Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)



☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-36786

RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)




Canada		98-1202754
(State or Other Jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)		Identification No.)

130 King Street West, Suite 300		M5X 1E1
Toronto,	Ontario
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(905) 845-6511

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)



Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbols	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, without par value	QSR	New York Stock Exchange
		Toronto Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.




Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐

Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐

Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 24, 2019, there were 298,114,230 common shares of the Registrant outstanding.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS




		Page

PART I – Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	31
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	45
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	45

PART II – Other Information
Item 6.	Exhibits	47
	Signatures	48

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PART I — Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)

(Unaudited)



	As of
	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,732		$	913
Accounts and notes receivable, net of allowance of $16 and $14, respectively	472			452
Inventories, net	83			75
Prepaids and other current assets	86			60
Total current assets	2,373			1,500
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $709 and $704, respectively	1,981			1,996
Operating lease assets, net	1,147			—
Intangible assets, net	10,439			10,463
Goodwill	5,579			5,486
Net investment in property leased to franchisees	47			54
Other assets, net	683			642
Total assets	$	22,249		$	20,141
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts and drafts payable	$	510		$	513
Other accrued liabilities	797			637
Gift card liability	94			167
Current portion of long term debt and finance leases (Note 10)	776			91
Total current liabilities	2,177			1,408
Term debt, net of current portion	11,568			11,823
Finance leases, net of current portion	279			226
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	1,055			—
Other liabilities, net	1,598			1,547
Deferred income taxes, net	1,509			1,519
Total liabilities	18,186			16,523
Shareholders’ equity:
Common shares, no par value; unlimited shares authorized at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 298,095,767 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2019; 251,532,493 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018	2,460			1,737
Retained earnings	762			674
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(864		)	(800		)
Total Restaurant Brands International Inc. shareholders’ equity	2,358			1,611
Noncontrolling interests	1,705			2,007
Total shareholders’ equity	4,063			3,618
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	22,249		$	20,141

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues:
Sales	$	624		$	609		$	1,735		$	1,743
Franchise and property revenues	834			766			2,389			2,229
Total revenues	1,458			1,375			4,124			3,972
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of sales	475			470			1,334			1,348
Franchise and property expenses	133			107			401			314
Selling, general and administrative expenses	320			298			948			917
(Income) loss from equity method investments	(11		)	(4		)	(11		)	(17		)
Other operating expenses (income), net	(30		)	26			(44		)	9
Total operating costs and expenses	887			897			2,628			2,571
Income from operations	571			478			1,496			1,401
Interest expense, net	137			135			406			405
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	4			—			4			—
Income before income taxes	430			343			1,086			996
Income tax expense	79			93			232			153
Net income	351			250			854			843
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (Note 12)	150			116			376			394
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	201		$	134		$	478		$	449
Earnings per common share
Basic	$	0.76		$	0.53		$	1.85		$	1.81
Diluted	$	0.75		$	0.53		$	1.82		$	1.78
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	267			251			258			249
Diluted	470			475			469			474

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	351		$	250		$	854		$	843

Foreign currency translation adjustment	(173		)	147			185			(325		)
Net change in fair value of net investment hedges, net of tax of $(37), $0, $2 and $(38)	143			(83		)	27			33
Net change in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax of $9, $7, $43 and $(3)	(25		)	24			(116		)	52
Amounts reclassified to earnings of cash flow hedges, net of tax of $(2), $1, $(3) and $(1)	5			8			7			14
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(50		)	96			103			(226		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	301			346			957			617
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	129			161			424			288
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders	$	172		$	185		$	533		$	329

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except shares and per share data)

(Unaudited)



