due to transfer restrictions and uncertainty of litigation.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities at September 30, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because some securities may be called or prepaid with or without call or prepayment penalties.


	September 30, 2020
	Trading				Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Maturing in one year or less	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Maturing after one year through five years	—		—		60,411		62,725		57,360		59,541
Maturing after five years through ten years	—		—		478,140		500,140		40,458		42,822
Maturing after ten years through twenty years	27,203		23,276		446,834		463,236		118,611		123,188
Maturing after twenty years	—		—		704,684		732,283		212,706		225,255


	$	27,203	$	23,276	$	1,690,069	$	1,758,384	$	429,135	$	450,806

The following table presents, as of September 30, 2020, investment securities which were pledged to secure borrowings, public deposits or other obligations as permitted or required by law (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Carrying Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Purpose or beneficiary:
State and local governments public deposits	$	152,148	$	151,455	$	161,497
Interest rate swap counterparties	29,623		28,473		29,849
Repurchase agreements	204,034		194,374		204,034
Other	2,627		2,627		2,707
Total pledged securities	$	388,432	$	376,929	$	398,087

The Company monitors the credit quality of held-to-maturity debt securities through the use of credit rating. Credit ratings are reviewed and updated quarterly. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of held-to-maturity debt securities by credit rating at September 30, 2020 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	U.S. Government and agency obligations		Municipal bonds		Corporate bonds		Mortgage-backed or related securities		Total
AAA/AA/A	$	—	$	353,648	$	500	$	—	$	354,148

Not Rated	341		23,371		2,754		48,521		74,987


	$	341	$	377,019	$	3,254	$	48,521	$	429,135

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity debt securities by major type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
	U.S. Government and agency obligations		Municipal bonds		Corporate bonds		Mortgage-backed or related securities		Total
Allowance for credit losses - securities
Beginning Balance	$	—	$	61	$	41	$	—	$	102

(Recapture)/Provision for credit losses	—		(1)		1		—		—



Ending Balance	$	—	$	60	$	42	$	—	$	102


	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
	U.S. Government and agency obligations		Municipal bonds		Corporate bonds		Mortgage-backed or related securities		Total
Allowance for credit losses - securities
Beginning Balance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Impact of adopting ASC 326	—		28		35		—		63
Provision for credit losses	—		32		7		—		39



Ending Balance	$	—	$	60	$	42	$	—	$	102

Note 5: LOANS RECEIVABLE AND THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS

As a result of the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), effective January 1, 2020, the Company changed the segmentation of its loan portfolio based on the common risk characteristics used to measure the allowance for credit losses. The following table presents the loans receivable at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 by class (dollars in thousands). The presentation of loans receivable at December 31, 2019 has been updated to conform to the loan portfolio segmentation that became effective on January 1, 2020.


	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019
	Amount		Percent of Total	Amount		Percent of Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	1,049,877	10.3	$	980,021	10.5	%
Investment properties	1,991,258		19.6	2,024,988		21.8
Small balance CRE	597,971		5.9	613,484		6.6
Multifamily real estate	426,659		4.2	388,388		4.2
Construction, land and land development:
Commercial construction	220,285		2.2	210,668		2.3
Multifamily construction	291,105		2.9	233,610		2.5
One- to four-family construction	518,085		5.1	544,308		5.8
Land and land development	240,803		2.4	245,530		2.6
Commercial business:
Commercial business	2,343,619		23.1	1,364,650		14.7
Small business scored	763,824		7.5	772,657		8.3
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	326,169		3.2	337,271		3.6
One- to four-family residential	771,431		7.6	925,531		9.9
Consumer:
Consumer—home equity revolving lines of credit	504,523		4.9	519,336		5.6
Consumer—other	118,308		1.1	144,915		1.6
Total loans	10,163,917		100.0	9,305,357		100.0	%
Less allowance for credit losses - loans	(167,965)			(100,559)
Net loans	$	9,995,952		$	9,204,798

The presentation of loans receivable at December 31, 2019 in the table below is based on loan segmentation as presented in the 2019 Form 10-K.


	December 31, 2019
	Amount		Percent of Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	1,580,650	17.0	%
Investment properties	2,309,221		24.8
Multifamily real estate	473,152		5.1
Commercial construction	210,668		2.3
Multifamily construction	233,610		2.5
One- to four-family construction	544,308		5.8
Land and land development:
Residential	154,688		1.7
Commercial	26,290		0.3
Commercial business	1,693,824		18.2
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	370,549		4.0
One- to four-family residential	945,622		10.2
Consumer:
Consumer secured by one- to four-family	550,960		5.8
Consumer—other	211,815		2.3
Total loans	9,305,357		100.0	%
Less allowance for loan losses	(100,559)
Net loans	$	9,204,798

Loan amounts are net of unearned loan fees in excess of unamortized costs of $31.7 million as of September 30, 2020 and $438,000 as of December 31, 2019. Net loans include net discounts on acquired loans of $17.9 million and $25.0 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Net loans does not include accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable on loans was $39.2 million as of September 30, 2020 and $31.8 million as of December 31, 2019 and was reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Purchased credit-deteriorated and purchased non-credit-deteriorated loans. Loans acquired in business combinations are recorded at their fair value at the acquisition date. Acquired loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit-deteriorated (PCD) or purchased non-credit-deteriorated. There were no PCD loans acquired for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Purchased credit-impaired loans and purchased non-credit-impaired loans. Prior to the implementation of Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, acquired loans were evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either PCI or purchased non-credit-impaired. PCI loans reflected credit deterioration since origination such that it was probable at acquisition that the Company would be unable to collect all contractually required payments. The outstanding contractual unpaid principal balance of PCI loans, excluding acquisition accounting adjustments, was $23.5 million at December 31, 2019. The carrying balance of PCI loans was $15.9 million at December 31, 2019. These loans were converted to PCD loans on January 1, 2020.

The following table presents the changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	4,743	$	5,216

Accretion to interest income	(423)		(1,372)

Reclassifications from non-accretable difference	11		487
Balance, end of period	$	4,331	$	4,331

As of December 31, 2019, the non-accretable difference between the contractually required payments and cash flows expected to be collected was $7.4 million.

Impaired Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses. Prior to the implementation of Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, a loan was considered impaired when, based on current information and circumstances, the Company determines it was probable that it would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled interest payments. Factors involved in determining impairment included, but were not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower, the value of the underlying collateral and the status of the economy. Impaired loans were comprised of loans on nonaccrual, TDRs that were performing under their restructured terms, and loans that were 90 days or more past due, but were still on accrual. PCI loans were considered performing within the scope of the purchased credit-impaired accounting guidance and were not included in the impaired loan tables.

The following table provides information on impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, with and without allowance reserves at December 31, 2019. Recorded investment includes the unpaid principal balance or the carrying amount of loans less charge-offs and net deferred loan fees (in thousands):


	December 31, 2019
	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment				Related Allowance
			Without Allowance (1)		With Allowance (2)
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	4,185	$	3,816	$	194	$	18
Investment properties	3,536		1,883		690		40
Multifamily real estate	82		85		—		—

Multifamily construction	573		98		—		—
One- to four-family construction	1,799		1,799		—		—
Land and land development:
Residential	676		340		—		—

Commercial business	25,117		4,614		19,330		4,128
Agricultural business/farmland	3,044		661		2,243		141
One- to four-family residential	7,290		5,613		1,648		41
Consumer:
Consumer secured by one- to four-family	3,081		2,712		127		5
Consumer—other	222		159		52		1
	$	49,605	$	21,780	$	24,284	$	4,374

(1)Includes loans without an allowance reserve that had been individually evaluated for impairment and that evaluation concluded that no reserve was needed, and $13.5 million of homogeneous and small balance loans, as of December 31, 2019, that were collectively evaluated for impairment for which a general reserve was established.

(2)Loans with a specific allowance reserve were individually evaluated for impairment using either a discounted cash flow analysis or, for collateral dependent loans, current appraisals less costs to sell to establish realizable value.

The following table summarizes our average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans by loan class for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	3,067	$	—	$	3,197	$	4
Investment properties	2,707		10		4,406		108
Multifamily real estate	58		—		19		—
Commercial construction	439		—		1,006		—
One- to four-family construction	1,489		11		1,138		12
Land and land development:
Residential	673		—		696		—

Commercial business	3,737		9		3,767		20
Agricultural business/farmland	3,250		25		4,319		81
One- to four-family residential	6,555		49		6,484		171
Consumer:
Consumer secured by one- to four-family	2,744		6		2,645		14
Consumer—other	387		1		359		3
	$	25,106	$	111	$	28,036	$	413

Troubled Debt Restructurings. Loans are reported as TDRs when the bank grants one or more concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties that it would not otherwise consider. Our TDRs have generally not involved forgiveness of amounts due, but almost always include a modification of multiple factors; the most common combination includes interest rate, payment amount and maturity date.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had TDRs of $10.4 million and $8.0 million, respectively, and commitments to advance additional funds related to TDRs up to $1.3 million and none, respectively.

The following table presents new TDRs that occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020					Nine months ended September 30, 2020
	Number of Contracts	Pre-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre- modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Recorded Investment






Commercial business:
Commercial business	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	4,796	$	4,796



Total	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	4,796	$	4,796


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019					Nine months ended September 30, 2019
	Number of Contracts	Pre-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre- modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Recorded Investment
Commercial real estate

Investment properties	—	$	—	$	—	1	$	1,090	$	1,090



Commercial business:
Commercial business	—	—		—		1	160		160


Agricultural business/farmland	—	—		—		1	596		596

	—	$	—	$	—	3	$	1,846	$	1,846

There were no TDRs which incurred a payment default within twelve months of the restructure date during the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. A default on a TDR results in either a transfer to nonaccrual status or a partial charge-off, or both.

Credit Quality Indicators: To appropriately and effectively manage the ongoing credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management has implemented a risk-rating or loan grading system for its loans. The system is a tool to evaluate portfolio asset quality throughout each applicable loan’s life as an asset of the Company. Generally, loans are risk rated on an aggregate borrower/relationship basis with individual loans sharing similar ratings. There are some instances when specific situations relating to individual loans will provide the basis for different risk ratings within the aggregate relationship. Loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 9. A description of the general characteristics of these categories is shown below:

Overall Risk Rating Definitions: Risk-ratings contain both qualitative and quantitative measurements and take into account the financial strength of a borrower and the structure of the loan or lease. Consequently, the definitions are to be applied in the context of each lending transaction and judgment must also be used to determine the appropriate risk rating, as it is not unusual for a loan or lease to exhibit characteristics of more than one risk-rating category. Consideration for the final rating is centered in the borrower’s ability to repay, in a timely fashion, both principal and interest. The Company’s risk-rating and loan grading policies are reviewed and approved annually. There were no material changes in the risk-rating or loan grading system for the periods presented.

Risk Ratings 1-5: Pass

Credits with risk ratings of 1 to 5 meet the definition of a pass risk rating. The strength of credits vary within the pass risk ratings, ranging from a risk rated 1 being an exceptional credit to a risk rated 5 being an acceptable credit that requires a more than normal level of supervision.

Risk Rating 6: Special Mention

A credit with potential weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention is risk rated a 6. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses will result in deterioration in the capacity to repay debt. A key distinction between Special Mention and Substandard is that in a Special Mention credit, there are identified weaknesses that pose potential risk(s) to the repayment sources, versus well defined weaknesses that pose risk(s) to the repayment sources. Assets in this category are expected to be in this category no more than 9-12 months as the potential weaknesses in the credit are resolved.

Risk Rating 7: Substandard

A credit with well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the ability to repay in full is risk rated a 7. These credits are inadequately protected by either the sound net worth and payment capacity of the borrower or the value of pledged collateral. These are credits with a distinct possibility of loss. Loans headed for foreclosure and/or legal action due to deterioration are rated 7 or worse.

Risk Rating 8: Doubtful

A credit with an extremely high probability of loss is risk rated 8. These credits have all the same critical weaknesses that are found in a substandard loan; however, the weaknesses are elevated to the point that based upon current information, collection or liquidation in full is improbable. While some loss on doubtful credits is expected, pending events may make the amount and timing of any loss indeterminable. In these situations taking the loss is inappropriate until the outcome of the pending event is clear.

Risk Rating 9: Loss

A credit that is considered to be currently uncollectible or of such little value that it is no longer a viable bank asset is risk rated 9. Losses should be taken in the accounting period in which the credit is determined to be uncollectible. Taking a loss does not mean that a credit has absolutely no recovery or salvage value but, rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off the credit, even though partial recovery may occur in the future.

The following tables present the Company’s portfolio of risk-rated loans by grade as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands). Revolving loans that are converted to term loans are treated as new originations in the table below and are presented by year of origination.


	September 30, 2020
	Term Loans by Year of Origination												Revolving Loans		Total Loans
By class:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior

Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Risk Rating
Pass	$	184,182	$	166,817	$	165,634	$	124,766	$	93,179	$	228,160	$	3,159	$	965,897
Special Mention	—		—		1,369		2,285		—		1,616		149		5,419
Substandard	5,661		24,638		1,670		2,443		14,055		30,094		—		78,561
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial real estate - owner occupied	$	189,843	$	191,455	$	168,673	$	129,494	$	107,234	$	259,870	$	3,308	$	1,049,877

Commercial real estate - investment properties
Risk Rating
Pass	$	190,298	$	267,544	$	309,233	$	212,385	$	281,543	$	523,930	$	21,201	$	1,806,134
Special Mention	—		2,153		—		—		3,377		4,444		—		9,974
Substandard	12,652		10,245		23,729		59,100		26,502		38,421		4,501		175,150
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial real estate - investment properties	$	202,950	$	279,942	$	332,962	$	271,485	$	311,422	$	566,795	$	25,702	$	1,991,258

Multifamily real estate
Risk Rating
Pass	$	62,552	$	68,649	$	39,634	$	106,938	$	45,049	$	102,426	$	1,411	$	426,659
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Multifamily real estate	$	62,552	$	68,649	$	39,634	$	106,938	$	45,049	$	102,426	$	1,411	$	426,659


	September 30, 2020
	Term Loans by Year of Origination												Revolving Loans		Total Loans
By class:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior

Commercial construction
Risk Rating
Pass	$	38,631	$	106,658	$	43,010	$	6,102	$	2,183	$	1,143	$	—	$	197,727
Special Mention	698		—		—		—		—		—		—		698
Substandard	11,899		3,548		4,868		1,447		98		—		—		21,860
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial construction	$	51,228	$	110,206	$	47,878	$	7,549	$	2,281	$	1,143	$	—	$	220,285

Multifamily construction
Risk Rating
Pass	$	62,271	$	144,695	$	69,367	$	14,772	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	291,105
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Multifamily construction	$	62,271	$	144,695	$	69,367	$	14,772	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	291,105

One- to four- family construction
Risk Rating
Pass	$	404,805	$	87,377	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12,058	$	504,240
Special Mention	9,121		623		—		—		—		—		630		10,374
Substandard	3,139		332		—		—		—		—		—		3,471
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total One- to four- family construction	$	417,065	$	88,332	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12,688	$	518,085


	September 30, 2020
	Term Loans by Year of Origination												Revolving Loans		Total Loans
By class:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior

Land and land development
Risk Rating
Pass	$	113,268	$	65,773	$	22,930	$	7,930	$	6,773	$	5,404	$	15,137	$	237,215
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	14		31		3,050		191		—		302		—		3,588
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Land and land development	$	113,282	$	65,804	$	25,980	$	8,121	$	6,773	$	5,706	$	15,137	$	240,803

Commercial business
Risk Rating
Pass	$	1,304,667	$	263,730	$	217,169	$	81,266	$	42,319	$	78,112	$	256,590	$	2,243,853
Special Mention	2,071		502		8,786		834		—		43		1,142		13,378
Substandard	9,193		11,780		22,307		6,080		1,228		463		35,337		86,388
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial business	$	1,315,931	$	276,012	$	248,262	$	88,180	$	43,547	$	78,618	$	293,069	$	2,343,619

Agricultural business including secured by farmland
Risk Rating
Pass	$	27,358	$	60,931	$	32,786	$	24,415	$	24,473	$	30,603	$	113,813	$	314,379
Special Mention	—		—		—		810		—		537		—		1,347
Substandard	1,548		3,016		901		332		676		1,581		2,389		10,443
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Agricultural business including secured by farmland	$	28,906	$	63,947	$	33,687	$	25,557	$	25,149	$	32,721	$	116,202	$	326,169

The following table presents the Company’s portfolio of non-risk-rated loans by delinquency status as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands). Revolving loans that are converted to term loans are treated as new originations in the table below and are presented by year of origination.


	September 30, 2020
	Term Loans by Year of Origination												Revolving Loans		Total Loans
By class:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior

Small balance CRE
Past Due Category
Current	$	42,396	$	81,636	$	89,270	$	78,727	$	75,123	$	225,523	$	2,864	$	595,539
30-59 Days Past Due	—		241		—		—		—		369		—		610
60-89 Days Past Due	—		—		—		622		—		—		—		622
90 Days + Past Due	—		—		—		185		—		1,015		—		1,200
Total Small balance CRE	$	42,396	$	81,877	$	89,270	$	79,534	$	75,123	$	226,907	$	2,864	$	597,971

Small business scored
Past Due Category
Current	$	128,596	$	154,666	$	138,279	$	100,654	$	51,378	$	70,986	$	113,452	$	758,011
30-59 Days Past Due	844		400		207		643		2		240		155		2,491
60-89 Days Past Due	224		35		767		63		—		151		58		1,298
90 Days + Past Due	85		106		588		713		172		250		110		2,024
Total Small business scored	$	129,749	$	155,207	$	139,841	$	102,073	$	51,552	$	71,627	$	113,775	$	763,824

One- to four- family residential
Past Due Category
Current	$	68,277	$	100,406	$	105,335	$	124,930	$	65,906	$	297,086	$	3,880	$	765,820
30-59 Days Past Due	—		35		—		—		—		195		—		230
60-89 Days Past Due	299		2		241		480		—		727		—		1,749
90 Days + Past Due	—		—		1,012		512		—		2,108		—		3,632
Total One- to four- family residential	$	68,576	$	100,443	$	106,588	$	125,922	$	65,906	$	300,116	$	3,880	$	771,431


	September 30, 2020
	Term Loans by Year of Origination												Revolving Loans		Total Loans
By class:	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior

Consumer—home equity revolving lines of credit
Past Due Category
Current	$	12,696	$	1,983	$	2,515	$	3,176	$	1,665	$	2,945	$	476,385	$	501,365
30-59 Days Past Due	—		—		—		44		—		84		745		873
60-89 Days Past Due	—		—		—		—		—		14		201		215
90 Days + Past Due	—		100		54		564		329		321		702		2,070
Total Consumer—home equity revolving lines of credit	$	12,696	$	2,083	$	2,569	$	3,784	$	1,994	$	3,364	$	478,033	$	504,523

Consumer-other
Past Due Category
Current	$	15,111	$	16,716	$	16,158	$	13,500	$	10,013	$	20,774	$	25,571	$	117,843
30-59 Days Past Due	18		23		2		5		37		35		63		183
60-89 Days Past Due	44		33		—		148		—		2		26		253
90 Days + Past Due	—		—		24		—		5		—		—		29
Total Consumer-other	$	15,173	$	16,772	$	16,184	$	13,653	$	10,055	$	20,811	$	25,660	$	118,308

The following table presents the Company’s portfolio of risk-rated loans and non-risk-rated loans by grade or other characteristics as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2019
By class:	Pass (Risk Ratings 1-5)(1)		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total Loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	1,546,649	$	4,198	$	29,803	$	—	$	—	$	1,580,650
Investment properties	2,288,785		2,193		18,243		—		—		2,309,221
Multifamily real estate	472,856		—		296		—		—		473,152
Commercial construction	198,986		—		11,682		—		—		210,668
Multifamily construction	233,610		—		—		—		—		233,610
One- to four-family construction	530,307		12,534		1,467		—		—		544,308
Land and land development:
Residential	154,348		—		340		—		—		154,688
Commercial	26,256		—		34		—		—		26,290
Commercial business	1,627,170		31,012		35,584		58		—		1,693,824
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	352,408		10,840		7,301		—		—		370,549
One- to four-family residential	940,424		409		4,789		—		—		945,622
Consumer:
Consumer secured by one- to four-family	547,388		—		3,572		—		—		550,960
Consumer—other	211,475		3		337		—		—		211,815
Total	$	9,130,662	$	61,189	$	113,448	$	58	$	—	$	9,305,357

(1)The Pass category includes some performing loans that are part of homogenous pools which are not individually risk-rated. This includes all consumer loans, all one- to four-family residential loans and, as of December 31, 2019, in the commercial business category, $764.6 million of credit-scored small business loans. As loans in these pools become non-performing, they are individually risk-rated.

The following table provides the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands). Our collateral dependent loans presented in the table below have no significant concentrations by property type or location. The table below includes one commercial business banking relationship with a balance of $6.6 million.


	September 30, 2020
	Real Estate		Accounts Receivable		Equipment		Inventory		Total
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	1,101	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,101
Investment properties	3,914		—		—		—		3,914
Small Balance CRE	1,206		—		—		—		1,206





Land and land development	302		—		—		—		302
Commercial business
Commercial business	2,536		2,756		2,970		652		8,914
Small business Scored	46		—		48		—		94
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	427		—		994		—		1,421
One- to four-family residential	195		—		—		—		195



Total	$	9,727	$	2,756	$	4,012	$	652	$	17,147

The following tables provide additional detail on the age analysis of the Company’s past due loans as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans		Non-accrual with no Allowance		Total Non-accrual (1)		Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	100	$	—	$	1,687	$	1,787	$	1,048,090	$	1,049,877	$	1,101	$	2,067	$	—
Investment properties	5,902		98		2,919		8,919		1,982,339		1,991,258		3,914		3,914		—
Small Balance CRE	610		622		1,200		2,432		595,539		597,971		1,206		1,843		—
Multifamily real estate	—		—		—		—		426,659		426,659		—		—		—
Construction, land and land development:
Commercial construction	—		—		99		99		220,186		220,285		—		98		—
Multifamily construction	—		—		—		—		291,105		291,105		—		—		—
One- to four-family construction	441		422		—		863		517,222		518,085		—		331		—
Land and land development	—		—		508		508		240,295		240,803		302		508		—
Commercial business
Commercial business	485		3,640		1,661		5,786		2,337,833		2,343,619		7,468		12,143		225
Small business scored	2,491		1,298		2,024		5,813		758,011		763,824		93		2,724		200
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	—		—		2,023		2,023		324,146		326,169		1,422		2,066		—
One- to four-family residential	230		1,749		3,632		5,611		765,820		771,431		181		2,978		2,649
Consumer:
Consumer—home equity revolving lines of credit	873		215		2,070		3,158		501,365		504,523		—		2,835		175
Consumer—other	183		253		29		465		117,843		118,308		—		61		6
Total	$	11,315	$	8,297	$	17,852	$	37,464	$	10,126,453	$	10,163,917	$	15,687	$	31,568	$	3,255


	December 31, 2019
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or More Past Due		Total Past Due		Purchased Credit-Impaired		Current		Total Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Accruing		Total Non-accrual (1)
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	486	$	1,246	$	2,889	$	4,621	$	8,578	$	1,567,451	$	1,580,650	$	89	$	4,069
Investment properties	—		260		1,883		2,143		6,345		2,300,733		2,309,221		—		1,883
Multifamily real estate	239		91		—		330		7		472,815		473,152		—		85
Commercial construction	1,397		—		98		1,495		—		209,173		210,668		—		98
Multifamily construction	—		—		—		—		—		233,610		233,610		—		—
One-to-four-family construction	3,212		—		1,799		5,011		—		539,297		544,308		332		1,467
Land and land development:
Residential	—		—		340		340		—		154,348		154,688		—		340
Commercial	—		—		—		—		—		26,290		26,290		—		—
Commercial business	2,343		1,583		3,412		7,338		368		1,686,118		1,693,824		401		23,015
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	1,972		129		584		2,685		393		367,471		370,549		—		661
One-to four-family residential	3,777		1,088		2,876		7,741		74		937,807		945,622		877		3,410
Consumer:
Consumer secured by one- to four-family	1,174		327		1,846		3,347		110		547,503		550,960		398		2,314
Consumer—other	350		161		—		511		63		211,241		211,815		—		159
Total	$	14,950	$	4,885	$	15,727	$	35,562	$	15,938	$	9,253,857	$	9,305,357	$	2,097	$	37,501

(1) The Company did not recognize any interest income on non-accrual loans during both the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019.

The following tables provide the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
	Commercial Real Estate		Multifamily Real Estate		Construction and Land		Commercial Business		Agricultural Business		One- to Four-Family Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	53,166	$	3,504	$	36,916	$	33,870	$	4,517	$	12,746	$	11,633	$	—	$	156,352

Provision/(recapture) for credit losses	6,895		(248)		2,561		2,550		1,026		100		757		—		13,641

Recoveries	23		—		—		246		—		94		82		—		445
Charge-offs	(379)		—		—		(1,297)		(492)		(72)		(233)		—		(2,473)
Ending balance	$	59,705	$	3,256	$	39,477	$	35,369	$	5,051	$	12,868	$	12,239	$	—	$	167,965

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
	Commercial Real Estate		Multifamily Real Estate		Construction and Land		Commercial Business		Agricultural Business		One- to Four-Family Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	30,591	$	4,754	$	22,994	$	23,370	$	4,120	$	4,136	$	8,202	$	2,392	$	100,559
Impact of Adopting ASC 326	(2,864)		(2,204)		2,515		3,010		(351)		7,125		2,973		(2,392)		7,812
Provision for credit losses	32,213		772		13,963		14,402		64		1,470		1,994		—		64,878

Recoveries	244		—		105		821		1,772		273		238		—		3,453
Charge-offs	(479)		(66)		(100)		(6,234)		(554)		(136)		(1,168)		—		(8,737)
Ending balance	$	59,705	$	3,256	$	39,477	$	35,369	$	5,051	$	12,868	$	12,239	$	—	$	167,965

The changes in the allowance for credit losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily the result of the $13.6 million provision for credit losses recorded during the current quarter and the $64.9 million provision recording during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, mostly due to the deterioration in the economy during the current quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as forecasted additional economic deterioration based on the reasonable and supportable economic forecast as of September 30, 2020. The current quarter provision for credit losses also reflects risk rating downgrades on loans that are considered at heightened risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the change for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 included a $7.8 million increase related to the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326).

The following tables provide additional information on the allowance for loan losses and loan balances individually and collectively evaluated for impairment at or for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
	Commercial Real Estate		Multifamily Real Estate		Construction and Land		Commercial Business		Agricultural Business		One- to Four-Family Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	26,730	$	4,344	$	23,554	$	19,557	$	3,691	$	4,701	$	8,452	$	7,225	$	98,254
Provision/(recapture) for loan losses	1,992		(61)		(1,141)		3,027		943		(175)		258		(2,843)		2,000
Recoveries	107		—		156		162		2		129		154		—		710
Charge-offs	(314)		—		—		(1,599)		(741)		(86)		(423)		—		(3,163)
Ending balance	$	28,515	$	4,283	$	22,569	$	21,147	$	3,895	$	4,569	$	8,441	$	4,382	$	97,801

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
	Commercial Real Estate		Multifamily Real Estate		Construction and Land		Commercial Business		Agricultural Business		One- to Four-Family Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	27,132	$	3,818	$	24,442	$	19,438	$	3,778	$	4,714	$	7,972	$	5,191	$	96,485
Provision/(recapture) for loan losses	2,244		465		(2,081)		4,300		987		(461)		1,355		(809)		6,000
Recoveries	277		—		208		400		37		402		487		—		1,811
Charge-offs	(1,138)		—		—		(2,991)		(907)		(86)		(1,373)		—		(6,495)
Ending balance	$	28,515	$	4,283	$	22,569	$	21,147	$	3,895	$	4,569	$	8,441	$	4,382	$	97,801


	September 30, 2019
	Commercial Real Estate		Multifamily Real Estate		Construction and Land		Commercial Business		Agricultural Business		One- to Four-Family Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	60	$	—	$	—	$	48	$	132	$	42	$	6	$	—	$	288
Collectively evaluated for impairment	28,455		4,283		22,569		21,078		3,710		4,527		8,435		4,382		97,439
Purchased credit-impaired loans	—		—		—		21		53		—		—		—		74
Total allowance for loan losses	$	28,515	$	4,283	$	22,569	$	21,147	$	3,895	$	4,569	$	8,441	$	4,382	$	97,801




Loan balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	4,246	$	—	$	1,220	$	618	$	2,282	$	3,745	$	241	$	—	$	12,352
Collectively evaluated for impairment	3,598,482		399,808		1,083,083		1,618,366		387,827		943,653		779,222		—		8,810,441
Purchased credit impaired loans	11,513		6		—		407		396		77		176		—		12,575
Total loans	$	3,614,241	$	399,814	$	1,084,303	$	1,619,391	$	390,505	$	947,475	$	779,639	$	—	$	8,835,368

Note 6: REAL ESTATE OWNED, NET

The following table presents the changes in REO for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Balance, beginning of the period	$	2,400	$	2,513	$	814	$	2,611
Additions from loan foreclosures	—		48		1,588		109


Proceeds from dispositions of REO	(707)		(2,333)		(805)		(2,483)
Gain (loss) on sale of REO	120		—		216		(9)
Valuation adjustments in the period	(18)		—		(18)		—
Balance, end of the period	$	1,795	$	228	$	1,795	$	228

REO properties are recorded at the estimated fair value of the property, less expected selling costs, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequently, REO properties are carried at the lower of the new cost basis or updated fair market values, based on updated appraisals of the underlying properties, as received. Valuation allowances on the carrying value of REO may be recognized based on updated appraisals or on management’s authorization to reduce the selling price of a property. The Company had $725,000 of foreclosed one- to four-family residential real estate properties held as REO at September 30, 2020 and $48,000 at December 31, 2019. The recorded investment in one- to four-family residential loans in the process of foreclosure was $403,000 at September 30, 2020 compared with $1.5 million at December 31, 2019.

Note 7: GOODWILL, OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: At September 30, 2020, intangible assets are comprised of goodwill and CDI acquired in business combinations. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair values of liabilities assumed in a business combination, and is not amortized but is reviewed at least annually for impairment. Banner has identified one reporting unit for purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment. At September 30, 2020, the Company completed its qualitative assessment of goodwill and concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of Banner, the reporting unit, exceeds the carrying value. If adverse economic conditions or the recent decrease in our stock price and market capitalization as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic were to be deemed sustained in the future rather than temporary, it may significantly affect the fair value of our goodwill and may trigger impairment charges.

CDI represents the value of transaction-related deposits and the value of the customer relationships associated with the deposits. At December 31, 2018 intangible assets also included favorable leasehold intangibles (LHI). LHI represented the value ascribed to leases assumed in an acquisition in which the lease terms are favorable compared to a market lease at the date of acquisition. LHI was reclassified to the right of use lease asset in connection with the adoption of Lease Topic 842 on January 1, 2019. The Company amortizes CDI assets over their estimated useful lives and reviews them at least annually for events or circumstances that could impair their value.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s goodwill and other intangibles for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	Goodwill		CDI		LHI		Total
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	339,154	$	32,699	$	225	$	372,078
Additions through acquisitions(1)	33,967		4,610		—		38,577
Amortization	—		(8,151)		—		(8,151)
Adjustments(2)	—		—		(225)		(225)

Balance, December 31, 2019	373,121		29,158		—		402,279

Amortization	—		(5,867)		—		(5,867)


Balance, September 30, 2020	$	373,121	$	23,291	$	—	$	396,412

(1) The additions to Goodwill and CDI in 2019 relate to the acquisition of AltaPacific.

(2) The adjustment to LHI represents a reclassification to the right-of-use lease asset in connection with the implementation of Lease Topic 842.

The following table presents the estimated amortization expense with respect to CDI as of September 30, 2020 for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Estimated Amortization
Remainder of 2020	$	1,865
2021	6,571
2022	5,317
2023	3,814
2024	2,659
Thereafter	3,065
	$	23,291

Mortgage Servicing Rights: Mortgage servicing rights are reported in other assets. Mortgage servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets. Mortgage servicing rights are subsequently evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights compared to the amortized cost (remaining unamortized initial fair value). If the fair value is less than the amortized cost, a valuation allowance is created through an impairment charge, which is recognized in servicing fee income within mortgage banking operations on the consolidated statement of operations. However, if the fair value is greater than the amortized cost, the amount above the amortized cost is not recognized in the carrying value. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not record any impairment charges or recoveries against mortgage servicing rights. The unpaid principal balance for loans which mortgage servicing rights have been recorded totaled $2.61 billion and $2.48 billion at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Custodial accounts maintained in connection with this servicing totaled $3.4 million and $12.0 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

An analysis of our mortgage servicing rights for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 is presented below (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Balance, beginning of the period	$	14,424	$	13,998	$	14,148	$	14,638
Additions—amounts capitalized	2,426		1,167		6,030		2,524
Additions—through purchase	40		36		141		105
Amortization (1)	(2,075)		(1,404)		(5,504)		(3,470)

Balance, end of the period (2)	$	14,815	$	13,797	$	14,815	$	13,797

(1) Amortization of mortgage servicing rights is recorded as a reduction of loan servicing income within mortgage banking operations and any unamortized balance is fully amortized if the loan repays in full.

(2) There was no valuation allowance as of September 30, 2020 and 2019.

Note 8: DEPOSITS

Deposits consisted of the following at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Non-interest-bearing accounts	$	5,412,570	$	3,945,000
Interest-bearing checking	1,434,224		1,280,003
Regular savings accounts	2,332,287		1,934,041
Money market accounts	2,120,908		1,769,194
Total interest-bearing transaction and saving accounts	5,887,419		4,983,238
Certificates of deposit:
Certificates of deposit less than or equal to $250,000	723,225		936,940
Certificates of deposit greater than $250,000	192,127		183,463
Total certificates of deposit(1)	915,352		1,120,403
Total deposits	$	12,215,341	$	10,048,641
Included in total deposits:
Public fund transaction and savings accounts	$	259,929	$	244,418
Public fund interest-bearing certificates	54,219		35,184
Total public deposits	$	314,148	$	279,602
Total brokered deposits	$	—	$	202,884

(1) Certificates of deposit include $101,000 and $269,000 of acquisition premiums at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had certificates of deposit of $197.6 million and $189.0 million, respectively, that were equal to or greater than $250,000.

Scheduled maturities and weighted average interest rates of certificates of deposit at September 30, 2020 are as follows (dollars in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Amount		Weighted Average Rate
Maturing in one year or less	$	694,530	0.93	%
Maturing after one year through two years	123,003		1.47
Maturing after two years through three years	71,727		1.25
Maturing after three years through four years	13,041		2.17
Maturing after four years through five years	10,999		1.31
Maturing after five years	2,052		1.00
Total certificates of deposit	$	915,352	1.05	%

Note 9: FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table presents estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, whether or not measured at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (dollars in thousands):


		September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Level	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	1	$	705,538	$	705,538	$	307,735	$	307,735
Securities—trading	3	23,276		23,276		25,636		25,636
Securities—available-for-sale	2	1,758,384		1,758,384		1,551,557		1,551,557
Securities—held-to-maturity	2	426,380		448,051		233,241		234,952
Securities—held-to-maturity	3	2,755		2,755		2,853		2,853
Loans held for sale	2	185,938		186,544		210,447		210,670
Loans receivable	3	10,163,917		10,091,600		9,305,357		9,304,340
Equity securities	1	450,255		450,255		—		—
FHLB stock	3	16,363		16,363		28,342		28,342
Bank-owned life insurance	1	191,755		191,755		192,088		192,088
Mortgage servicing rights	3	14,815		17,954		14,148		22,611
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	2	43,506		43,506		15,202		15,202
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	2,3	10,473		10,473		1,108		1,108
Liabilities:
Demand, interest checking and money market accounts	2	8,967,702		8,967,702		6,994,197		6,994,197
Regular savings	2	2,332,287		2,332,287		1,934,041		1,934,041
Certificates of deposit	2	915,352		921,332		1,120,403		1,117,921
FHLB advances	2	150,000		153,661		450,000		452,720
Other borrowings	2	176,983		176,983		118,474		118,474
Subordinated notes, net	3	98,114		98,114		—		—
Junior subordinated debentures	3	109,821		109,821		119,304		119,304
Derivatives:
Interest rate swaps	2	23,927		23,927		10,966		10,966
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	2	1,510		1,510		674		674

The Company measures and discloses certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale). GAAP establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and disclosure requirements about fair value measurements. Among other things, the accounting standard requires the reporting entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates for market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. An active market is a market in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

•Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, quoted prices in less active markets for identical or similar instruments, or other observable inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity for financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation; also includes observable inputs from non-binding single dealer quotes not corroborated by observable market data.

The estimated fair value amounts of financial instruments have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize at a future date. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. In addition, reasonable comparability between financial institutions may not be likely due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and

numerous estimates that must be made given the absence of active secondary markets for certain financial instruments. This lack of uniform valuation methodologies also introduces a greater degree of subjectivity to these estimated fair values. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are deemed to occur at the end of the reporting period.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:

The following tables present financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the fair value measurements for those assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Securities—trading


Corporate bonds (Trust Preferred Securities)	$	—	$	—	$	23,276	$	23,276



Securities—available-for-sale
U.S. Government and agency obligations	—		169,913		—		169,913
Municipal bonds	—		272,408		—		272,408
Corporate bonds	—		55,971		—		55,971
Mortgage-backed or related securities	—		1,250,500		—		1,250,500
Asset-backed securities	—		9,592		—		9,592
	—		1,758,384		—		1,758,384

Loans held for sale	—		152,996		—		152,996
Equity securities	450,255		—		—		450,255

Derivatives
Interest rate swaps	—		43,506		—		43,506
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	—		2,019		8,454		10,473
	$	450,255	$	1,956,905	$	31,730	$	2,438,890

Liabilities:

Junior subordinated debentures	$	—	$	—	$	109,821	$	109,821
Derivatives
Interest rate swaps	—		23,927		—		23,927
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	—		1,510		—		1,510
	$	—	$	25,437	$	109,821	$	135,258


	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Securities—trading


Corporate bonds (Trust Preferred Securities)	$	—	$	—	$	25,636	$	25,636




Securities—available-for-sale
U.S. Government and agency obligations	—		89,598		—		89,598
Municipal bonds	—		107,157		—		107,157
Corporate bonds	—		4,365		—		4,365
Mortgage-backed securities	—		1,342,311		—		1,342,311
Asset-backed securities	—		8,126		—		8,126

	—		1,551,557		—		1,551,557

Loans held for sale	—		199,397		—		199,397


Derivatives
Interest rate swaps	—		15,202		—		15,202
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	—		317		791		1,108
	$	—	$	1,766,473	$	26,427	$	1,792,900

Liabilities:

Junior subordinated debentures, net of unamortized deferred issuance costs	$	—	$	—	$	119,304	$	119,304
Derivatives
Interest rate swaps	—		10,966		—		10,966
Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments	—		674		—		674
	$	—	$	11,640	$	119,304	$	130,944

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments above:

Securities: The estimated fair values of investment securities and mortgaged-backed securities are priced using current active market quotes, if available, which are considered Level 1 measurements. For most of the portfolio, matrix pricing based on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices is used to establish the fair value. These measurements are considered Level 2. Due to the continued limited activity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of market spreads for some of the Company’s TPS securities, management has classified these securities as a Level 3 fair value measure. Management periodically reviews the pricing information received from third-party pricing services and tests those prices against other sources to validate the reported fair values.

Loans Held for Sale: Fair values for residential mortgage loans held for sale are determined by comparing actual loan rates to current secondary market prices for similar loans. Fair values for multifamily loans held for sale are calculated based on discounted cash flows using as a discount rate a combination of market spreads for similar loan types added to selected index rates.

Mortgage Servicing Rights: Fair values are estimated based on an independent dealer analysis of discounted cash flows. The evaluation utilizes assumptions market participants would use in determining fair value including prepayment speeds, delinquency and foreclosure rates, the discount rate, servicing costs, and the timing of cash flows. The mortgage servicing portfolio is stratified by loan type and fair value estimates are adjusted up or down based on the serviced loan interest rates versus current rates on new loan originations since the most recent independent analysis.

Equity Securities: Equity securities at September 30, 2020 are invested in a money market mutual fund. The fair value of these securities are based on daily quoted market prices.

Junior Subordinated Debentures: The fair value of junior subordinated debentures is estimated using an income approach technique. The significant inputs included in the estimation of fair value are the credit risk adjusted spread and three month LIBOR. The credit risk adjusted spread represents the nonperformance risk of the liability. The Company utilizes an external valuation firm to validate the reasonableness of the credit risk adjusted spread used to determine the fair value. The junior subordinated debentures are carried at fair value which represents the estimated amount that would be paid to transfer these liabilities in an orderly transaction amongst market participants. Due to inactivity in the trust preferred markets that have limited the observability of market spreads, management has classified this as a Level 3 fair value measure.