	Issued Common Shares			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
	Shares	Amount		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
Balances at December 31, 2018	251,532,493	$	1,737	$	674		$	(800	)	$	2,007		$	3,618
Cumulative effect adjustment	—	—		12			—			9			21
Stock option exercises	2,019,620	42		—			—			—			42
Share-based compensation	—	22		—			—			—			22
Issuance of shares	134,809	7		—			—			—			7
Dividends declared ($0.50 per share)	—	—		(127		)	—			—			(127		)
Dividend equivalents declared on restricted stock units	—	2		(2		)	—			—			—
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.50 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(104		)	(104		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	141,190	2		—			(1		)	(1		)	—
Net income	—	—		135			—			111			246
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			26			22			48
Balances at March 31, 2019	253,828,112	$	1,812	$	692		$	(775	)	$	2,044		$	3,773
Stock option exercises	1,697,488	38		—			—			—			38
Share-based compensation	—	17		—			—			—			17
Issuance of shares	59,970	—		—			—			—			—
Dividends declared ($0.50 per share)	—	—		(128		)	—			—			(128		)
Dividend equivalents declared on restricted stock units	—	2		(2		)	—			—			—
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.50 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(103		)	(103		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	45,325	1		—			—			(1		)	—
Restaurant VIE contributions (distributions)	—	—		—			—			1			1
Net income	—	—		142			—			115			257
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			58			47			105
Balances at June 30, 2019	255,630,895	$	1,870	$	704		$	(717	)	$	2,103		$	3,960
Stock option exercises	636,918	19		—			—			—			19
Share-based compensation	—	17		—			—			—			17
Issuance of shares	20,700	—		—			—			—			—
Dividends declared ($0.50 per share)	—	—		(141		)	—			—			(141		)
Dividend equivalents declared on restricted stock units	—	2		(2		)	—			—			—
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.50 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(92		)	(92		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	41,807,254	552		—			(118		)	(434		)	—
Restaurant VIE contributions (distributions)	—	—		—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Net income	—	—		201			—			150			351
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			(29		)	(21		)	(50		)
Balances at September 30, 2019	298,095,767	$	2,460	$	762		$	(864	)	$	1,705		$	4,063

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except shares and per share data)

(Unaudited)



	Issued Common Shares			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
	Shares	Amount		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
Balances at December 31, 2017	243,899,476	$	2,052	$	651		$	(476	)	$	2,334		$	4,561
Cumulative effect adjustment	—	—		(132		)	—			(118		)	(250		)
Stock option exercises	5,058,992	25		—			—			—			25
Share-based compensation	—	14		—			—			—			14
Issuance of shares	113,733	5		—			—			—			5
Dividends declared ($0.45 per share)	—	—		(112		)	—			—			(112		)
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.45 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(98		)	(98		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	29,432	—		—			—			—			—
Restaurant VIE contributions (distributions)	—	—		—			—			1			1
Net income	—	—		148			—			131			279
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			(97		)	(86		)	(183		)
Balances at March 31, 2018	249,101,633	$	2,096	$	555		$	(573	)	$	2,164		$	4,242
Stock option exercises	410,383	4		—			—			—			4
Share-based compensation	—	13		—			—			—			13
Issuance of shares	12,332	1		—			—			—			1
Dividends declared ($0.45 per share)	—	—		(112		)	—			—			(112		)
Dividend equivalents declared on restricted stock units	—	2		(2		)	—			—			—
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.45 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(98		)	(98		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	42,923	—		—			—			—			—
Net income	—	—		167			—			147			314
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			(74		)	(65		)	(139		)
Balances at June 30, 2018	249,567,271	$	2,116	$	608		$	(647	)	$	2,148		$	4,225
Stock option exercises	1,438,979	24		—			—			—			24
Share-based compensation	—	13		—			—			—			13
Issuance of shares	21,123	—		—			—			—			—
Dividends declared ($0.45 per share)	—	—		(114		)	—			—			(114		)
Dividend equivalents declared on restricted stock units	—	2		(2		)	—			—			—
Distributions declared by Partnership on Partnership exchangeable units ($0.45 per unit)	—	—		—			—			(98		)	(98		)
Exchange of Partnership exchangeable units for RBI common shares	92,978	2		—			—			(2		)	—
Net income	—	—		134			—			116			250
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—		—			51			45			96
Balances at September 30, 2018	251,120,351	$	2,157	$	626		$	(596	)	$	2,209		$	4,396

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

(Unaudited)



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	854		$	843
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	139			138
Non-cash loss on early extinguishment of debt	4			—
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt issuance discount	22			22
(Income) loss from equity method investments	(11		)	(17		)
(Gain) loss on remeasurement of foreign denominated transactions	(38		)	(19		)
Net (gains) losses on derivatives	(43		)	(24		)
Share-based compensation expense	56			39
Deferred income taxes	(16		)	6
Other	1			11
Changes in current assets and liabilities, excluding acquisitions and dispositions:
Accounts and notes receivable	(7		)	(1		)
Inventories and prepaids and other current assets	(34		)	(16		)
Accounts and drafts payable	(15		)	(24		)
Other accrued liabilities and gift card liability	(85		)	(284		)
Tenant inducements paid to franchisees	(13		)	(25		)
Other long-term assets and liabilities	97			24
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	911			673
Cash flows from investing activities:
Payments for property and equipment	(32		)	(53		)
Net proceeds from disposal of assets, restaurant closures, and refranchisings	22			2
Settlement/sale of derivatives, net	17			11
Other investing activities, net	—			12
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	7			(28		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt	750			—
Repayments of long-term debt and finance leases	(290		)	(66		)
Payment of financing costs	(13		)	—
Payment of dividends on common shares and distributions on Partnership exchangeable units	(669		)	(517		)
Payments in connection with redemption of preferred shares	—			(60		)
Proceeds from stock option exercises	99			53
Proceeds from derivatives	17			—
Other financing activities, net	—			1
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities	(106		)	(589		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents	7			(10		)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	819			46
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	913			1,097
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,732		$	1,143
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid	$	433		$	411
Income taxes paid	$	171		$	374

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business and Organization

Restaurant Brands International Inc. (the “Company”, “RBI”, “we”, “us” or “our”) was formed on August 25, 2014 and continued under the laws of Canada. The Company serves as the sole general partner of Restaurant Brands International Limited Partnership (“Partnership”). We franchise and operate quick service restaurants serving premium coffee and other beverage and food products under the Tim Hortons® brand (“Tim Hortons” or “TH”), fast food hamburgers principally under the Burger King® brand (“Burger King” or “BK”), and chicken under the Popeyes® brand (“Popeyes” or “PLK”). We are one of the world’s largest quick service restaurant, or QSR, companies as measured by total number of restaurants. As of September 30, 2019, we franchised or owned 4,887 Tim Hortons restaurants, 18,232 Burger King restaurants, and 3,192 Popeyes restaurants, for a total of 26,311 restaurants, and operate in more than 100 countries and U.S. territories. Approximately 100% of current system-wide restaurants are franchised.

All references to “$” or “dollars” are to the currency of the United States unless otherwise indicated. All references to “Canadian dollars” or “C$” are to the currency of Canada unless otherwise indicated.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (the “Financial Statements”) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements. Therefore, the Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities on February 22, 2019.

The Financial Statements include our accounts and the accounts of entities in which we have a controlling financial interest, the usual condition of which is ownership of a majority voting interest. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments in other affiliates that are owned 50% or less where we have significant influence are accounted for by the equity method.

We are the sole general partner of Partnership and, as such we have the exclusive right, power and authority to manage, control, administer and operate the business and affairs and to make decisions regarding the undertaking and business of Partnership, subject to the terms of the amended and restated limited partnership agreement of Partnership (the “partnership agreement”) and applicable laws. As a result, we consolidate the results of Partnership and record a noncontrolling interest in our consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations with respect to the remaining economic interest in Partnership we do not hold.

We also consider for consolidation entities in which we have certain interests, where the controlling financial interest may be achieved through arrangements that do not involve voting interests. Such an entity, known as a variable interest entity (“VIE”), is required to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary is the entity that possesses the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that are significant to it. Our maximum exposure to loss resulting from involvement with VIEs is attributable to accounts and notes receivable balances, outstanding loan guarantees and future lease payments, where applicable.

As our franchise and master franchise arrangements provide the franchise and master franchise entities the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance, we do not consider ourselves the primary beneficiary of any such entity that might be a VIE.