Derivatives: Derivatives include interest rate swap agreements, interest rate lock commitments to originate loans held for sale and forward sales contracts to sell loans and securities related to mortgage banking activities. Fair values for these instruments, which generally change as a result of changes in the level of market interest rates, are estimated based on dealer quotes and secondary market sources.

Off-Balance Sheet Items: Off-balance sheet financial instruments include unfunded commitments to extend credit, including standby letters of credit, and commitments to purchase investment securities. The fair value of these instruments is not considered to be material.

Limitations: The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The factors used in the fair values estimates are subject to change subsequent to the dates the fair value estimates are completed, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3):

The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:


			Weighted Average Rate / Range
Financial Instruments	Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Corporate bonds (TPS securities)	Discounted cash flows	Discount rate	4.73	%	5.91	%

Junior subordinated debentures	Discounted cash flows	Discount rate	4.73	%	5.91	%

Loans individually evaluated	Collateral valuations	Discount to appraised value	0.0% to 20.0%		0.0% to 20.0%
REO	Appraisals	Discount to appraised value	48.52	%	58.50	%

Interest rate lock commitments	Pricing model	Pull-through rate	87.05	%	89.61	%

TPS securities: Management believes that the credit risk-adjusted spread used to develop the discount rate utilized in the fair value measurement of TPS securities is indicative of the risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions for instruments with similar contractual rates and terms and conditions and issuers with similar credit risk profiles and with similar expected probability of default. Management attributes the change in fair value of these instruments, compared to their par value, primarily to perceived general market adjustments to the risk premiums for these types of assets subsequent to their issuance.

Junior subordinated debentures: Similar to the TPS securities discussed above, management believes that the credit risk-adjusted spread utilized in the fair value measurement of the junior subordinated debentures is indicative of the risk premium a willing market participant would require under current market conditions for an issuer with Banner’s credit risk profile. Management attributes the change in fair value of the junior subordinated debentures, compared to their par value, primarily to perceived general market adjustments to the risk premiums for these types of liabilities subsequent to their issuance. Future contractions in the risk adjusted spread relative to the spread currently utilized to measure the Company’s junior subordinated debentures at fair value as of September 30, 2020, or the passage of time, will result in negative fair value adjustments. At September 30, 2020, the discount rate utilized was based on a credit spread of 450 basis points and three-month LIBOR of 23 basis points.

Interest rate lock commitments: The fair value of the interest rate lock commitments is based on secondary market sources adjusted for an estimated pull-through rate. The pull-through rate is based on historical loan closing rates for similar interest rate lock commitments. An increase or decrease in the pull-through rate would have a corresponding, positive or negative fair value adjustment.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of the assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) on a recurring basis during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020						September 30, 2020
	Level 3 Fair Value Inputs						Level 3 Fair Value Inputs
	TPS Securities		Borrowings—Junior Subordinated Debentures		Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments		TPS Securities		Borrowings— Junior Subordinated Debentures		Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments
Beginning balance	$	23,239	$	109,613	$	5,816	$	25,636	$	119,304	$	791
Total gains or losses recognized
Assets gains (losses)	37		—		2,638		(2,360)		—		7,663
Liabilities losses (gains)	—		208		—		—		(9,483)		—



Ending balance at September 30, 2020	$	23,276	$	109,821	$	8,454	$	23,276	$	109,821	$	8,454

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019						September 30, 2019
	Level 3 Fair Value Inputs						Level 3 Fair Value Inputs
	TPS Securities		Borrowings—Junior Subordinated Debentures		Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments		TPS Securities		Borrowings— Junior Subordinated Debentures		Interest rate lock and forward sales commitments
Beginning balance	$	25,741	$	113,621	$	1,373	$	25,896	$	114,091	$	273
Total gains or losses recognized
Assets (losses) gains	(69)		—		33		(224)		—		1,133
Liabilities gains	—		(204)		—		—		(674)		—




Ending balance at September 30, 2019	$	25,672	$	113,417	$	1,406	$	25,672	$	113,417	$	1,406

Interest income and dividends from the TPS securities are recorded as a component of interest income. Interest expense related to the junior subordinated debentures is measured based on contractual interest rates and reported in interest expense. The change in fair value of the junior subordinated debentures, which represents changes in instrument specific credit risk, is recorded in other comprehensive income. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging, for detail on gains and losses on Level 3 interest rate lock commitments.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis:

The following tables present financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy of the fair value measurements for those assets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Loans individually evaluated	$	—	$	—	$	12,131	$	12,131
REO	—		—		1,795		1,795


	December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Impaired loans	$	—	$	—	$	14,853	$	14,853
REO	—		—		814		814

The following table presents the losses resulting from non-recurring fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Loans individually evaluated	$	(492)	$	—	$	(2,492)	$	(425)
REO	—		—		—		—
Total loss from non-recurring measurements	$	(492)	$	—	$	(2,492)	$	(425)

Loans individually evaluated: Expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or when the Bank determines that foreclosure is probable, the expected credit loss is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As a practical expedient, the Bank measures the expected credit loss for a loan using the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Bank’s assessment as of the reporting date. In both cases, if the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, the Bank will recognize an allowance as the difference between the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell (if applicable), at the reporting date and the amortized cost basis of the loan. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan, any expected recovery added to the amortized cost basis will be limited to the amount previously charged-off by the subsequent changes in the expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are included within the provision for credit losses in the same manner in which the expected credit loss initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported.

REO: The Company records REO (acquired through a lending relationship) at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Fair value adjustments on REO are based on updated real estate appraisals which are based on current market conditions. All REO properties are recorded at the lower of the estimated fair value of the real estate, less expected selling costs, or the carrying amount of the defaulted loans. From time to time, non-recurring fair value adjustments to REO are recorded to reflect partial write-downs based on an observable market price or current appraised value of property. Banner considers any valuation inputs related to REO to be Level 3 inputs. The individual carrying values of these assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually and any additional impairment charges are expensed to operations.

Note 10: INCOME TAXES AND DEFERRED TAXES

The Company files a consolidated income tax return including all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a calendar year basis. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company’s income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of change. A valuation allowance is recognized as a reduction to deferred tax assets when management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be available to offset future income tax liabilities.

Accounting standards for income taxes prescribe a recognition threshold and measurement process for financial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and also provide guidance on the de-recognition of previously recorded benefits and their classification, as well as the proper recording of interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosures and transition. The Company periodically reviews its income tax positions based on tax laws and regulations and financial reporting considerations, and records adjustments as appropriate. This review takes into consideration the status of current taxing authorities’ examinations of the Company’s tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions, if any, and the overall tax environment.

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had $275,000 of unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, none of which would materially affect the effective tax rate if recognized. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease in the next twelve months. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in the income tax expense. The Company files consolidated income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in the Oregon, California, Utah, Idaho and Montana state jurisdictions.

Tax credit investments: The Company invests in low income housing tax credit funds that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. The Company accounts for these investments by amortizing the cost of tax credit investments over the life of the investment using a proportional amortization method and tax credit investment amortization expense is a component of the provision for income taxes.

The following table presents the balances of the Company’s tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Tax credit investments	$	34,113	$	29,620
Unfunded commitments—tax credit investments	20,572		20,235

The following table presents other information related to the Company's tax credit investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Tax credits and other tax benefits recognized	$	981	$	494	$	2,943	$	1,482
Tax credit amortization expense included in provision for income taxes	849		405		2,507		1,215

Note 11: CALCULATION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING FOR EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

The following table reconciles basic to diluted weighted average shares outstanding used to calculate earnings per share data for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands, except shares and per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	36,548	$	39,577	$	76,971	$	112,623

Basic weighted average shares outstanding	35,193,109		34,407,462		35,285,567		34,760,607
Plus unvested restricted stock	123,570		90,532		239,204		89,399
Diluted weighted shares outstanding	35,316,679		34,497,994		35,524,771		34,850,006
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	1.04	$	1.15	$	2.18	$	3.24
Diluted	$	1.03	$	1.15	$	2.17	$	3.23

Note 12: STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company operates the following stock-based compensation plans as approved by its shareholders:

•2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the 2014 Plan).

•2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the 2018 Plan).

The purpose of these plans is to promote the success and enhance the value of the Company by providing a means for attracting and retaining highly skilled employees, officers and directors of Banner Corporation and its affiliates and linking their personal interests with those of the Company’s shareholders. Under these plans the Company currently has outstanding restricted stock share grants and restricted stock unit grants.

2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan

The 2014 Plan was approved by shareholders on April 22, 2014. The 2014 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, other stock-based awards and other cash awards, and provides for vesting requirements which may include time-based or performance-based conditions. The Company reserved 900,000 shares of its common stock for issuance under the 2014 Plan in connection with the exercise of awards. As of September 30, 2020, 299,937 restricted stock shares and 407,131 restricted stock units have been granted under the 2014 Plan of which 296,633 restricted stock shares and 172,036 restricted stock units have vested.

2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan

The 2018 Plan was approved by shareholders on April 24, 2018. The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units, other stock-based awards and other cash awards, and provides for vesting requirements which may include time-based or performance-based conditions. The Company reserved 900,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2018 Plan in connection with the exercise of awards. As of September 30, 2020, no shares and 362,514 restricted stock units have been granted under the 2018 Plan none of which have vested.

The expense associated with all restricted stock grants (including restricted stock shares and restricted stock units) was $2.5 million and $6.9 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2020 and was $1.6 million and $5.1 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense for these awards as of September 30, 2020 was $15.5 million and will be amortized over the next 2.83 years.

Note 13: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk — The Company has financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk generated in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, commitments related to standby letters of credit, commitments to originate loans, commitments to sell loans, commitments to buy and sell securities. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk similar to the risk involved in on-balance-sheet items recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument from commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. We use the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for on-balance-sheet instruments.

Outstanding commitments for which no asset or liability for the notional amount has been recorded consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):


	Contract or Notional Amount
	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Commitments to extend credit	$	3,144,860	$	3,051,681
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees	15,677		14,298
Commitments to originate loans	114,040		39,676


Risk participation agreement	40,968		41,022

Derivatives also included in Note 14:
Commitments to originate loans held for sale	282,025		66,196
Commitments to sell loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties	109,994		70,895
Commitments to sell securities related to mortgage banking activities	259,000		239,320

In addition to the commitments disclosed in the table above, the Company is committed to funding its’ unfunded tax credit investments (see Note 10, Income Taxes). During 2019, the Company entered into an agreement to invest $10 million in a limited partnership. The Company had funded $1.8 million of the commitment, with $8.2 million of the commitment remaining to be funded at September 30, 2020, compared to $467,000 of the commitment funded, with $9.5 million to be funded at December 31, 2019.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Many of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon; therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. The type of collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income producing commercial properties. The Company’s allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $12.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee a customer’s performance or payment to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Through the acquisition of AmericanWest Bank, Banner Bank assumed a risk participation agreement. Under the risk participation agreement, Banner Bank guarantees the financial performance of a borrower on the participated portion of an interest rate swap on a loan.

Interest rates on residential one- to four-family mortgage loan applications are typically rate locked (committed) to customers during the application stage for periods ranging from 30 to 60 days, the most typical period being 45 days. Traditionally, these loan applications with rate lock commitments had the pricing for the sale of these loans locked with various qualified investors under a best-efforts delivery program at or near the time the interest rate is locked with the customer. The Company then attempts to deliver these loans before their rate locks expired. This arrangement generally required delivery of the loans prior to the expiration of the rate lock. Delays in funding the loans required a lock extension. The cost of a lock extension at times was borne by the customer and at times by the Company. These lock extension costs have not had a material impact to the Company’s operations. The Company enters into forward commitments at specific prices and settlement dates to deliver either: (1) residential mortgage loans for purchase by secondary market investors (i.e., Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae), or (2) mortgage-backed securities to broker/dealers. The purpose of these forward commitments is to offset the movement in interest rates between the execution of its residential mortgage rate lock commitments with borrowers and the sale of those loans to the secondary market investor. There were no counterparty default losses on forward contracts during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019. Market risk with respect to forward contracts arises principally from changes in the value of

contractual positions due to changes in interest rates. The Company limits its exposure to market risk by monitoring differences between commitments to customers and forward contracts with market investors and securities broker/dealers. In the event the Company has forward delivery contract commitments in excess of available mortgage loans, the transaction is completed by either paying or receiving a fee to or from the investor or broker/dealer equal to the increase or decrease in the market value of the forward contract.

In the normal course of business, the Company and/or its subsidiaries have various legal proceedings and other contingent matters outstanding. These proceedings and the associated legal claims are often contested and the outcome of individual matters is not always predictable. These claims and counter-claims typically arise during the course of collection efforts on problem loans or with respect to action to enforce liens on properties in which the Banks hold a security interest. Based upon the information known to management at this time, the Company and the Banks are not a party to any legal proceedings that management believes would have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or consolidated financial position at September 30, 2020.

In connection with certain asset sales, the Banks typically make representations and warranties about the underlying assets conforming to specified guidelines. If the underlying assets do not conform to the specifications, the Banks may have an obligation to repurchase the assets or indemnify the purchaser against any loss. The Banks believe that the potential for material loss under these arrangements is remote. Accordingly, the fair value of such obligations is not material.

NOTE 14: DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING

The Company, through its Banner Bank subsidiary, is party to various derivative instruments that are used for asset and liability management and customer financing needs. Derivative instruments are contracts between two or more parties that have a notional amount and an underlying variable, require no net investment and allow for the net settlement of positions. The notional amount serves as the basis for the payment provision of the contract and takes the form of units, such as shares or dollars. The underlying variable represents a specified interest rate, index, or other component. The interaction between the notional amount and the underlying variable determines the number of units to be exchanged between the parties and influences the market value of the derivative contract. The Company obtains dealer quotations to value its derivative contracts.

The Company’s predominant derivative and hedging activities involve interest rate swaps related to certain term loans and forward sales contracts associated with mortgage banking activities. Generally, these instruments help the Company manage exposure to market risk and meet customer financing needs. Market risk represents the possibility that economic value or net interest income will be adversely affected by fluctuations in external factors such as market-driven interest rates and prices or other economic factors.

Derivatives Designated in Hedge Relationships

The Company’s fixed-rate loans result in exposure to losses in value or net interest income as interest rates change. The risk management objective for hedging fixed-rate loans is to effectively convert the fixed-rate received to a floating rate. The Company has hedged exposure to changes in the fair value of certain fixed-rate loans through the use of interest rate swaps. For a qualifying fair value hedge, changes in the value of the derivatives are recognized in current period earnings along with the corresponding changes in the fair value of the designated hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged.

Under a prior program, customers received fixed interest rate commercial loans and Banner Bank subsequently hedged that fixed-rate loan by entering into an interest rate swap with a dealer counterparty. Banner Bank receives fixed-rate payments from the customers on the loans and makes similar fixed-rate payments to the dealer counterparty on the swaps in exchange for variable-rate payments based on the one-month LIBOR index. Some of these interest rate swaps are designated as fair value hedges. Through application of the “short cut method of accounting,” there is an assumption that the hedges are effective. Banner Bank discontinued originating interest rate swaps under this program in 2008.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the notional values or contractual amounts and fair values of the Company’s derivatives designated in hedge relationships were as follows (in thousands):


	Asset Derivatives								Liability Derivatives
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019				September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (1)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (1)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (2)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (2)
Interest rate swaps	$	427	$	15	$	3,567	$	220	$	427	$	15	$	3,567	$	220

(1) Included in Loans receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

(2) Included in Other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Derivatives Not Designated in Hedge Relationships

Interest Rate Swaps: Banner Bank uses an interest rate swap program for commercial loan customers that provides the client with a variable-rate loan and enters into an interest rate swap in which the client receives a variable-rate payment in exchange for a fixed-rate payment. The

Bank offsets its risk exposure by entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with a dealer counterparty for the same notional amount and length of term as the client interest rate swap providing the dealer counterparty with a fixed-rate payment in exchange for a variable-rate payment. These swaps do not qualify as designated hedges; therefore, each swap is accounted for as a free standing derivative.

Mortgage Banking: The Company sells originated one- to four-family and multifamily mortgage loans into the secondary mortgage loan markets. During the period of loan origination and prior to the sale of the loans in the secondary market, the Company has exposure to movements in interest rates associated with written interest rate lock commitments with potential borrowers to originate one- to four-family loans that are intended to be sold and for closed one- to four-family and multifamily mortgage loans held for sale that are awaiting sale and delivery into the secondary market. The Company economically hedges the risk of changing interest rates associated with these mortgage loan commitments by entering into forward sales contracts to sell one- to four-family and multifamily mortgage loans or mortgage-backed securities to broker/dealers at specific prices and dates.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the notional values or contractual amounts and fair values of the Company’s derivatives not designated in hedge relationships were as follows (in thousands):


	Asset Derivatives								Liability Derivatives
	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019				September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (1)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (1)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (2)		Notional/ Contract Amount		Fair Value (2)
Interest rate swaps	$	419,497	$	43,491	$	371,957	$	14,982	$	419,497	$	23,912	$	371,957	$	10,746

Mortgage loan commitments	224,834		8,454		50,755		791		79,412		516		65,855		190
Forward sales contracts	109,994		2,019		70,895		317		259,000		994		239,320		484
	$	754,325	$	53,964	$	493,607	$	16,090	$	757,909	$	25,422	$	677,132	$	11,420

(1)Included in Other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition, with the exception of certain interest swaps and mortgage loan commitments (with a fair value of $1.5 million at September 30, 2020 and $347,000 at December 31, 2019), which are included in Loans receivable.

(2)Included in Other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Gains (losses) recognized in income on derivatives not designated in hedge relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):


	Location on Consolidated Statements of Operations	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2020		2019		2020		2019

Mortgage loan commitments	Mortgage banking operations	$	2,639	$	(80)	$	7,664	$	1,020
Forward sales contracts	Mortgage banking operations	258		47		(779)		(195)

		$	2,897	$	(33)	$	6,885	$	825

The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to these agreements. Credit risk of the financial contract is controlled through the credit approval, limits, and monitoring procedures and management does not expect the counterparties to fail their obligations.

In connection with the interest rate swaps between Banner Bank and the dealer counterparties, the agreements contain a provision where if Banner Bank fails to maintain its status as a well/adequately capitalized institution, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and Banner Bank would be required to settle its obligations. Similarly, Banner Bank could be required to settle its obligations under certain of its agreements if specific regulatory events occur, such as a publicly issued prompt corrective action directive, cease and desist order, or a capital maintenance agreement that required Banner Bank to maintain a specific capital level. If Banner Bank had breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at the termination value. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the termination value of derivatives in a net liability position related to these agreements was $54.9 million and $15.2 million, respectively. The Company generally posts collateral against derivative liabilities in the form of cash, government agency-issued bonds, mortgage-backed securities, or commercial mortgage-backed securities. Collateral posted against derivative liabilities was $45.4 million and $28.1 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Derivative assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on the balance sheet. Master netting agreements allow the Company to settle all derivative contracts held with a single counterparty on a net basis and to offset net derivative positions with related collateral where applicable. In addition, some of interest rate swap derivatives between Banner Bank and the dealer counterparties are cleared through central

clearing houses. These clearing houses characterize the variation margin payments as settlements of the derivative's market exposure and not as collateral. The variation margin is treated as an adjustment to our cash collateral, as well as a corresponding adjustment to our derivative liability. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the variation margin adjustment was a negative adjustment of $19.7 million and $4.3 million, respectively.

The following tables present additional information related to the Company’s derivative contracts, by type of financial instrument, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020
							Gross Amounts of Financial Instruments Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
	Gross Amounts Recognized		Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts in the Statement of Financial Condition		Netting Adjustment Per Applicable Master Netting Agreements		Fair Value of Financial Collateral in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amount
Derivative assets
Interest rate swaps	$	43,506	$	—	$	43,506	$	—	$	—	$	43,506
	$	43,506	$	—	$	43,506	$	—	$	—	$	43,506

Derivative liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	43,653	$	(19,726)	$	23,927	$	—	$	(23,730)	$	197
	$	43,653	$	(19,726)	$	23,927	$	—	$	(23,730)	$	197

	December 31, 2019
							Gross Amounts of Financial Instruments Not Offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
	Gross Amounts Recognized		Amounts offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts in the Statement of Financial Condition		Netting Adjustment Per Applicable Master Netting Agreements		Fair Value of Financial Collateral in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amount
Derivative assets
Interest rate swaps	$	15,242	$	(40)	$	15,202	$	—	$	—	$	15,202
	$	15,242	$	(40)	$	15,202	$	—	$	—	$	15,202

Derivative liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	15,242	$	(4,276)	$	10,966	$	—	$	(15,209)	$	(4,243)
	$	15,242	$	(4,276)	$	10,966	$	—	$	(15,209)	$	(4,243)

NOTE 15: REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Disaggregation of Revenue:

Deposit fees and other service charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Deposit service charges	$	3,904	$	4,931	$	12,269	$	14,347
Debit and credit card interchange fees	5,207		5,480		14,762		22,682
Debit and credit card expense	(2,134)		(1,991)		(6,272)		(6,389)
Merchant services income	3,584		3,659		9,252		9,860
Merchant services expense	(2,839)		(2,960)		(7,378)		(7,941)
Other service charges	1,020		1,212		3,458		4,436
Total deposit fees and other service charges	$	8,742	$	10,331	$	26,091	$	36,995

Deposit fees and other service charges

Deposit fees and other service charges include transaction and non-transaction based deposit fees. Transaction based fees on deposit accounts are charged to deposit customers for specific services provided to the customer. These fees include such items as wire fees, official check fees, and overdraft fees. These are contract specific to each individual transaction and do not extend beyond the individual transaction. The performance obligation is completed and the fees are recognized at the time the specific transactional service is provided to the customer. Non-transactional deposit fees are typically monthly account maintenance fees charged on deposit accounts. These are day-to-day contracts that can be canceled by either party without notice. The performance obligation is satisfied and the fees are recognized on a monthly basis after the service period is completed.

Debit and credit card interchange income and expenses

Debit and credit card interchange income represent fees earned when a debit or credit card issued by the Banks is used to purchase goods or services at a merchant. The merchant’s bank pays the Banks a default interchange rate set by MasterCard on a transaction by transaction basis. The merchant acquiring bank can stop accepting the Banks’ cards at any time and the Banks can stop further use of cards issued by them at any time. The performance obligation is satisfied and the fees are earned when the cost of the transaction is charged to the Banks cardholders’ card. Direct expenses associated with the credit and debit card are recorded as a net reduction against the interchange income.

Merchant services income

Merchant services income represents fees earned by the Banks for card payment services provided to its merchant customers. The Banks have a contract with a third party to provide card payment services to the Banks’ merchants that contract for those services. The third party provider has contracts with the Banks’ merchants to provide the card payment services. The Banks do not have a direct contractual relationship with its merchants for these services. The Banks set the rates for the services provided by the third party. The third party provider passes the payments made by the Banks’ merchants through to the Banks. The Banks, in turn, pay the third party provider for the services it provides to the Banks’ merchants. These payments to the third party provider are recorded as expenses as a net reduction against fee income. In addition, a portion of the payment received by the Banks represents interchange fees which are passed through to the card issuing bank. Income is primarily earned based on the dollar volume and number of transactions processed. The performance obligation is satisfied and the related fee is earned when each payment is accepted by the processing network.

NOTE 16: LEASES

The Company leases 104 buildings and offices under non-cancelable operating leases. The leases contain various provisions for increases in rental rates, based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule. Substantially all of the leases provide the Company with the option to extend the lease term one or more times following expiration of the initial term.

Lease Position as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019

The table below presents the lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recorded on the balance sheet at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Classification on the Balance Sheet	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Assets
Operating right-of-use lease assets	Other assets	$	58,114	$	61,766

Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	61,869	$	65,818


Weighted-average remaining lease term
Operating leases	5.9 years		6.2 years

Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	3.4	%	3.7	%

Lease Costs

The table below presents certain information related to the lease costs for operating leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Operating lease cost (1)	$	4,104	$	3,818	$	12,517	$	11,650
Short-term lease cost (1)	28		62		78		284
Variable lease cost (1)	619		623		2,169		1,751
Less sublease income (1)	(235)		(228)		(716)		(696)
Total lease cost	$	4,516	$	4,275	$	14,048	$	12,989

(1)Lease expenses and sublease income are classified within occupancy and equipment expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Operating cash flows paid for operating lease amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities were $4.1 million and $12.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and were $3.8 million and $11.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The Company recorded right-of-use lease assets in exchange for operating lease liabilities of $4.1 million and $7.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and of $8.8 million and $72.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Undiscounted Cash Flows

The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for each of the next five years beginning with 2020 and the total of the remaining years to the operating lease liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
Remainder of 2020	$	4,147
2021	15,739
2022	12,830
2023	9,813
2024	7,848
Thereafter	18,012
Total minimum lease payments	68,389
Less: amount of lease payments representing interest	(6,520)
Lease obligations	$	61,869

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had no undiscounted lease payments under an operating lease that had not yet commenced.

ITEM 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview

We are a bank holding company incorporated in the State of Washington which owns two subsidiary banks, Banner Bank and Islanders Bank. Banner Bank is a Washington-chartered commercial bank that conducts business from its main office in Walla Walla, Washington and, as of September 30, 2020, it had 167 branch offices and 18 loan production offices located in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and Utah. Islanders Bank is a Washington-chartered commercial bank and conducts its business from three locations in San Juan County, Washington. On July 22, 2020, Banner announced plans to merge Islanders Bank into Banner Bank, regulatory approvals for the merger was received in October 2020, and the merger is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2021. Banner Corporation is subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the Federal Reserve Board). Banner Bank and Islanders Bank (the Banks) are subject to regulation by the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions, Division of Banks and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the FDIC). As of September 30, 2020, we had total consolidated assets of $14.64 billion, total loans of $10.16 billion, total deposits of $12.22 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $1.65 billion.

Banner Bank is a regional bank which offers a wide variety of commercial banking services and financial products to individuals, businesses and public sector entities in its primary market areas. Islanders Bank is a community bank which offers similar banking services to individuals, businesses and public entities located in the San Juan Islands. The Banks’ primary business is that of traditional banking institutions, accepting deposits and originating loans in locations surrounding their offices in Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho. Banner Bank is also an active participant in secondary loan markets, engaging in mortgage banking operations largely through the origination and sale of one- to four-family and multifamily residential loans. Lending activities include commercial business and commercial real estate loans, agriculture business loans, construction and land development loans, one- to four-family and multifamily residential loans and consumer loans.

Banner Corporation’s successful execution of its super community bank model and strategic initiatives have delivered solid core operating results and profitability. Highlights of this success have included solid asset quality, client acquisition and account growth, which have resulted in increased core deposit balances and strong revenue generation while maintaining the Company’s moderate risk profile.

Our financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in a substantial reduction in business activity or the closing of businesses in all the western states in which Banner operates. Banner is continuing to offer payment and financial relief programs for borrowers impacted by COVID-19. These programs include initial loan payment deferrals or interest-only payments for up to 90 days, waived late fees, and, on a more limited basis, waived interest and temporarily suspended foreclosure proceedings. Deferred loans are re-evaluated at the end of the initial deferral period and will either return to the original loan terms or could be eligible for an additional deferral period for up to 90 days. In addition, Banner has entered into payment forbearance agreements with other customers for periods of up to six months. Year to date, Banner has deferred payment or waived interest on 3,370 loans totaling $1.09 billion. Through September 30, 2020 the deferral period had ended for approximately 78%, or $849.7 million of these loans, leaving $239.6 million still on deferral. Of the loans still on deferral, 107 loans totaling $160.4 million have received a second deferral. Since these loans were performing loans that were current on their payments prior to COVID-19, these modifications are not considered to be troubled debt restructurings through September 30, 2020 pursuant to applicable accounting and regulatory guidance. In addition, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) provided assistance to small businesses impacted by COVID-19 through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which is designed to provide near term relief to help small businesses sustain operations. Banner offered small businesses

loans to clients in its service area through this program. As of September 30, 2020, Banner had funded 9,103 applications totaling $1.15 billion of loans in its service area through the PPP program. The deadline for PPP loan applications to the SBA was August 8, 2020. Banner is preparing to process applications for loan forgiveness in the fourth quarter of 2020. Banner will continue to assist small businesses with other borrowing options as they become available.

Banner has taken various steps to help protect customers and staff by limiting branch activities to appointment only and use of drive-up facilities, and by encouraging the use of digital and electronic banking channels, all the while adjusting for evolving State and Federal stay-at-home guidelines. In select markets on a test basis, Banner has begun taking steps to resume more normal branch activities with specific guidelines in place to provide for the safety of its clients and personnel. To further the well-being of staff and customers, Banner implemented measures to allow employees to work from home to the extent practicable. To facilitate this approach, Banner purchased additional computer equipment for staff and enhanced the Company’s network capabilities with several upgrades. These expenses plus other expenses incurred in response to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in $778,000 of related costs during the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

For the quarter ended September 30, 2020, our net income was $36.5 million, or $1.03 per diluted share, compared to net income of $39.6 million, or $1.15 per diluted share, for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. The current quarter was positively impacted by an increase in the gain on sale spread on one- to four-family held for sale loans as well as decreased funding costs, which were primarily offset by increases in the provision for credit losses, deposit insurance expense and salary and employee benefits. The year-over-year increase in deposit insurance reflects a FDIC credit of $2.7 million for previously paid deposit insurance premiums which resulted in a net deposit insurance benefit of $1.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. The increase in the provision for credit losses for the current quarter compared to the same quarter a year ago primarily reflected expected lifetime credit losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic based upon the financial conditions and economic outlook that existed as of September 30, 2020.

Our operating results depend primarily on our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, consisting primarily of loans and investment securities, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, composed primarily of customer deposits, FHLB advances, other borrowings, subordinated notes, and junior subordinated debentures. Net interest income is primarily a function of our interest rate spread, which is the difference between the yield earned on interest-earning assets and the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, as well as a function of the average balances of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and non-interest-bearing funding sources including non-interest-bearing deposits. Our net interest income increased $4.4 million, or 4%, to $121.0 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $116.6 million for the same quarter one year earlier. This increase in net interest income is a result of growth in total loans receivable and core deposits, partially offset by lower yields on interest-earning assets. The growth in total loans receivable and core deposits was largely as the result of the origination of the PPP loans during the second and third quarter of 2020.

Our net income is also affected by the level of our non-interest income, including deposit fees and other service charges, results of mortgage banking operations, which includes gains and losses on the sale of loans and servicing fees, gains and losses on the sale of securities, as well as our non-interest expenses and provisions for loan losses and income taxes. In addition, our net income is affected by the net change in the value of certain financial instruments carried at fair value.

Our total revenues (net interest income before the provision for loan losses plus total non-interest income) for the third quarter of 2020 increased $11.8 million, or 9%, to $149.2 million, compared to $137.5 million for the same period a year earlier, largely as a result of increases in both net interest income and non-interest income. Our total non-interest income, which is a component of total revenue and includes the net gain on sale of securities and changes in the value of financial instruments carried at fair value, was $28.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $20.9 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Our non-interest expense increased in the third quarter of 2020 compared to a year earlier largely as a result of the higher salary and employee benefits due to additional staffing related to the operations acquired from the acquisition of AltaPacific on November 1, 2019 and normal salary and wage adjustments, as well as an increase in deposit insurance expense compared to the same quarter a year ago as discussed above. In addition the provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments was $1.5 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to none in the same quarter last year. Non-interest expense was $91.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $87.3 million for the same quarter a year earlier.

We recorded a $13.6 million provision for credit losses - loans in the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to a $2.0 million provision for loan losses for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The provision for the current quarter primarily reflects expected lifetime credit losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic based upon the financial conditions and economic outlook that existed as of September 30, 2020. The allowance for credit losses - loans at September 30, 2020 was $168.0 million, representing 482% of non-performing loans compared to $100.6 million, or 254% of non-performing loans at December 31, 2019. In addition to the allowance for credit losses - loans, Banner maintains an allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments which was $12.1 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $2.7 million at December 31, 2019. Non-performing loans were $34.8 million at September 30, 2020, compared to $39.6 million at December 31, 2019 and $18.3 million a year earlier. (See Note 5, Loans Receivable and the Allowance for Credit Losses, as well as “Asset Quality” below in this Form 10-Q.)

On June 30, 2020, Banner issued and sold in an underwritten offering $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030 (Subordinated Notes) at a public offering price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Notes, resulting in net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, of approximately $98.1 million.

*Non-GAAP financial measures: Net income, revenues and other earnings and expense information excluding fair value adjustments, gains or losses on the sale of securities, acquisition-related expenses, COVID-19 expenses, amortization of CDI, REO operations and state/municipal business and use taxes are non-GAAP financial measures. Management has presented these and other non-GAAP financial measures in this discussion and analysis because it believes that they provide useful and comparative information to assess trends in our core operations and in understanding our capital position. However, these non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental and are not a substitute for any analysis based on GAAP. Where applicable, we have also presented comparable earnings information using GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures, see the tables below. Because not all companies use the same calculations, our presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures as calculated by other companies. See “Comparison of Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019” for more detailed information about our financial performance.

The following tables set forth reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures discussed in this report (in thousands):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
ADJUSTED REVENUE
Net interest income	$	121,026	$	116,621	$	359,864	$	349,420
Total non-interest income	28,222		20,866		75,107		61,667
Total GAAP revenue	149,248		137,487		434,971		411,087
Exclude net (gain) loss on sale of securities	(644)		2		(815)		29

Exclude change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	(37)		69		2,360		172


Adjusted Revenue (non-GAAP)	$	148,567	$	137,558	$	436,516	$	411,288


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
ADJUSTED EARNINGS
Net income (GAAP)	$	36,548	$	39,577	$	76,971	$	112,623
Exclude net (gain) loss on sale of securities	(644)		2		(815)		29

Exclude change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	(37)		69		2,360		172


Exclude acquisition-related expenses	5		676		1,483		3,125
Exclude COVID-19 expenses	778		—		3,169		—
Exclude related tax benefit	(24)		(49)		(1,476)		(668)
Total adjusted earnings (non-GAAP)	$	36,626	$	40,275	$	81,692	$	115,281
Diluted earnings per share (GAAP)	$	1.03	$	1.15	$	2.17	$	3.23
Diluted adjusted earnings per share (non-GAAP)	$	1.04	$	1.17	$	2.30	$	3.31


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
ADJUSTED EFFICIENCY RATIO
Non-interest expense (GAAP)	$	91,567		$	87,308		$	276,389		$	264,038
Exclude acquisition-related expenses	(5)			(676)			(1,483)			(3,125)
Exclude COVID-19 expenses	(778)			—			(3,169)			—
Exclude CDI amortization	(1,864)			(1,985)			(5,867)			(6,090)
Exclude state/municipal tax expense	(1,196)			(1,011)			(3,284)			(2,963)
Exclude REO operations	11			(126)			(93)			(263)
Adjusted non-interest expense (non-GAAP)	$	87,735		$	83,510		$	262,493		$	251,597

Net interest income (GAAP)	$	121,026		$	116,621		$	359,864		$	349,420
Non-interest income (GAAP)	28,222			20,866			75,107			61,667
Total revenue	149,248			137,487			434,971			411,087
Exclude net (gain) loss on sale of securities	(644)			2			(815)			29
Exclude net change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	(37)			69			2,360			172
Adjusted revenue (non-GAAP)	$	148,567		$	137,558		$	436,516		$	411,288

Efficiency ratio (GAAP)	61.35		%	63.50		%	63.54		%	64.23		%
Adjusted efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	59.05		%	60.71		%	60.13		%	61.17		%

The ratio of tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets is also a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate tangible common equity by excluding goodwill and other intangible assets from shareholders’ equity. We calculate tangible assets by excluding the balance of goodwill and other intangible assets from total assets. We believe that this is consistent with the treatment by our bank regulatory agencies, which exclude goodwill and other intangible assets from the calculation of risk-based capital ratios. Management believes that this non-GAAP financial measure provides information to investors that is useful in understanding the basis of our capital position (dollars in thousands).


TANGIBLE COMMON SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY TO TANGIBLE ASSETS
	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2019
Shareholders’ equity (GAAP)	$	1,646,529		$	1,594,034		$	1,530,935
Exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net	396,412			402,279			365,764


Tangible common shareholders’ equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,250,117		$	1,191,755		$	1,165,171
Total assets (GAAP)	$	14,642,075		$	12,604,031		$	12,097,842
Exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net	396,412			402,279			365,764
Total tangible assets (non-GAAP)	$	14,245,663		$	12,201,752		$	11,732,078
Common shareholders’ equity to total assets (GAAP)	11.25		%	12.65		%	12.65		%
Tangible common shareholders’ equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)	8.78		%	9.77		%	9.93		%

TANGIBLE COMMON SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY PER SHARE
Tangible common shareholders’ equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,250,117		$	1,191,755		$	1,165,171
Common shares outstanding at end of period	35,158,568			35,751,576			34,173,357
Common shareholders’ equity (book value) per share (GAAP)	$	46.83		$	44.59		$	44.80
Tangible common shareholders’ equity (tangible book value) per share (non-GAAP)	$	35.56		$	33.33		$	34.10

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Summary of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In the opinion of management, the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and Cash Flows reflect all adjustments (which include reclassification and normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for a fair presentation in conformity with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements.

Various elements of our accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. In particular, management has identified several accounting policies that, due to the judgments, estimates and assumptions inherent in those policies, are critical to an understanding of our financial statements. These policies relate to (i) the methodology for the recognition of interest income, (ii) determination of the provision and allowance for credit losses, (iii) the valuation of financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, (iv) the valuation of intangibles, such as goodwill, core deposit intangibles and mortgage servicing rights, (v) the valuation of real estate held for sale, (vi) the valuation of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations and subsequent recognition of related income and expense, and (vii) the valuation of or recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities. These policies and judgments, estimates and assumptions are described in greater detail below. Management believes the judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the financial statements are appropriate based on the factual circumstances at the time. However, given the sensitivity of the financial statements to these critical accounting policies, the use of other judgments, estimates and assumptions could result in material differences in our results of operations or financial condition. Further, subsequent changes in economic or market conditions could have a material impact on these estimates and our financial condition and operating results in future periods. There have been no significant changes in our application of accounting policies since December 31, 2019 except for the change related to the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) as described below and in Notes 1 and 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For

additional information concerning critical accounting policies, see the Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the following:

Interest Income: (Notes 4 and 5) Interest on loans and securities is accrued as earned unless management doubts the collectability of the asset or the unpaid interest. Interest accruals on loans are generally discontinued when loans become 90 days past due for payment of interest and the loans are then placed on nonaccrual status. All previously accrued but uncollected interest is deducted from interest income upon transfer to nonaccrual status. For any future payments collected, interest income is recognized only upon management’s assessment that there is a strong likelihood that the full amount of a loan will be repaid or recovered. Management’s assessment of the likelihood of full repayment involves judgment including determining the fair value of the underlying collateral which can be impacted by the economic environment. A loan may be put on nonaccrual status sooner than this policy would dictate if, in management’s judgment, the amounts owed, principal or interest, may be uncollectable. While less common, similar interest reversal and nonaccrual treatment is applied to investment securities if their ultimate collectability becomes questionable. Loans modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic are considered current if they are less than 30 days past due on the contractual payments at the time the loan modification program was put in place and therefore continue to accrue interest unless the interest is being waived.

Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans: (Note 5) The methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses - loans is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for credit losses. Among the material estimates required to establish the allowance for credit losses - loans are: a reasonable and supportable forecast; a reasonable and supportable forecast period and the reversion period; value of collateral; strength of guarantors; the amount and timing of future cash flows for loans individually evaluated; and determination of the qualitative loss factors. All of these estimates are susceptible to significant change. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. The Banks have elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis in their estimate of the allowance for credit losses. The provision for credit losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of collective and individual loss reserves. The Company has established systematic methodologies for the determination of the adequacy of the Company’s allowance for credit losses. The methodologies are set forth in a formal policy and take into consideration the need for a valuation allowance for loans evaluated on a collective (pool) basis which have similar risk characteristics as well as allowances that are tied to individual loans that do not share risk characteristics. The Company increases its allowance for credit losses by charging provisions for credit losses on its consolidated statement of operations. Losses related to specific assets are applied as a reduction of the carrying value of the assets and charged against the allowance for credit loss reserve when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Recoveries on previously charged off loans are credited to the allowance for credit losses.

and supportable forecast period of 12 months with a reversion period of 12 months. Both the reasonable and supportable forecast period and the reversion period are periodically reviewed by Management.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio are individually evaluated for impairment and are not included in the collective evaluation. Factors involved in determining whether a loan should be individually evaluated include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower and the value of the underlying collateral. Expected credit losses for loans evaluated individually are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or when the Banks determine that foreclosure is probable, the expected credit loss is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. As a practical expedient, the Banks measure the expected credit loss for a loan using the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Banks' assessment as of the reporting date.

Some of the Banks’ loans are reported as troubled debt restructures (TDRs). Loans are reported as TDRs when the Banks grant a concession(s) to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties that it would not otherwise consider. Examples of such concessions include forgiveness of principal or accrued interest, extending the maturity date(s) or providing a lower interest rate than would be normally available for a transaction of similar risk. The allowance for credit losses on a TDR is determined using the same method as all other loans held for investment, except when the value of the concession cannot be measured using a method other than the discounted cash flow method. When the value of a concession is measured using the discounted cash flow method the allowance for credit losses is determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the original interest rate of the loan. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 (CARES Act) provided guidance around the modification of loans as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which outlined, among other criteria, that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis to borrowers who were current as defined under the CARES Act prior to any relief, are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g. six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. Borrowers are considered current under the CARES Act and regulatory guidance if they are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented.

Fair Value Accounting and Measurement: (Note 9) We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. We include in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements information about the extent to which fair value is used to measure financial assets and liabilities, the valuation methodologies used and the impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, for financial instruments not recorded at fair value we disclose, where required, our estimate of their fair value.

Loans Acquired in Business Combinations: (Notes 3 and 5) Loans acquired in business combinations are recorded at their fair value at the acquisition date. Establishing the fair value of acquired loans involves a significant amount of judgment, including determining the credit discount based upon historical data adjusted for current economic conditions and other factors. If any of these assumptions are inaccurate actual credit losses could vary significantly from the credit discount used to calculate the fair value of the acquired loans. Acquired loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit-deteriorated or purchased non-credit-deteriorated. Purchased credit-deteriorated (PCD) loans have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. For PCD loans, an allowance for credit losses is determined at the acquisition date using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The loan’s fair value grossed up for the allowance for credit losses becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through a provision for credit losses.

For purchased non-credit-deteriorated loans, the difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the life of the loans. While credit discounts are included in the determination of the fair value for non-credit-deteriorated loans, since these discounts are expected to be accreted over the life of the loans, they cannot be used to offset the allowance for credit losses that must be recorded at the acquisition date. As a result, an allowance for credit losses is determined at the acquisition date using the same methodology as other loans held for investment and is recognized as a provision for credit losses. Any subsequent deterioration (improvement) in credit quality is recognized by recording (recapturing) a provision for credit losses.

Goodwill: (Note 7) Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair values of liabilities assumed in a business combination and is not amortized but is reviewed annually, or more frequently as current circumstances and conditions warrant, for impairment. An assessment of qualitative factors is completed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment involves judgment by management on determining whether there have been any triggering events that have occurred which would indicate potential impairment. If the qualitative analysis concludes that further analysis is required, then a quantitative impairment test would be completed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss and compares the reporting unit’s estimated fair values, including goodwill, to its carrying amount. If the fair value exceeds the carry amount then goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The impairment loss would be recognized as a charge to earnings. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2019 and determined based on its qualitative analysis that is was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was not less than its carrying value, such that the Company’s goodwill was not considered impaired. Due to the current market conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill as of September 30, 2020 and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was not less than the carrying value at September 30, 2020. Changes in the economic environment, operations of the reporting unit or other adverse events could result in future impairment charges which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results.

Other Intangible Assets: (Note 7) Other intangible assets consists primarily of core deposit intangibles (CDI), which are amounts recorded in business combinations or deposit purchase transactions related to the value of transaction-related deposits and the value of the customer relationships associated with the deposits. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized on an accelerated basis over a weighted average estimated useful life of eight years. The determination of the estimated useful life of the core deposit intangible involves judgment by management. The actual life of the core deposit intangible could vary significantly from the estimated life. These assets are reviewed at least annually for events or circumstances that could impact their recoverability. These events could include loss of the underlying core deposits, increased competition or adverse changes in the economy. To the extent other identifiable intangible assets are deemed unrecoverable, impairment losses are recorded in other non-interest expense to reduce the carrying amount of the assets.

Mortgage Servicing Rights: (Note 7) Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of loans. Generally, purchased MSRs are capitalized at the cost to acquire the rights. For sales of mortgage loans, the value of the MSR is estimated and capitalized. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts. The fair value of the MSRs includes an estimate of the life of the underlying loans which is affected by estimated prepayment speeds. The estimate of prepayment speeds is based on current market conditions. Actual market conditions could vary significantly from current conditions which could result in the estimated life of the underlying loans being different which would change the fair value of the MSR. Capitalized MSRs are reported in other assets and are amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets.

Real Estate Owned Held for Sale: (Note 6) Property acquired by foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is recorded at the estimated fair value of the property, less expected selling costs. Development and improvement costs relating to the property may be capitalized, while other holding costs are expensed. The carrying value of the property is periodically evaluated by management. Property values are influenced by current economic and market conditions, changes in economic conditions could result in a decline in property value. To the extent that property values decline, allowances are established to reduce the carrying value to net realizable value. Gains or losses at the time the property is sold are charged or credited to operations in the period in which they are realized. The amounts the Banks will ultimately recover from real estate held for sale may differ substantially from the carrying value of the assets because of market factors beyond the Banks’ control or because of changes in the Banks’ strategies for recovering the investment.

Income Taxes and Deferred Taxes: (Note 10) The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries file consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns, as well as state income tax returns in Oregon, California, Utah, Idaho and Montana. Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which are expected to be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company’s income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We assess the appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other pertinent information and maintain tax accruals consistent with our evaluation. Changes in the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations by the tax authorities and newly enacted statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance that could impact the relative merits of tax positions. These changes, when they occur, impact accrued taxes and can materially affect our operating results. A valuation allowance is required to be recognized if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. The evaluation pertaining to the tax expense and related deferred tax asset and liability balances involves a high degree of judgment and subjectivity around the measurement and resolution of these matters. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the existence, or generation, of taxable income in the periods when those temporary differences and net operating loss and credit carryforwards are deductible.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019

General: Total assets increased $2.04 billion, to $14.64 billion at September 30, 2020, from $12.60 billion at December 31, 2019. The increase was largely the result of an increase in retail deposits during the second and third quarters of 2020, as well as the origination of PPP loans.

Loans and lending: Loans are our most significant and generally highest yielding earning assets. We attempt to maintain a portfolio of loans in a range of 90% to 95% of total deposits to enhance our revenues, while adhering to sound underwriting practices and appropriate diversification guidelines in order to maintain a moderate risk profile. We offer a wide range of loan products to meet the demands of our customers. Our lending activities are primarily directed toward the origination of real estate and commercial loans. Total loans receivable increased $858.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily reflecting increased commercial business loan balances due to PPP loan originations and, to a lesser extent, increased commercial real estate, multifamily real estate and multifamily construction loan balances, partially offset by decreased commercial line of credit utilization, one-to-four family, and consumer loan balances and to a lesser extended decreases in one-to-four family construction, land and land development and agricultural loan balances due to lower demand for certain loan types as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic as well seasonal and other market factors. At September 30, 2020, our loans receivable totaled $10.16 billion compared to $9.31 billion at December 31, 2019 and $8.84 billion at September 30, 2019. The growth over the year ago period includes the impact of the acquisition of AltaPacific during the fourth quarter of 2019 which included $332.4 million of portfolio loans.

The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s loans receivable by type of loan as of the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):


							Percentage Change
	Sep 30, 2020		Dec 31, 2019		Sep 30, 2019		Prior Year End		Prior Year
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	1,049,877	$	980,021	$	883,233	7.1	%	18.9	%
Investment properties	1,991,258		2,024,988		1,867,593		(1.7)		6.6
Small balance CRE	597,971		613,484		609,620		(2.5)		(1.9)
Multifamily real estate	426,659		388,388		314,447		9.9		35.7
Construction, land and land development:
Commercial construction	220,285		210,668		190,532		4.6		15.6
Multifamily construction	291,105		233,610		214,878		24.6		35.5
One- to four-family construction	518,085		544,308		507,674		(4.8)		2.1
Land and land development	240,803		245,530		250,681		(1.9)		(3.9)
Commercial business:
Commercial business	1,193,651		1,364,650		1,277,089		(12.5)		(6.5)
SBA PPP	1,149,968		—		—		—		—
Small business scored	763,824		772,657		769,538		(1.1)		(0.7)
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	326,169		337,271		355,994		(3.3)		(8.4)
One- to four-family residential	771,431		925,531		908,988		(16.6)		(15.1)
Consumer:
Consumer—home equity revolving lines of credit	504,523		519,336		534,876		(2.9)		(5.7)
Consumer—other	118,308		144,915		150,225		(18.4)		(21.2)
Total loans receivable	$	10,163,917	$	9,305,357	$	8,835,368	9.2	%	15.0	%

Our commercial real estate loans for owner-occupied, investment properties, and small balance CRE totaled $3.64 billion, or 36% of our loan portfolio at September 30, 2020. In addition, multifamily residential real estate loans totaled $426.7 million and comprised 4% of our loan portfolio. Commercial real estate loans increased by $20.6 million during the first nine months of 2020 while multifamily real estate loans increased by $38.3 million.

We also originate commercial, multifamily, and residential construction, land and land development loans, which totaled $1.27 billion, or 12% of our loan portfolio at September 30, 2020, compared to $1.23 billion at December 31, 2019 and $1.16 billion at September 30, 2019. Residential construction balances decreased $26.2 million, or 5%, to $518.1 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $544.3 million at December 31, 2019 and increased $10.4 million, or 2%, compared to $507.7 million at September 30, 2019. We also originate residential construction loans for owner occupants, although construction balances for these loans are modest as the loans convert to one- to four-family real estate loans upon completion of the homes and are often sold in the secondary market. Residential construction loans represented approximately 5% of our total loan portfolio at September 30, 2020.

Our commercial business lending is directed toward meeting the credit and related deposit needs of various small- to medium-sized business and agribusiness borrowers operating in our primary market areas. In recent years, our commercial business lending has also included participation in certain syndicated loans, including shared national credits, which totaled $160.2 million at September 30, 2020. Our commercial and agricultural business loans increased $959.0 million to $3.43 billion at September 30, 2020, compared to $2.47 billion at December 31, 2019, and increased $1.03 billion, or 43%, compared to $2.40 billion at September 30, 2019. The increase reflects growth in SBA PPP loans during the first nine months of 2020, offset partially by declines in commercial line of credit utilization, a decline in new loan production and seasonal decreases in agricultural loan balances. Commercial and agricultural business loans represented approximately 34% of our portfolio at September 30, 2020.

Our one- to four-family real estate loan originations have been relatively strong, as interest rates have declined during the current year. We are active originators of one- to four-family real estate loans in most communities where we have established offices in Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho. Most of the one- to four-family real estate loans that we originate are sold in secondary markets with net gains on sales and loan servicing fees reflected in our revenues from mortgage banking. At September 30, 2020, our outstanding balance of one- to four-family real estate loans retained in our portfolio decreased $154.1 million, to $771.4 million, compared to $925.5 million at December 31, 2019, and decreased $137.6 million, or 15%, compared to $909.0 million at September 30, 2019. The decrease in one-to-four family real estate loans during 2020 reflects portfolio loans being refinanced and sold as held for sale loans. One- to four-family real estate loans represented 8% of our loan portfolio at September 30, 2020.

Our consumer loan activity is primarily directed at meeting demand from our existing deposit customers. At September 30, 2020, consumer loans, including home equity revolving lines of credit, decreased $41.4 million to $622.8 million, compared to $664.3 million at December 31, 2019, and decreased $62.3 million compared to $685.1 million at September 30, 2019.

The following table shows loan origination (excluding loans held for sale) activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Nine months ended
	Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019		Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019
Commercial real estate	$	74,400	$	106,690	$	262,524	$	263,872
Multifamily real estate	2,664		27,522		19,219		51,089
Construction and land	412,463		303,151		1,073,031		903,119
Commercial business:
Commercial business	128,729		208,277		495,869		612,187
SBA PPP	24,848		—		1,176,018		—
Agricultural business	16,990		10,993		64,544		59,670
One-to four- family residential	32,733		27,184		88,311		81,733
Consumer	132,100		99,823		326,110		280,062
Total loan originations (excluding loans held for sale)	$	824,927	$	783,640	$	3,505,626	$	2,251,732

The origination table above includes loan participations and loan purchases. There were $18,000 of loan purchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and $8.6 million of loan purchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Loans held for sale decreased to $185.9 million at September 30, 2020, compared to $210.4 million at December 31, 2019, as the sales of held-for-sale loans exceeded originations of held-for-sale loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Loans held for sale were $244.9 million at September 30, 2019. Originations of loans held for sale increased to $1.03 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $756.3 million for the same period last year, primarily due to increased refinance activity for one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, partially offset by lower originations of multifamily held for sale loans. The volume of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans sold was $824.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $450.8 million in the same period a year ago. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we sold $231.4 million in multifamily loans compared to $229.3 million for the same period last year. Loans held for sale at September 30, 2020 included $60.8 million of multifamily loans and $125.2 million of one- to four-family loans compared to $144.9 million of multifamily loans and $100.0 million of one- to four-family loans at September 30, 2019.

The following table presents loans by geographic concentration at September 30, 2020, December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Sep 30, 2020				Dec 31, 2019		Sep 30, 2019		Percentage Change
	Amount		Percentage		Amount		Amount		Prior Year End		Prior Year Qtr
Washington	$	4,767,113	46.8	%	$	4,364,764	$	4,313,972	9.2	%	10.5	%
California	2,316,739		22.8		2,129,789		1,729,208		8.8		34.0
Oregon	1,858,465		18.3		1,650,704		1,615,192		12.6		15.1
Idaho	576,983		5.7		530,016		552,523		8.9		4.4
Utah	76,314		0.8		60,958		62,197		25.2		22.7
Other	568,303		5.6		569,126		562,276		(0.1)		1.1
Total loans receivable	$	10,163,917	100.0	%	$	9,305,357	$	8,835,368	9.2	%	15.0	%

Investment Securities: Our total investment in securities increased $397.4 million to $2.21 billion at September 30, 2020 from December 31, 2019. Securities purchased increased as we deployed excess balance sheet liquidity and market spreads for certain securities widened and exceeded sales, paydowns and maturities during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020. Purchases were primarily in securities issued by government-sponsored entities. The average effective duration of Banner's securities portfolio was approximately 4.0 years at September 30, 2020. Net fair value adjustments to the portfolio of securities held for trading, which were included in net income, were a decrease of $2.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily as the result of increased market spreads on certain types of securities. In addition, fair value adjustments for securities designated as available-for-sale reflected an increase of $47.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which was included net of the associated tax expense of $11.3 million as a component of other comprehensive income, and largely occurred as a result of decreased market interest rates. (See Note 4 of the Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.) Equity securities, comprised of investments in a money market mutual fund, totaled $450.3 million at September 30, 2020 compared to none at December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019.

Deposits: Deposits, customer retail repurchase agreements and loan repayments are the major sources of our funds for lending and other investment purposes. We compete with other financial institutions and financial intermediaries in attracting deposits and we generally attract deposits within our primary market areas. Increasing core deposits (non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing transaction and savings accounts) is a fundamental element of our business strategy. Much of the focus of our branch strategy and current marketing efforts have been directed toward attracting additional deposit customer relationships and balances. This effort has been particularly directed towards emphasizing core deposit activity in non-interest-bearing and other transaction and savings accounts. The long-term success of our deposit gathering activities is reflected not only in the growth of core deposit balances, but also in the level of deposit fees, service charges and other payment processing revenues compared to prior periods.

The following table sets forth the Company’s deposits by type of deposit account as of the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):


							Percentage Change
	Sep 30, 2020		Dec 31, 2019		Sep 30, 2019		Prior Year End		Prior Year Quarter
Non-interest-bearing	$	5,412,570	$	3,945,000	$	3,885,210	37.2	%	39.3	%
Interest-bearing checking	1,434,224		1,280,003		1,209,826		12.0		18.5
Regular savings accounts	2,332,287		1,934,041		1,863,839		20.6		25.1
Money market accounts	2,120,908		1,769,194		1,551,305		19.9		36.7
Interest-bearing transaction & savings accounts	5,887,419		4,983,238		4,624,970		18.1		27.3
Total core deposits	11,299,989		8,928,238		8,510,180		26.6		32.8
Interest-bearing certificates	915,352		1,120,403		1,218,591		(18.3)		(24.9)
Total deposits	$	12,215,341	$	10,048,641	$	9,728,771	21.6	%	25.6	%

Total deposits were $12.22 billion at September 30, 2020, compared to $10.05 billion at December 31, 2019 and $9.73 billion a year ago. The $2.17 billion increase in total deposits compared to December 31, 2019 primarily reflects a $2.37 billion increase in core deposits. The increase in total deposits from year end was due primarily to PPP loan funds deposited into customer accounts and an increase in customer deposit accounts due to changes in spending habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. The year-over-year increase in deposits also included $313.4 million in deposits acquired in the AltaPacific acquisition which closed in the fourth quarter of 2019. Non-interest-bearing account balances increased 37% to $5.41 billion at September 30, 2020, compared to $3.95 billion at December 31, 2019, and increased 39%

compared to $3.89 billion a year ago. Interest-bearing transaction and savings accounts increased 18% to $5.89 billion at September 30, 2020, compared to $4.98 billion at December 31, 2019, and increased 27% compared to $4.62 billion a year ago. Certificates of deposit decreased 18% to $915.4 million at September 30, 2020, compared to $1.12 billion at December 31, 2019 and decreased compared to $1.22 billion a year ago. We had no brokered deposits at September 30, 2020, compared to $202.9 million in brokered deposits at December 31, 2019 and $299.5 million a year ago. Core deposits represented 93% of total deposits at September 30, 2020 compared to 89% of total deposits at December 31, 2019.

The following table presents deposits by geographic concentration at September 30, 2020, December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Sep 30, 2020				Dec 31, 2019		Sep 30, 2019		Percentage Change
	Amount		Percentage		Amount		Amount		Prior Year End		Prior Year Quarter
Washington(1)	$	6,820,329	55.8	%	$	5,861,809	$	5,833,547	16.4	%	16.9	%
Oregon	2,486,760		20.4		2,006,163		1,990,155		24.0		25.0
California	2,254,681		18.4		1,698,289		1,429,939		32.8		57.7
Idaho	653,571		5.4		482,380		475,130		35.5		37.6

Total deposits	$	12,215,341	100.0	%	$	10,048,641	$	9,728,771	21.6	%	25.6	%

(1)Includes brokered deposits.

Borrowings: FHLB advances decreased to $150.0 million at September 30, 2020 from $450.0 million at December 31, 2019 as core deposits were used to fund growth in loans and the securities portfolios. Other borrowings, consisting of retail repurchase agreements primarily related to customer cash management accounts, increased $58.5 million, or 49%, to $177.0 million at September 30, 2020, compared to $118.5 million at December 31, 2019. On June 30, 2020, Banner issued and sold in an underwritten offer the Subordinated Notes, resulting in net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, of $98.1 million. No additional junior subordinated debentures were issued or matured during the nine months ended September 30, 2020; however, the estimated fair value of these instruments decreased by $9.5 million, reflecting wider market spreads. Junior subordinated debentures totaled $109.8 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $119.3 million at December 31, 2019.

Shareholders' Equity: Total shareholders’ equity increased $52.5 million to $1.65 billion at September 30, 2020 compared to $1.59 billion at December 31, 2019. The increase in shareholders' equity primarily reflects $77.0 million of year-to-date net income and a $42.7 million increase in accumulated other comprehensive income primarily representing the decrease in the fair value of junior subordinated debentures and the increase in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale, net of tax. These increases were partially offset by the accrual of $29.6 million of cash dividends to common shareholders and the repurchase of 624,780 shares of common stock at a total cost of $31.8 million. The share repurchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were completed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. To preserve capital, Banner has discontinued any additional repurchase of shares until further notice and will closely monitor capital levels going forward. In addition, the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, resulted in a $7.8 million increase to our allowance for credit losses - loans and a $7.0 million increase to our allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments. The combined increases were recorded net of tax as an $11.2 million reduction to shareholders’ equity as of the adoption date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, 20,388 shares of restricted stock were forfeited and 41,329 shares were surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock grants. (See Part II, Item 2, “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” in this Form 10-Q.) Tangible common shareholders’ equity, which excludes goodwill and other intangible assets, increased $58.4 million to $1.25 billion, or 8.78% of tangible assets at September 30, 2020, compared to $1.19 billion, or 9.77% of tangible assets at December 31, 2019. The decrease in tangible common shareholders’ equity as a percentage of tangible assets was primarily due to the increase in tangible assets, including the PPP loans.

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

For the quarter ended September 30, 2020, our net income was $36.5 million, or $1.03 per diluted share, compared to $39.6 million, or $1.15 per diluted share, for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 our net income was $77.0 million, or $2.17 per diluted share, compared to net income of $112.6 million, or $3.23 per diluted share for the same period a year earlier. Our net income for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 included a provision for credit losses of $13.6 million, partially offset by increased non-interest income, including $16.6 million of mortgage banking income. Our net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 included a provision for credit losses of $64.9 million, increased non-interest expense, including $3.2 million of COVID-19 related expenses and $1.5 million of acquisition-related expenses, partially offset by increased non-interest income, including $40.9 million of mortgage banking income. The results for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 included the operations acquired in the AltaPacific acquisition which closed in the fourth quarter of 2019 and reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in a substantial reduction in business activity or the closing of businesses in all the western states Banner operates.

Our net income for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was positively impacted by growth in interest-earning assets, due to the acquisition of AltaPacific as well as organic growth, including the origination of PPP loans during the second and third quarter of 2020, and by decreased funding costs which produced increased net interest income. This increase combined with increased mortgage banking income resulted in revenues increasing for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods a year

earlier. Banner recorded a $13.6 million provision for credit losses for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $2.0 million in the same quarter a year ago, primarily reflecting expected lifetime credit losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic based upon the financial conditions and economic outlook that existed as of September 30, 2020. Non-interest expenses increased in the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago, reflecting COVID-19 expenses as well as additional expenses associated with the ongoing operations acquired in the AltaPacific acquisition. The increase in the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago also reflects a FDIC credit of $2.7 million for previously paid deposit insurance premiums which resulted in a net deposit insurance benefit of $1.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Our adjusted earnings, which excludes net gain or loss on sales of securities, changes in the valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value, acquisition-related expenses, COVID-19 expenses and related tax expenses or benefits, were $36.6 million, or $1.04 per diluted share, for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $40.3 million, or $1.17 per diluted share, for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, our adjusted earnings were $81.7 million, or $2.30 per diluted share, compared with $115.3 million, or $3.31 per diluted share, for the same period a year earlier.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased by $4.4 million, or 4%, to $121.0 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $116.6 million for the same quarter one year earlier, as an increase of $2.31 billion in the average balance of interest-earning assets produced growth for this key source of revenue. The growth in the average balance of interest-earning assets reflects the origination of PPP loans and organic growth, as well as the AltaPacific acquisition. Net interest margin was enhanced by the amortization of acquisition accounting discounts on purchased loans which is accreted into loan interest income. The net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis of 3.72% for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 was enhanced by seven basis points as a result of acquisition accounting adjustments. This compares to a net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis of 4.29% for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, which included six basis points from acquisition accounting adjustments. The decrease in net interest margin compared to a year earlier primarily reflects lower yields on average interest-earning assets, partially offset by decreases in the cost of funding liabilities. The lower yields on average interest-earning assets compared to a year earlier was largely due to the impact of decreases to the targeted Fed Funds Rate on floating rate loan yields indexed to prime and LIBOR rates as well as the impact of the low loan yields of the PPP loan portfolio and excess liquidity being invested in a short term money market mutual fund. The Federal Reserve reduced the targeted Fed Funds Rate by 75 basis points during the second half of 2019 and an additional 150 basis points during first quarter of 2020 to a range of 0.00% to 0.25% at September 30, 2020. The decreases in the costs of funding liabilities compared to a year earlier were also largely due to the impact of decreases to the targeted Fed Funds Rate, although the pace of decline in the cost of funding liabilities typically lags the effect on the yield earned on interest-earning assets primarily because offer rates on interest bearing deposit accounts reprice more slowly than loans for a given change in market rates.

Net interest income before provision for loan losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 increased by $10.4 million, or 3%, to $359.9 million compared to $349.4 million for the same period one year earlier, as a result of a $1.65 billion increase in average interest-earning assets and the decreases in the cost of funding liabilities. The net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis decreased to 3.93% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 4.38% for the same period in the prior year, as a result of lower yields on earnings assets. The net interest margin included eight basis points of accretion acquisition accounting adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and six basis points of accretion acquisition accounting adjustments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Interest Income. Interest income for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 was $129.6 million, compared to $131.4 million for the same quarter in the prior year, a decrease of $1.9 million, or 1%. The decrease in interest income occurred as a result of the decrease in the yield on interest-earning assets, partially offset by increases in the average balance of both loans and investment securities. The average balance of interest-earning assets was $13.21 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $10.90 billion for the same period a year earlier. The average yield on interest-earning assets was 3.98% for quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to 4.83% for the same quarter one year earlier. The decrease in yield between periods reflects a 77 basis point decrease in the average yield on loans and an 85 basis point decrease in the average yield on investment securities. Average loans receivable for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 increased $1.49 billion, or 17%, to $10.50 billion, compared to $9.01 billion for the same quarter in the prior year. Interest income on loans decreased by $1.4 million, or 1%, to $116.7 million for the current quarter from $118.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, reflecting the impact of the previously mentioned decrease in loan yields. The decrease in average loan yields reflects the impact of lower interest rates over the last year as well as the impact of the low loan yields for the PPP loan portfolio. The acquisition accounting loan discount accretion and the related balance sheet impact added nine basis points to the current quarter loan yield, compared to seven basis points for the same quarter one year earlier.

The combined average balance of mortgage-backed securities, other investment securities, equity securities, daily interest-bearing deposits and FHLB stock (total investment securities or combined portfolio) increased to $2.70 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 (excluding the effect of fair value adjustments), compared to $1.89 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; and the interest and dividend income from those investments increased by $475,000 compared to the same quarter in the prior year. The average yield on the combined portfolio decreased to 2.04% for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, from 2.89% for the same quarter one year earlier. The decrease in yield reflects the overall decline in market interest rates as well as the investment of excess liquidity in a short term money market mutual fund.

Interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $390.0 million, compared to $392.3 million for the same period in the prior year, a decrease of $2.3 million. The nine months results reflect increases in the average balances of loans and investment securities, offset by the decrease in the yield on interest-earning assets.

Interest Expense. Interest expense for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 was $8.6 million, compared to $14.8 million for the same quarter in the prior year. The interest expense decrease between periods reflects a 30 basis point decrease in the average cost of all funding liabilities, partially offset by a $2.37 billion, or 23%, increase in the average balance of funding liabilities.

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $30.1 million, compared to $42.9 million for the same period in the prior year. As with the quarterly results, the nine month results reflect a 22 basis point decrease in the average cost of all funding liabilities, partially offset by a $1.69 billion or 17%, increase in the average balance of funding liabilities.

Deposit interest expense decreased $4.8 million, or 48%, to $5.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $10.0 million for the same quarter in the prior year, primarily as a result of a decrease in the cost of deposits, partially offset by an increase in the average balances. The average rate paid on total deposits decreased to 0.17% in the third quarter of 2020 from 0.42% for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, primarily reflecting decreases in the costs of interest-bearing checking, money market, savings, and certificates of deposit accounts, as well as an increase in the percentage of core deposits. The cost of interest-bearing deposits decreased by 38 basis points to 0.31% for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 compared to 0.69% in the same quarter a year earlier. Average deposit balances increased to $12.07 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, from $9.53 billion for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Deposit interest expense decreased $7.1 million or 25%, to $20.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $27.7 million for the same period in the prior year. Average deposit balances increased to $11.23 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, from $9.39 billion for the same period a year earlier, while the average rate paid on deposits decreased to 0.25% in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from 0.39% in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The cost of interest-bearing deposits decreased by 23 basis points to 0.42% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to 0.65% in the same period a year earlier.

The decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits between the periods was driven by market and competitive factors as a result of decreases in the target Fed Funds Rate over the last year.

Average total borrowings were $575.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $738.7 million for the same quarter one year earlier and the average rate paid on total borrowings for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 decreased to 2.33% from 2.58% for the same quarter one year earlier. The decrease in average total borrowings for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 from the same period a year earlier was primarily due to a $326.4 million decrease in average FHLB advances. The decrease in average FHLB advances was partially offset by the previously mentioned issuance of the subordinated notes and an increase in average other borrowings due to increases in retail repurchase agreements primarily related to customer cash management accounts. Interest expense on total borrowings decreased to $3.4 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 from $4.8 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.

Interest expense on total borrowings decreased to $9.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from $15.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Average total borrowings were $614.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $769.3 million for the same period a year earlier and the average rate paid on total borrowings for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 decreased to 2.07% from 2.64% for the same period a year earlier. The decrease was primarily due to a $271.3 million decrease in average FHLB advances, coupled with a 34 basis point decrease in the average cost of FHLB advances.

Analysis of Net Interest Spread. The following tables present for the periods indicated our condensed average balance sheet information, together with interest income and yields earned on average interest-earning assets and interest expense and rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities with additional comparative data on our operating performance (dollars in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020						Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
	Average Balance		Interest and Dividends		Yield/ Cost (3)		Average Balance		Interest and Dividends		Yield/ Cost (3)
Interest-earning assets:
Held for sale loans	$	161,385	$	1,535	3.78	%	$	154,529	$	1,607	4.13	%
Mortgage loans	7,339,181		88,011		4.77		6,872,426		90,268		5.21
Commercial/agricultural loans	2,862,291		26,396		3.67		1,809,397		24,319		5.33
Consumer and other loans	140,493		2,195		6.22		173,342		2,791		6.39
Total loans(1)(3)	10,503,350		118,137		4.47		9,009,694		118,985		5.24
Mortgage-backed securities	1,250,759		7,333		2.33		1,358,448		9,484		2.77
Other securities	884,916		6,036		2.71		414,994		3,378		3.23
Equity securities	379,483		186		0.19		—		—		—
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	171,894		123		0.28		82,836		489		2.34
FHLB stock	16,363		163		3.96		29,400		378		5.10
Total investment securities (3)	2,703,415		13,841		2.04		1,885,678		13,729		2.89
Total interest-earning assets	13,206,765		131,978		3.98		10,895,372		132,714		4.83
Non-interest-earning assets	1,259,816						1,078,621
Total assets	$	14,466,581					$	11,973,993
Deposits:
Interest-bearing checking accounts	$	1,413,085	321		0.09		$	1,194,633	621		0.21
Savings accounts	2,251,294		813		0.14		1,854,967		2,244		0.48
Money market accounts	2,096,037		1,224		0.23		1,542,264		2,944		0.76
Certificates of deposit	966,028		2,821		1.16		1,155,710		4,205		1.44
Total interest-bearing deposits	6,726,444		5,179		0.31		5,747,574		10,014		0.69
Non-interest-bearing deposits	5,340,688		—		—		3,786,143		—		—
Total deposits	12,067,132		5,179		0.17		9,533,717		10,014		0.42
Other interest-bearing liabilities:
FHLB advances	150,000		988		2.62		476,435		3,107		2.59
Other borrowings	177,628		128		0.29		122,035		82		0.27
Junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes	247,944		2,260		3.63		140,212		1,612		4.56
Total borrowings	575,572		3,376		2.33		738,682		4,801		2.58
Total funding liabilities	12,642,704		8,555		0.27		10,272,399		14,815		0.57
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities (2)	193,256						163,809
Total liabilities	12,835,960						10,436,208
Shareholders’ equity	1,630,621						1,537,785
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	14,466,581					$	11,973,993
Net interest income/rate spread (tax equivalent)			$	123,423	3.71	%			$	117,899	4.26	%
Net interest margin (tax equivalent)					3.72	%					4.29	%
Reconciliation to reported net interest income:
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis			(2,397)						(1,278)
Net interest income and margin			$	121,026	3.65	%			$	116,621	4.25	%
Additional Key Financial Ratios:
Return on average assets					1.01	%					1.31	%
Return on average equity					8.92						10.21
Average equity / average assets					11.27						12.84
Average interest-earning assets / average interest-bearing liabilities					180.86						167.98
Average interest-earning assets / average funding liabilities					104.46						106.06
Non-interest income / average assets					0.78						0.69
Non-interest expense / average assets					2.52						2.89
Efficiency ratio (4)					61.35						63.50
Adjusted efficiency ratio (5)					59.05						60.71

(1)Average balances include loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis and loans 90 days or more past due. Amortization of net deferred loan fees/costs is included with interest on loans.

(2)Average other non-interest-bearing liabilities include fair value adjustments related to junior subordinated debentures.

(3)Tax-exempt income is calculated on a tax equivalent basis. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on loans was $1.4 million and $889,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on tax exempt securities was $976,000 and $389,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, respectively.

(4)Non-interest expense divided by the total of net interest income (before provision for loan losses) and non-interest income.

(5)Adjusted non-interest expense divided by adjusted revenue. These represent non-GAAP financial measures. See the non-GAAP reconciliation tables above under “Executive Overview—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”



	Nine months ended September 30, 2020						Nine months ended September 30, 2019
	Average Balance		Interest and Dividends		Yield/ Cost (3)		Average Balance		Interest and Dividends		Yield/ Cost (3)
Interest-earning assets:
Held for sale loans	$	155,571	$	4,506	3.87	%	$	100,273	$	3,295	4.39	%
Mortgage loans	7,321,206		268,244		4.89		6,835,861		269,588		5.27
Commercial/agricultural loans	2,450,234		74,555		4.06		1,761,222		72,086		5.47
Consumer and other loans	151,968		7,151		6.29		178,792		8,545		6.39
Total loans(1)(3)	10,078,979		354,456		4.70		8,876,148		353,514		5.32
Mortgage-backed securities	1,297,020		24,652		2.54		1,368,081		29,785		2.91
Other securities	710,967		15,205		2.86		449,030		10,894		3.24
Equity securities	165,395		309		0.25		—		—		—
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	159,065		688		0.58		60,655		1,118		2.46
FHLB stock	19,822		785		5.29		30,679		1,031		4.49
Total investment securities (3)	2,352,269		41,639		2.36		1,908,445		42,828		3.00
Total interest-earning assets	12,431,248		396,095		4.26		10,784,593		396,342		4.91
Non-interest-earning assets	1,232,997						1,053,180
Total assets	$	13,664,245					$	11,837,773
Deposits:
Interest-bearing checking accounts	$	1,352,369	1,164		0.11		$	1,175,521	1,660		0.19
Savings accounts	2,133,780		3,566		0.22		1,853,671		6,283		0.45
Money market accounts	1,940,096		5,228		0.36		1,510,293		7,851		0.70
Certificates of deposit	1,069,145		10,665		1.33		1,171,363		11,886		1.36
Total interest-bearing deposits	6,495,390		20,623		0.42		5,710,848		27,680		0.65
Non-interest-bearing deposits	4,738,559		—		—		3,682,047		—		—
Total deposits	11,233,949		20,623		0.25		9,392,895		27,680		0.39
Other interest-bearing liabilities:
FHLB advances	236,949		4,036		2.28		508,247		9,953		2.62
Other borrowings	195,977		482		0.33		120,847		209		0.23
Junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes	181,886		4,988		3.66		140,212		5,008		4.78
Total borrowings	614,812		9,506		2.07		769,306		15,170		2.64
Total funding liabilities	11,848,761		30,129		0.34		10,162,201		42,850		0.56
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities (2)	197,912						155,771
Total liabilities	12,046,673						10,317,972
Shareholders’ equity	1,617,572						1,519,801
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	13,664,245					$	11,837,773
Net interest income/rate spread (tax equivalent)			$	365,966	3.92	%			$	353,492	4.35	%
Net interest margin (tax equivalent)					3.93	%					4.38	%
Reconciliation to reported net interest income:
Adjustments for taxable equivalent basis			(6,102)						(4,072)
Net interest income and margin			$	359,864	3.87	%			$	349,420	4.33	%
Additional Key Financial Ratios:
Return on average assets					0.75	%					1.27	%
Return on average equity					6.36						9.91
Average equity / average assets					11.84						12.84
Average interest-earning assets / average interest-bearing liabilities					174.84						166.42
Average interest-earning assets / average funding liabilities					104.92						106.12
Non-interest income / average assets					0.73						0.70
Non-interest expense / average assets					2.70						2.98
Efficiency ratio (4)					63.54						64.23
Adjusted efficiency ratio (5)					60.13						61.17

Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses. Management estimates the allowance for credit losses using relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for expected credit losses over the life of the loan based on evaluating historical credit loss experience and making adjustments to historical loss information for differences in the specific risk characteristics in the current loan portfolio. These factors include, among others, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, differences in underwriting standards, delinquency rates, actual loss experience and current economic conditions. The following table sets forth an analysis of our allowance for credit losses - loans for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):


ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
(dollars in thousands)
	Quarters Ended									Nine Months Ended
CHANGE IN THE	Sep 30, 2020			June 30, 2020			Sep 30, 2019			Sep 30, 2020			Sep 30, 2019
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - LOANS
Balance, beginning of period	$	156,352		$	130,488		$	98,254		$	100,559		$	96,485
Beginning balance adjustment for adoption of Topic 326	—			—			—			7,812			—
Provision for credit losses - loans	13,641			29,524			2,000			64,878			6,000
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Commercial real estate	23			54			107			244			277

Construction and land	—			105			156			105			208
One- to four-family real estate	94			31			129			273			402
Commercial business	246			370			162			821			400
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	—			22			2			1,772			37
Consumer	82			60			154			238			487
	445			642			710			3,453			1,811
Loans charged off:
Commercial real estate	(379)			—			(314)			(479)			(1,138)
Multifamily real estate	—			—			—			(66)			—
Construction and land	—			(100)			—			(100)			—
One- to four-family real estate	(72)			—			(86)			(136)			(86)
Commercial business	(1,297)			(3,553)			(1,599)			(6,234)			(2,991)
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	(492)			(62)			(741)			(554)			(907)
Consumer	(233)			(587)			(423)			(1,168)			(1,373)
	(2,473)			(4,302)			(3,163)			(8,737)			(6,495)
Net (charge-offs)/recoveries	(2,028)			(3,660)			(2,453)			(5,284)			(4,684)
Balance, end of period	$	167,965		$	156,352		$	97,801		$	167,965		$	97,801
Net charge-offs / Average loans receivable	(0.019)		%	(0.036)		%	(0.027)		%	(0.052)		%	(0.053)		%

The provision for credit losses - loans reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses - loans at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of collective and individual loss reserves. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $13.6 million, compared to provision for credit losses of $29.5 million during the prior quarter and $2.0 million during the quarter a year ago. The increased provisions for loan credit losses for the current and preceding quarters primarily reflect expected lifetime credit losses based upon current economic conditions and the potential effects from higher forecasted unemployment rates and lower gross domestic product, as well as the impact on other economic metrics from COVID-19 included in our reasonable and supportable forecast as of September 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020, respectively. In addition, the current quarter provision for credit losses also reflects risk rating downgrades on loans that are considered at heightened risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Future assessments of the expected credit losses will not only be impacted by changes to the reasonable and supportable forecast, but will also include an updated assessment of qualitative factors, as well as consideration of any required changes in the reasonable and supportable forecast reversion period. No allowance for credit losses-loans was recorded on the $1.15 billion balance of PPP loans at September 30, 2020 as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA.

Net loan charge-offs were $2.0 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 compared to net loan charge-offs of $2.5 million for the same quarter in the prior year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded net charge-offs of $5.3 million compared to net charge-offs of $4.7 million for the same period a year earlier. The allowance for credit losses - loans was $168.0 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $156.4 million at June 30, 2020 and $97.8 million at September 30, 2019. The allowance for credit losses - loans as a percentage of total loans (loans receivable excluding allowance for loan losses) was 1.65% at September 30, 2020 as compared to 1.52% at June 30, 2020 and 1.11% at September 30, 2019. The increase in the allowance for credit losses - loans as a percentage of loans reflects the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) as well as the increased provision for credit losses - loans recorded during the current and prior quarters, primarily as the result of forecasted credit deterioration due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of collective and individual loss reserves. The following table sets forth an analysis of our allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):


	Quarters Ended		Nine Months Ended
CHANGE IN THE	Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019		Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019
ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - UNFUNDED LOAN COMMITMENTS
Balance, beginning of period	$	10,555	$	2,599	$	2,716	$	2,599
Beginning balance adjustment for adoption of Topic 326	—		—		7,022		—
Provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments	1,539		—		2,356		—

Balance, end of period	$	12,094	$	2,599	$	12,094	$	2,599

The allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments was $12.1 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $2.6 million at September 30, 2019. The increase in the allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments reflects the adoption of Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) as well as the increased provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments recorded during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments of $1.5 million, compared to none during the quarter a year ago. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments of $2.4 million, compared to a provision for loan losses of none during the same period a year earlier. The provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments for the current quarter was primarily the result of risk rating downgrades on construction, acquisition and development and land loan commitments and the provision for loan credit losses - unfunded loan commitments for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily due to higher forecasted unemployment rates, as well as other economic metrics due to the impacts of COVID-19 in our reasonable and supportable forecast.

Non-interest Income. The following table presents the key components of non-interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		Change Amount		Change Percent		2020		2019		Change Amount		Change Percent
Deposit fees and other service charges	$	8,742	$	10,331	$	(1,589)	(15.4)	%	$	26,091	$	36,995	$	(10,904)	(29.5)	%
Mortgage banking operations	16,562		6,616		9,946		150.3		40,891		15,967		24,924		156.1
Bank owned life insurance	1,286		1,076		210		19.5		4,653		3,475		1,178		33.9
Miscellaneous	951		2,914		(1,963)		(67.4)		5,017		5,431		(414)		(7.6)
	27,541		20,937		6,604		31.5		76,652		61,868		14,784		23.9
Net gain on sale of securities	644		(2)		646		nm		815		(29)		844		nm

Net change in valuation of financial instruments carried at fair value	37		(69)		106		(153.6)		(2,360)		(172)		(2,188)		nm
Total non-interest income	$	28,222	$	20,866	$	7,356	35.3		$	75,107	$	61,667	$	13,440	21.8

Non-interest income was $28.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $20.9 million for the same quarter in the prior year, and $75.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $61.7 million for the same period in the prior year. Our non-interest income for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 included a $37,000 net gain for fair value adjustments and a net gain of $644,000 on sales of securities, primarily as a result of the gain recognized on the sale of our Visa Class B shares. For the quarter ended September 30, 2019, fair value adjustments resulted in a net loss of $69,000 and we had a net loss of $2,000 on sale of securities. Our non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 included a $2.4 million net loss for fair value adjustments and a $815,000 net gain on sale of securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, fair value adjustments resulted in a net loss of $172,000 and we had a $29,000 net loss on sale of securities. For a more detailed discussion of our fair value adjustments, please refer to Note 9 in the Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Deposit fees and other service charges decreased by $1.6 million, or 15%, for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and $10.9 million, or 29%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods a year ago. The decrease in deposit fees and other service charges was primarily a result of reduced transaction deposit account activity since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in deposit fees and other services charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago also reflected fee waivers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the second quarter of 2020 and the impact of Banner becoming subject to the Durbin Amendment on July 1, 2019. Mortgage banking revenues, including gains on one- to four-family and multifamily loan sales and loan

servicing fees, increased $9.9 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 and $24.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods a year ago. Gains on sales of multifamily loans in the current quarter resulted in income of $1.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $1.0 million for the same period a year ago and, $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $1.5 million for the same period a year ago. Gains on sales of one- to four-family loans in the current quarter resulted in income of $15.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $5.3 million in the same period a year ago, and $39.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $12.8 million for the same period a year ago. The higher mortgage banking revenue reflected an increase in residential mortgage held-for-sale loan production due to increased refinance activity reflecting lower market interest rates as well as an increase in the gain on sale spread on one- to four-family held for sale loans during the quarter compared to the same periods a year ago. Home purchase activity accounted for 56% of one- to four-family mortgage banking loan originations during both the quarters ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019. The increase in bank owned life insurance income for nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods a year ago was due to a death benefit gain. The decrease in miscellaneous income for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period a year ago was a result of lower gains on the sales of SBA loans as well as a loss related to the disposition of assets during the current quarter.

Non-interest Expense. The following table represents key elements of non-interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		Change Amount		Change Percent		2020		2019		Change Amount		Change Percent
Salaries and employee benefits	$	61,171	$	59,090	$	2,081	3.5	%	$	184,494	$	169,359	$	15,135	8.9	%
Less capitalized loan origination costs	(8,517)		(7,889)		(628)		8.0		(25,433)		(20,137)		(5,296)		26.3
Occupancy and equipment	13,022		12,566		456		3.6		39,114		39,013		101		0.3
Information/computer data services	6,090		5,657		433		7.7		17,984		16,256		1,728		10.6
Payment and card processing expenses	4,044		4,330		(286)		(6.6)		12,135		12,355		(220)		(1.8)
Professional and legal expenses	2,368		2,704		(336)		(12.4)		6,450		7,474		(1,024)		(13.7)
Advertising and marketing	1,105		2,221		(1,116)		(50.2)		3,584		5,815		(2,231)		(38.4)
Deposit insurance expense	1,628		(1,604)		3,232		(201.5)		4,968		1,232		3,736		303.2
State/municipal business and use taxes	1,196		1,011		185		18.3		3,284		2,963		321		10.8
REO operations	(11)		126		(137)		(108.7)		93		263		(170)		(64.6)
Amortization of core deposit intangibles	1,864		1,985		(121)		(6.1)		5,867		6,090		(223)		(3.7)
Provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments	1,539		—		1,539		nm		2,356		—		2,356		nm
Miscellaneous	5,285		6,435		(1,150)		(17.9)		16,841		20,230		(3,389)		(16.8)
	90,784		86,632		4,152		4.8		271,737		260,913		10,824		4.1
COVID-19 expenses	778		—		778		nm		3,169		—		3,169		nm
Acquisition-related expenses	5		676		(671)		(99.3)		1,483		3,125		(1,642)		(52.5)
Total non-interest expense	$	91,567	$	87,308	$	4,259	4.9	%	$	276,389	$	264,038	$	12,351	4.7	%

Non-interest expenses increased by $4.3 million, to $91.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $87.3 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, non-interest expense increased by $12.4 million, to $276.4 million compared to $264.0 million for the same period last year. The increases in both periods were primarily due to increases in salaries and employee benefits, deposit insurance expenses and provision for credit losses – unfunded loan commitments, partially offset by increases in capitalized loan origination costs. In addition, the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2020 included $778,000 and $3.2 million of COVID-19 expenses, respectively. We expect to see COVID-19 expenses continue in the following quarters depending on the duration of the current pandemic.

Salary and employee benefits expenses increased $2.1 million to $61.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to $59.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, primarily reflecting additional staffing related to the operations acquired from the acquisition of AltaPacific on November 1, 2019 as well as normal salary and wage adjustments. These increases were partially offset by lower self insurance medical expenses during the current period as well as a $1.6 million expense recognized in the third quarter of 2019 as a result of a decrease in the discount rate the Company used to calculate its liability associated with deferred compensation plans For similar reasons, salary and employee benefits expenses increased to $184.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to

$169.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Capitalized loan origination costs increased $628,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year. This increase reflects the increase in loan originations, primarily PPP loans. Information data services expenses increased $433,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year, reflecting incremental costs as the Company continued to grow. Professional and legal expenses decreased $336,000 for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year, reflecting a reduction in audit expenses due to the timing of accounting and audit work as well as decreased legal matters. Advertising and marketing expenses decreased $1.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year, reflecting a curtailment of direct mail and marketing campaigns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments increased $1.5 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2019, primarily reflecting risk rating downgrades. The provision for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments increased $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher forecasted unemployment rates, as well as other economic metrics due to the impacts of COVID-19 in our reasonable and supportable forecast. Deposit insurance expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 includes an FDIC credit of $2.7 million for previously paid deposit insurance premiums which resulted in a net deposit insurance benefit of $1.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019. Miscellaneous expenses decreased $1.2 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year, reflecting a reduction in employee travel, conferences and training expenses.

Income Taxes. For the quarter ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $7.5 million in income tax expense for an effective tax rate of 17.0%, which reflects our normal statutory tax rate reduced by the effect of tax-exempt income, certain tax credits, and tax benefits related to restricted stock vesting. Our statutory income tax rate is 23.5%, representing a blend of the statutory federal income tax rate of 21.0% and apportioned effects of the state income tax rates. For the quarter ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $8.6 million in income tax expense for an effective tax rate of 17.9%. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $16.7 million in tax expense for an effective rate of 17.8%, compared to $28.4 million in income tax expense for an effective rate of 20.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. For more discussion on our income taxes, please refer to Note 10 in the Selected Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this report on Form 10-Q.

Asset Quality

Maintaining a moderate risk profile by employing appropriate underwriting standards, avoiding excessive asset concentrations and aggressively managing troubled assets has been and will continue to be a primary focus for us. Our allowance for credit losses reflects current market conditions as well as forecasted future economic conditions. We actively engage our borrowers to resolve problem assets and effectively manage REO as a result of foreclosures.

Non-Performing Assets: Non-performing assets decreased to $36.7 million, or 0.25% of total assets, at September 30, 2020, from $40.5 million, or 0.32% of total assets, at December 31, 2019, and increased compared to $18.6 million, or 0.15% of total assets, at September 30, 2019. The increase in non-performing loans year-over-year was largely due to one commercial banking relationship totaling $6.6 million moving to nonaccrual status. Our allowance for credit losses - loans was $168.0 million, or 482% of non-performing loans at September 30, 2020 and our allowance for loan losses was $100.6 million, or 254% of non-performing loans at December 31, 2019 and $97.8 million, or 536% of non-performing loans at September 30, 2019. In addition to the allowance for credit losses - loans, the Company maintains an allowance for credit losses - unfunded loan commitments which was $12.1 million at September 30, 2020 compared to $2.7 million at December 31, 2019 and $2.6 million at September 30, 2019. We believe our level of non-performing loans and assets continues to be manageable at September 30, 2020. The primary components of the $36.7 million in non-performing assets were $31.6 million in nonaccrual loans, $3.3 million in loans more than 90 days delinquent and still accruing interest, and $1.8 million in REO and other repossessed assets.

Loans are reported as TDRs when we grant concessions to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties that we would not otherwise consider. If any restructured loan becomes delinquent or other matters call into question the borrower's ability to repay full interest and principal in accordance with the restructured terms, the restructured loan(s) would be reclassified as nonaccrual. At September 30, 2020, we had $5.8 million of restructured loans performing under their restructured repayment terms.

Banner is continuing to offer payment and financial relief programs for borrowers impacted by COVID-19. These programs include initial loan payment deferrals or interest-only payments for up to 90 days, waived late fees, and, on a more limited basis, waived interest and temporarily suspended foreclosure proceedings. Deferred loans are re-evaluated at the end of the initial deferral period and will either return to the original loan terms or could be eligible for an additional deferral period for up to 90 days. In addition, Banner has entered into payment forbearance agreements with other customers for periods of up to six months. Year to date, Banner has deferred payment or waived interest on 3,370 loans totaling $1.09 billion. Through September 30, 2020, the deferral period had ended for approximately 78%, or $849.7 million of these loans, leaving $239.6 million still on deferral. Of the loans still on deferral, 107 loans totaling $160.4 million have received a second deferral. Since these loans were performing loans that were current on their payments prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, these modifications are not considered to be troubled debt restructurings through September 30, 2020 pursuant to applicable accounting and regulatory guidance.

Prior to the implementation of Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) on January 1, 2020, loans acquired in merger transactions with deteriorated credit quality were accounted for as purchased credit-impaired pools. Typically, this would include loans that were considered non-performing or restructured as of the acquisition date. Accordingly, subsequent to acquisition, loans included in the purchased credit-impaired pools were not reported as non-performing loans based upon their individual performance status, so the loan categories of

nonaccrual, impaired and 90 days past due and accruing did not include any purchased credit-impaired loans. Purchased credit-impaired loans were $15.9 million at December 31, 2019 and $12.6 million at September 30, 2019.

The following table sets forth information with respect to our non-performing assets and restructured loans at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):


	September 30, 2020			December 31, 2019			September 30, 2019
Nonaccrual Loans: (1)
Secured by real estate:
Commercial	$	7,824		$	5,952		$	5,092
Multifamily	—			85			87
Construction and land	937			1,905			1,318
One- to four-family	2,978			3,410			3,007
Commercial business	14,867			23,015			3,035
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	2,066			661			757
Consumer	2,896			2,473			2,473
	31,568			37,501			15,769
Loans more than 90 days delinquent, still on accrual:
Secured by real estate:
Commercial	—			89			89

Construction and land	—			332			1,141
One- to four-family	2,649			877			652
Commercial business	425			401			358
Agricultural business, including secured by farmland	—			—			—
Consumer	181			398			247
	3,255			2,097			2,487
Total non-performing loans	34,823			39,598			18,256

REO, net (2)	1,795			814			228
Other repossessed assets held for sale	37			122			115
Total non-performing assets	$	36,655		$	40,534		$	18,599

Total non-performing loans to loans before allowance for credit losses / allowance for loan losses	0.34		%	0.43		%	0.21		%
Total non-performing loans to total assets	0.24		%	0.31		%	0.15		%
Total non-performing assets to total assets	0.25		%	0.32		%	0.15		%

Restructured loans performing under their restructured terms (3)	$	5,790		$	6,466		$	6,721

Loans 30-89 days past due and on accrual (4)	$	18,158		$	20,178		$	11,496

(1)Includes $4.6 million of nonaccrual TDR loans at September 30, 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest income was reduced by $1.7 million as a result of nonaccrual loan activity, which includes the reversal of $507,000 of accrued interest as of the date the loan was placed on nonaccrual. There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

(2)Real estate acquired by us as a result of foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as REO until it is sold. When property is acquired, it is recorded at the estimated fair value of the property, less expected selling costs. Subsequent to foreclosure, the property is carried at the lower of the foreclosed amount or net realizable value. Upon receipt of a new appraisal and market analysis, the carrying value is written down through the establishment of a specific reserve to the anticipated sales price, less selling and holding costs.

(3)These loans were performing under their restructured repayment terms at the dates indicated.

(4)Purchased credit-impaired loans are included at December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019.

In addition to the non-performing loans as of September 30, 2020, we had other classified loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $386.3 million that are not on nonaccrual status, with respect to which known information concerning possible credit problems with the borrowers or the cash flows of the properties securing the respective loans has caused management to be concerned about the ability of the borrowers to comply with present loan repayment terms. This may result in the future inclusion of such loans in the nonaccrual loan category.

The following table presents the Company’s portfolio of risk-rated loans and non-risk-rated loans by grade (in thousands):


	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		September 30, 2019

Pass	$	9,699,098	$	9,130,662	$	8,702,171
Special Mention	41,575		61,189		19,989
Substandard	423,244		113,448		113,150
Doubtful	—		58		58
Total	$	10,163,917	$	9,305,357	$	8,835,368

The increase in substandard loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily reflects Banner proactively downgrading loans in industries the most at risk due to COVID-19.

REO: REO was $1.8 million at September 30, 2020 and compared with $814,000 at December 31, 2019. The following table shows REO activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended				Nine months ended
	Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019		Sep 30, 2020		Sep 30, 2019
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,400	$	2,513	$	814	$	2,611
Additions from loan foreclosures	—		48		1,588		109


Proceeds from dispositions of REO	(707)		(2,333)		(805)		(2,483)
Gain (loss) on sale of REO	120		—		216		(9)
Valuation adjustments in the period	(18)		—		(18)		—
Balance, end of period	$	1,795	$	228	$	1,795	$	228

Non-recurring fair value adjustments to REO are recorded to reflect partial write-downs based on an observable market price or current appraised value of property. The individual carrying values of these assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually and any additional impairment charges are expensed to operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowings, proceeds from loan principal and interest payments and sales of loans, and the maturity of and interest income on mortgage-backed and investment securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and mortgage-backed securities are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by market interest rates, economic conditions, competition and our pricing strategies.

Our primary investing activity is the origination and purchase of loans and, in certain periods, the purchase of securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, our loan originations, including originations of loans held for sale, exceeded our loan repayments by $1.89 billion and $915.0 million, respectively. There were $18,000 loan purchases during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and $8.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This activity was funded primarily by increased core deposits and the sale of loans in 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019, we received proceeds of $1.10 billion and $710.5 million, respectively, from the sale of loans. Securities purchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 totaled $824.0 million and $161.2 million, respectively, and securities repayments, maturities and sales in those periods were $461.4 million and $297.5 million, respectively.

Our primary financing activity is gathering deposits. Total deposits increased by $2.17 billion during the first nine months of 2020, as core deposits increased by $2.37 billion and certificates of deposits, primarily brokered deposits, decreased by $205.1 million. The increase in total deposits during the first nine months of 2020 was due primarily to PPP loan funds deposited into customer accounts, fiscal stimulus payments, and an increase in average deposit account balances due to customer’s maintaining a higher level of liquidity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Certificates of deposit are generally more vulnerable to competition and more price sensitive than other retail deposits and our pricing of those deposits varies significantly based upon our liquidity management strategies at any point in time. At September 30, 2020, certificates of deposit amounted to $915.4 million, or 7% of our total deposits, including $694.5 million which were scheduled to mature within one year. While no assurance can be given as to future periods, historically, we have been able to retain a significant amount of our certificates of deposit as they mature.

FHLB advances decreased $300.0 million to $150.0 million during the first nine months of 2020. Other borrowings increased $58.5 million to $177.0 million at September 30, 2020 from $118.5 million at December 31, 2019.

We must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to ensure the availability of sufficient funds to accommodate deposit withdrawals, to support loan growth, to satisfy financial commitments and to take advantage of investment opportunities. During the nine months ended

September 30, 2020 and 2019, we used our sources of funds primarily to fund loan commitments and purchase securities. At September 30, 2020, we had outstanding loan commitments totaling $3.60 billion, primarily relating to undisbursed loans in process and unused credit lines. While representing potential growth in the loan portfolio and lending activities, this level of commitments is proportionally consistent with our historical experience and does not represent a departure from normal operations.

We generally maintain sufficient cash and readily marketable securities to meet short-term liquidity needs; however, our primary liquidity management practice to supplement deposits is to increase or decrease short-term borrowings. We maintain credit facilities with the FHLB-Des Moines, which provided for advances that in the aggregate would equal the lesser of 45% of Banner Bank’s assets or adjusted qualifying collateral (subject to a sufficient level of ownership of FHLB stock) and 45% of Islanders Bank’s assets or adjusted qualifying collateral. At September 30, 2020, under these credit facilities based on pledged collateral, Banner Bank had $2.36 billion of available credit capacity and Islanders Bank $29.8 million of available credit capacity. Advances under these credit facilities totaled $150.0 million at September 30, 2020. In addition, Banner Bank has been approved for participation in the Borrower-In-Custody (BIC) program by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRBSF). Under this program, based on pledged collateral, Banner Bank had available lines of credit of approximately $989.9 million as of September 30, 2020. We had no funds borrowed from the FRBSF at September 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. Additionally, the Federal Reserve recently established the Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (PPPLF) to bolster the effectiveness of the PPP. As of September 30, 2020, Banner Bank was approved to utilize the PPPLF. Banner Bank may utilize the PPPLF pursuant to which it will pledge PPP loans at face value as collateral to obtain FRB non-recourse advances. Banner Bank utilized and repaid outstanding advances from the PPPLF during the quarter ended June 30, 2020. There were no borrowings outstanding under this program during the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

Banner Corporation is a separate legal entity from the Banks and, on a stand-alone level, must provide for its own liquidity and pay its own operating expenses and cash dividends. Banner Corporation’s primary sources of funds consist of capital raised through dividends or capital distributions from the Banks, although there are regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Banks to pay dividends. At September 30, 2020, the Company on an unconsolidated basis had liquid assets of $127.1 million. On June 30, 2020, Banner issued and sold in an underwritten offer of the Subordinated Notes, resulting in net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, of $98.1 million. The Subordinated Notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

As noted below, Banner Corporation and its subsidiary banks continued to maintain capital levels significantly in excess of the requirements to be categorized as “Well-Capitalized” under applicable regulatory standards. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, total shareholders’ equity increased $52.5 million, to $1.65 billion. At September 30, 2020, tangible common shareholders’ equity, which excludes goodwill and other intangible assets, was $1.25 billion, or 8.78% of tangible assets. See the discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP financial information in the Executive Overview section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation in this Form 10-Q for more detailed information with respect to tangible common shareholders’ equity. Also, see the capital requirements discussion and table below with respect to our regulatory capital positions.

Capital Requirements

Banner Corporation is a bank holding company registered with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (BHCA), and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. Banner Bank and Islanders Bank, as state-chartered, federally insured commercial banks, are subject to the capital requirements established by the FDIC.

The capital adequacy requirements are quantitative measures established by regulation that require Banner Corporation and the Banks to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of capital. The Federal Reserve requires Banner Corporation to maintain capital adequacy that generally parallels the FDIC requirements. The FDIC requires the Banks to maintain minimum ratios of Total Capital, Tier 1 Capital, and Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets as well as Tier 1 Leverage Capital to average assets. In addition to the minimum capital ratios, both Banner Corporation and the Banks are required to maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional Common Equity Tier 1 Capital of more than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses. At September 30, 2020, Banner Corporation and the Banks each exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. (See Item 1, “Business–Regulation,” and Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2019 Form 10-K for additional information regarding regulatory capital requirements for Banner Corporation and the Banks.)

The actual regulatory capital ratios calculated for Banner Corporation, Banner Bank and Islanders Bank as of September 30, 2020, along with the minimum capital amounts and ratios, were as follows (dollars in thousands):


	Actual				Minimum to be Categorized as “Adequately Capitalized”				Minimum to be Categorized as “Well-Capitalized”
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Amount
Banner Corporation—consolidated
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	$	1,574,737	14.65	%	$	859,979	8.00	%	$	1,074,974	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	1,340,173		12.47		644,985		6.00		644,985		6.00
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets	1,340,173		9.56		560,816		4.00		n/a		n/a
Common equity tier 1 capital	1,196,673		11.13		483,738		4.50		n/a		n/a
Banner Bank
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	1,409,158		13.34		845,076		8.00		1,056,344		10.00
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	1,276,928		12.09		633,807		6.00		845,076		8.00
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets	1,276,928		9.31		548,867		4.00		686,083		5.00
Common equity tier 1 capital	1,276,928		12.09		475,355		4.50		686,624		6.50
Islanders Bank
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	29,516		15.14		15,594		8.00		19,493		10.00
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	27,077		13.89		11,696		6.00		15,594		8.00
Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets	27,077		8.15		13,289		4.00		16,611		5.00
Common equity tier 1 capital	27,077		13.89		8,772		4.50		12,671		6.50

ITEM 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk and Asset/Liability Management

Our financial condition and operations are influenced significantly by general economic conditions, including the absolute level of interest rates as well as changes in interest rates and the slope of the yield curve. Our profitability is dependent to a large extent on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest received from our interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities.

Our activities, like all financial institutions, inherently involve the assumption of interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates will have an adverse impact on the institution’s earnings and underlying economic value. Interest rate risk is determined by the maturity and repricing characteristics of an institution’s assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet contracts. Interest rate risk is measured by the variability of financial performance and economic value resulting from changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk is the primary market risk affecting our financial performance.

The greatest source of interest rate risk to us results from the mismatch of maturities or repricing intervals for rate sensitive assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet contracts. This mismatch or gap is generally characterized by a substantially shorter maturity structure for interest-bearing liabilities than interest-earning assets, although our floating-rate assets tend to be more immediately responsive to changes in market rates than most deposit liabilities. Additional interest rate risk results from mismatched repricing indices and formula (basis risk and yield curve risk), and product caps and floors and early repayment or withdrawal provisions (option risk), which may be contractual or market driven, that are generally more favorable to customers than to us. An exception to this generalization is the beneficial effect of interest rate floors on a portion of our performing floating-rate loans, which help us maintain higher loan yields in periods when market interest rates decline significantly. The Company actively manages its exposure to interest rate risk through on-going adjustments to the mix of interest-earning assets and funding sources that affect the repricing speeds of loans, investments, interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.

The principal objectives of asset/liability management are: to evaluate the interest rate risk exposure; to determine the level of risk appropriate given our operating environment, business plan strategies, performance objectives, capital and liquidity constraints, and asset and liability allocation alternatives; and to manage our interest rate risk consistent with regulatory guidelines and policies approved by the Board of Directors. Through such management, we seek to reduce the vulnerability of our earnings and capital position to changes in the level of interest rates. Our actions in this regard are taken under the guidance of the Asset/Liability Management Committee, which is comprised of members of our senior management. The Committee closely monitors our interest sensitivity exposure, asset and liability allocation decisions, liquidity and capital positions, and local and national economic conditions and attempts to structure the loan and investment portfolios and funding sources to maximize earnings within acceptable risk tolerances.

Sensitivity Analysis

Our primary monitoring tool for assessing interest rate risk is asset/liability simulation modeling, which is designed to capture the dynamics of balance sheet, interest rate and spread movements and to quantify variations in net interest income resulting from those movements under different rate environments. The sensitivity of net interest income to changes in the modeled interest rate environments provides a measurement of interest rate risk. We also utilize economic value analysis, which addresses changes in estimated net economic value of equity arising from changes in the level of interest rates. The net economic value of equity is estimated by separately valuing our assets and liabilities under varying interest rate environments. The extent to which assets gain or lose value in relation to the gains or losses of liability values under the various interest rate assumptions determines the sensitivity of net economic value to changes in interest rates and provides an additional measure of interest rate risk.

The interest rate sensitivity analysis performed by us incorporates beginning-of-the-period rate, balance and maturity data, using various levels of aggregation of that data, as well as certain assumptions concerning the maturity, repricing, amortization and prepayment characteristics of loans and other interest-earning assets and the repricing and withdrawal of deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities into an asset/liability computer simulation model. We update and prepare simulation modeling at least quarterly for review by senior management and oversight by the directors. We believe the data and assumptions are realistic representations of our portfolio and possible outcomes under the various interest rate scenarios. Nonetheless, the interest rate sensitivity of our net interest income and net economic value of equity could vary substantially if different assumptions were used or if actual experience differs from the assumptions used.

The following table sets forth, as of September 30, 2020, the estimated changes in our net interest income over one-year and two-year time horizons and the estimated changes in economic value of equity based on the indicated interest rate environments (dollars in thousands):


	Estimated Increase (Decrease) in
Change (in Basis Points) in Interest Rates (1)	Net Interest Income Next 12 Months				Net Interest Income Next 24 Months				Economic Value of Equity
+400	$	46,693	10.1	%	$	125,227	13.8	%	$	53,495	2.7	%
+300	43,756		9.5		116,910		12.9		105,063		5.3
+200	34,447		7.5		92,748		10.2		160,469		8.0
+100	19,916		4.3		54,059		6.0		137,123		6.9
0	—		—		—		—		—		—
-25	(3,764)		(0.8)		(11,634)		(1.3)		(46,446)		(2.3)

(1) Assumes an instantaneous and sustained uniform change in market interest rates at all maturities; however, no rates are allowed to go below zero. The targeted Federal Funds Rate was between 0.00% and 0.25% at September 30, 2020.

Another (although less reliable) monitoring tool for assessing interest rate risk is gap analysis. The matching of the repricing characteristics of assets and liabilities may be analyzed by examining the extent to which assets and liabilities are interest sensitive and by monitoring an institution’s interest sensitivity gap. An asset or liability is said to be interest sensitive within a specific time period if it will mature or reprice within that time period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets anticipated, based upon certain assumptions, to mature or reprice within a specific time period and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities anticipated to mature or reprice, based upon certain assumptions, within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest-sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest-sensitive liabilities. A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest-sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest-sensitive assets. Generally, during a period of rising rates, a negative gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income while a positive gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income. During a period of falling interest rates, a negative gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income while a positive gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in gap analysis. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgage loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Finally, the ability of some borrowers to service their debt may decrease in the event of a severe change in market rates.

The following table presents our interest sensitivity gap between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at September 30, 2020 (dollars in thousands). The table sets forth the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which are anticipated by us, based upon certain assumptions, to reprice or mature in each of the future periods shown. At September 30, 2020, total interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within one year exceeded total interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing in the same time period by $4.83 billion, representing a one-year cumulative gap to total assets ratio of 33.00%. Management is aware of the sources of interest rate risk and in its opinion actively monitors and manages it to the extent possible. The interest rate risk indicators and interest sensitivity gaps as of September 30, 2020 are within our internal policy guidelines and management considers that our current level of interest rate risk is reasonable.


	Within 6 Months			After 6 Months Within 1 Year			After 1 Year Within 3 Years			After 3 Years Within 5 Years			After 5 Years Within 10 Years			Over 10 Years			Total
Interest-earning assets: (1)
Construction loans	$	804,392		$	62,931		$	116,283		$	29,521		$	9,537		$	1,347		$	1,024,011
Fixed-rate mortgage loans	386,993			292,737			849,001			422,418			315,543			19,202			2,285,894
Adjustable-rate mortgage loans	1,243,376			467,926			1,222,977			564,501			88,436			36			3,587,252
Fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities	185,609			141,335			276,911			148,593			278,595			34,125			1,065,168
Adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities	200,366			7,156			31,209			4,105			2,963			—			245,799
Fixed-rate commercial/agricultural loans	379,737			374,798			885,290			132,092			92,458			22,933			1,887,308
Adjustable-rate commercial/agricultural loans	789,523			31,584			77,160			40,007			14,558			—			952,832
Consumer and other loans	469,097			54,115			50,852			16,155			15,245			31,074			636,538
Investment securities and interest-earning deposits	1,018,769			33,005			64,449			114,370			321,254			117,293			1,669,140
Total rate sensitive assets	5,477,862			1,465,587			3,574,132			1,471,762			1,138,589			226,010			13,353,942
Interest-bearing liabilities: (2)
Regular savings	243,237			165,366			533,273			377,212			538,498			474,700			2,332,286
Interest checking accounts	144,345			58,595			207,085			171,043			311,624			541,532			1,434,224
Money market deposit accounts	241,183			139,506			461,558			338,709			503,385			436,567			2,120,908
Certificates of deposit	391,905			302,691			194,745			24,060			2,052			—			915,453
FHLB advances	50,000			50,000			50,000			—			—			—			150,000
Subordinated notes	—			—			—			100,000			—			—			100,000
Junior subordinated debentures	147,944			—			—			—			—			—			147,944
Retail repurchase agreements	176,983			—			—			—			—			—			176,983
Total rate sensitive liabilities	1,395,597			716,158			1,446,661			1,011,024			1,355,559			1,452,799			7,377,798
Excess (deficiency) of interest-sensitive assets over interest-sensitive liabilities	$	4,082,265		$	749,429		$	2,127,471		$	460,738		$	(216,970)		$	(1,226,789)		$	5,976,144
Cumulative excess of interest-sensitive assets	$	4,082,265		$	4,831,694		$	6,959,165		$	7,419,903		$	7,202,933		$	5,976,144		$	5,976,144
Cumulative ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities	392.51		%	328.80		%	295.57		%	262.38		%	221.57		%	181.00		%	181.00		%
Interest sensitivity gap to total assets	27.88			5.12			14.53			3.15			(1.48)			(8.38)			40.81
Ratio of cumulative gap to total assets	27.88			33.00			47.53			50.68			49.19			40.81			40.81

(Footnotes on following page)

Footnotes for Table of Interest Sensitivity Gap

(1)Adjustable-rate assets are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust rather than in the period in which they are due to mature, and fixed-rate assets are included in the period in which they are scheduled to be repaid based upon scheduled amortization, in each case adjusted to take into account estimated prepayments. Mortgage loans and other loans are not reduced for allowances for loan losses and non-performing loans. Mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, other loans and investment securities are not adjusted for deferred fees, unamortized acquisition premiums and discounts.

(2)Adjustable-rate liabilities are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust rather than in the period they are due to mature. Although regular savings, demand, interest checking, and money market deposit accounts are subject to immediate withdrawal, based on historical experience management considers a substantial amount of such accounts to be core deposits having significantly longer maturities. For the purpose of the gap analysis, these accounts have been assigned decay rates to reflect their longer effective maturities. If all of these accounts had been assumed to be short-term, the one-year cumulative gap of interest-sensitive assets would have been $(63,492), or (0.43)% of total assets at September 30, 2020. Interest-bearing liabilities for this table exclude certain non-interest-bearing deposits which are included in the average balance calculations in the table contained in Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Comparison of Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019” of this report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 4 – Controls and Procedures

The management of Banner Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives are met. Also, because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. As a result of these inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

(a)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: An evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and several other members of our senior management as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to our management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

(b)Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting: In the quarter ended September 30, 2020, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting other than the adoption of internal controls over financial reporting due to the implementation of FASB ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments: Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended and commonly referred to as CECL.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 – Legal Proceedings

In the normal course of business, we have various legal proceedings and other contingent matters outstanding. These proceedings and the associated legal claims are often contested and the outcome of individual matters is not always predictable. These claims and counter claims typically arise during the course of collection efforts on problem loans or with respect to actions to enforce liens on properties in which we hold a security interest, although we also periodically are subject to claims related to employment matters. We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings that management believes would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.

ITEM 1A – Risk Factors

The following risk factor supplements the “Risk Factors” section contained in Item 1A of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected our ability to conduct business and our financial results, and the ultimate impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly adversely affected our operations and the banking and financial services we provide, primarily to businesses and individuals in the states of Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho, all of which are under some level of government issued Stay-at-Home orders. All of our branches and most of our deposit customers are also located in these four states. As an essential business, we continue to provide banking and financial services to our customers with drive-thru access available at the majority of our branch locations and in-person services available by appointment. In select markets on a test basis, Banner has begun taking steps to resume more normal branch activities with specific guidelines in place to provide for the safety of our clients and our personnel. In addition, we continue to provide access to banking and financial services via online banking, ATMs and telephone. If the COVID-19 pandemic worsens it could limit, or disrupt, our ability to provide banking and financial services to our customers.

In response to the Stay-at-Home Orders, currently approximately half of our employees are working remotely to enable us to continue to provide banking services to our customers. Heightened cybersecurity, information security and operational risks may result from these work-from-home arrangements. We also could be adversely affected if key personnel or a significant number of employees were to become unavailable due to the effects and restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, we also rely upon our third-party vendors to conduct business and to process, record, and monitor transactions. If any of these vendors are unable to continue to provide us with these services, it could negatively impact our ability to serve our customers. We have business continuity plans and other safeguards in place, however, there is no assurance that such plans and safeguards will be effective.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in declines in loan demand and loan originations other than through government sponsored programs such as the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), deposit availability, market interest rates and negatively impacted many of our business and consumer borrowers’ ability to make their loan payments. Because the length of the pandemic and the efficacy of the extraordinary measures being put in place to address the economic consequences are unknown, including reductions in the targeted federal funds rate, until the pandemic subsides, we expect our net interest income and net interest margin will continue to be adversely affected in the near term, if not longer. Many of our borrowers have become unemployed or may face unemployment, and certain businesses are at risk of insolvency as revenues declined precipitously, especially in businesses related to travel, hospitality, leisure, and physical personal services. Consistent with guidance provided by banking regulators we have modified loans by providing various loan payment deferral options to our borrowers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding these modifications, these borrowers may not be able to resume making full payments on their loans once the COVID-19 pandemic is resolved. If the economic disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic continues for several months or worsens, it may result in increased loan delinquencies, adversely classified loans and loan charge-offs. As a result, our allowance for credit losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio, which would cause our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition to be adversely affected.

As of September 30, 2020, we hold and service a portfolio of 9,103 loans originated under the PPP with a balance of $1.15 billion. The PPP loans are subject to the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 and to complex and evolving rules and guidance issued by the SBA and other government agencies. We expect that the great majority of our PPP borrowers will seek full or partial forgiveness of their loan obligations. We could face additional risks in our administrative capabilities to service our PPP loans, and with respect to the determination of loan forgiveness, depending on the final procedures for determining loan forgiveness.

In accordance with GAAP, we record assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair value with the excess of the purchase consideration over the net assets acquired resulting in the recognition of goodwill. If adverse economic conditions or the decrease in our stock price and market capitalization as a result of the pandemic were to be deemed sustained rather than temporary, it may significantly affect the fair value of our goodwill and may trigger impairment charges. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We are an entity separate and distinct from our principal subsidiary, Banner Bank, and derive substantially all of our revenue at the holding company level in the form of dividends from that subsidiary. If the COVID-19 pandemic were to materially adversely affect Banner Bank’s regulatory capital levels or liquidity, it may result in Banner Bank being unable to pay dividends to us, which may result in our not being able to pay dividends on our common stock at the same rate or at all.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, the U.S. economy may experience a recession, and we anticipate our business would be materially and adversely affected by a prolonged recession. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business, financial condition, liquidity or results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) Not applicable.

(b) Not applicable.

(c) The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended September 30, 2020:


Period	Total Number of Common Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Common Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced authorization	Maximum Number of Remaining Shares that May be Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Authorization
July 1, 2020 - July 31, 2020	479	$	36.12	—	—
August 1, 2020 - August 31, 2020	—	—		—	—
September 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020	—	—		—	—
Total for quarter	479	36.12		—	—

Employees surrendered 479 shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock grants during the three months ended September 30, 2020.

On March 27, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had renewed its authorization to repurchase up to 5% of the Company's common stock, or 1,757,637 of the Company's outstanding shares. This authorization expired in March 2020. Due to the pandemic and market conditions the Company has no current plans to renew this authorization.

ITEM 3 – Defaults upon Senior Securities

Not Applicable.

ITEM 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

ITEM 5 – Other Information

Not Applicable.

ITEM 6 – Exhibits


Exhibit			Index of Exhibits

3{a}			Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Registrant [incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2010 (File No. 000-26584)].

3{b}			Articles of Amendment of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 1, 2011 (File No. 000-26584)).

3{c}			Articles of Amendment to Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Registrant for non-voting common stock [incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2015 (File No. 000-26584)]

3{d}			Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 20, 2016 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{a}			Executive Salary Continuation Agreement with Gary L. Sirmon [incorporated by reference to exhibits filed with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 1996 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{b}			Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, with Mark J. Grescovich [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2013 (File No. 000-26584].

10{c}			Form of Supplemental Executive Retirement Program Agreement with Gary Sirmon, Michael K. Larsen, Lloyd W. Baker, Cynthia D. Purcell and Richard B. Barton [incorporated by reference to exhibits filed with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001 and the exhibits filed with the Form 8-K on May 6, 2008 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{d}			Form of Employment Contract entered into with Lloyd W. Baker, Cynthia D. Purcell, Richard B. Barton and Douglas M. Bennett [incorporated by reference to exhibits filed with the Form 8-K on June 25, 2014 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{e}			Long-Term Incentive Plan and Form of Repricing Agreement [incorporated by reference to the exhibits filed with the Form 8-K on May 6, 2008 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{f}			2005 Executive Officer and Director Stock Account Deferred Compensation Plan [incorporated by reference to exhibits filed with the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{g}			Entry into an Indemnification Agreement with each of the Registrant's Directors [incorporated by reference to exhibits filed with the Form 8-K on January 29, 2010 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{h}			2012 Restricted Stock and Incentive Bonus Plan [incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 19, 2013 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{i}			Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 included in the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2013 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{j}			Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 included in the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2013 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{k}			2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan [incorporated by reference as Appendix C to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 24, 2014 (File No. 000-26584)] and amendments [incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K filed on March 25, 2015 (File No. 000-26584)].

10{l}			Forms of Equity-Based Award Agreements: Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement, Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement, Restricted Stock Award Agreement, Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement, Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement, and Performance Unit Award Agreement [incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.2 - 10.7 included in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 9, 2014 (File No. 333-195835)].

10{m}			2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan [incorporated by reference as Appendix D to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 23, 2018 (File No. 000-26584)]

10{n}			Forms of Equity-Based Award Agreements: Incentive Stock Option Award Agreement, Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement under the Banner Corporation 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan; Director Restricted Stock Award Agreement; Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement; Employee Time-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement; Employee performance-based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement; Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement; and Performance Unit Award Agreement [incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.2 - 10.9 included in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 dated May 4, 2018 (File No. 333-224693)]


Exhibit			Index of Exhibits

10{o}			Form of Consultant Agreement Between Banner Bank and Richard B. Barton [incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 included in the Registrant’s Current Report on the Form 8-K filed on September 22, 2020 (File No. 000-26584)]

31.1			Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2			Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32			Certificate of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS			Inline XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the XBRL document

101.SCH			Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL			Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF			Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB			Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE			Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104			The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


			Banner Corporation

November 5, 2020			/s/ Mark J. Grescovich
			Mark J. Grescovich
			President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

November 5, 2020			/s/ Peter J. Conner
			Peter J. Conner
			Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)