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Tim Hortons has historically entered into certain arrangements in which an operator acquires the right to operate a restaurant, but Tim Hortons owns the restaurant’s assets. We perform an analysis to determine if the legal entity in which operations are conducted is a VIE and consolidate a VIE entity if we also determine Tim Hortons is the entity’s primary beneficiary (“Restaurant VIEs”). As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of 30 and 17 Restaurant VIEs, respectively, and accordingly, have consolidated the results of operations, assets and liabilities, and cash flows of these Restaurant VIEs in our Financial Statements. Material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation have been included in the Financial Statements. The results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and related rules and regulations of the SEC requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain prior year amounts in the accompanying Financial Statements and notes to the Financial Statements have been reclassified in order to be comparable with the current year classifications. These consist of the reclassification of $25 million from changes in Other long-term assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 to Tenant inducements paid to franchisees. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported net income.

Note 3. New Accounting Pronouncements

Lease Accounting – In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (the “FASB”) issued new guidance on leases. We adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2019. See Note 4, Leases, for further information about our transition to this new lease accounting standard.

Goodwill Impairment – In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance to simplify how an entity measures goodwill impairment by removing the second step of the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. An entity will no longer be required to perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Instead, impairment will be measured at the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The amendment requires prospective adoption and is effective commencing in 2020 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects – In February 2018, the FASB issued guidance which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for the tax effects of certain items within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The amendment is effective commencing in 2019 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Share-based payment arrangements with nonemployees – In June 2018, the FASB issued guidance which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to nonemployees for goods and services. Most of the guidance on such payments to nonemployees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. The amendment is effective commencing in 2019 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

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Note 4. Leases

As of September 30, 2019, we leased or subleased 5,294 restaurant properties to franchisees and 183 non-restaurant properties to third parties under operating leases and direct financing leases where we are the lessor. Initial lease terms generally range from 10 to 20 years. Most leases to franchisees provide for fixed monthly payments and many provide for future rent escalations and renewal options. Certain leases also include provisions for variable rent, determined as a percentage of sales, generally when annual sales exceed specified levels. Lessees typically bear the cost of maintenance, insurance and property taxes.

We lease land, buildings, equipment, office space and warehouse space. Land and building leases generally have an initial term of 10 to 30 years, while land-only lease terms can extend longer, and most leases provide for fixed monthly payments. Many of these leases provide for future rent escalations and renewal options. Certain leases also include provisions for variable rent payments, determined as a percentage of sales, generally when annual sales exceed specified levels. Most leases also obligate us to pay, as lessee, the cost of maintenance, insurance and property taxes.

We transitioned to FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), from ASC Topic 840, Leases (the “Previous Standard”) on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis using the effective date transition method. Our Financial Statements reflect the application of ASC 842 guidance beginning in 2019, while our consolidated financial statements for prior periods were prepared under the guidance of the Previous Standard. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by finance and operating leases with lease terms of more than 12 months, amends various other aspects of accounting for leases by lessees and lessors, and requires enhanced disclosures. Our transition to ASC 842 resulted in the gross presentation of property tax and maintenance expenses and related lessee reimbursements as franchise and property expenses and franchise and property revenues, respectively. These expenses and reimbursements were presented on a net basis under the Previous Standard.

In connection with our transition to ASC 842, we elected the package of practical expedients under which we did not reassess the classification of our existing leases, reevaluate whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases or reassess initial direct costs under the new guidance. We also elected lessee and lessor practical expedients to not separate non-lease components comprised of maintenance from lease components for real estate leases that commenced prior to our transition to ASC 842, as well as for leases that commence or that are modified subsequent to our transition to ASC 842. We did not elect the practical expedient that permitted a reassessment of lease terms for existing leases.

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Financial Statement Impact of Transition to ASC 842

Transition Impact on January 1, 2019 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet

Our transition to ASC 842 represents a change in accounting principle. The $21 million cumulative effect of our transition to ASC 842 is reflected as an adjustment to January 1, 2019 Shareholders' equity.

Our transition to ASC 842 resulted in the following adjustments to our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019 (in millions):



	As Reported			Total				Adjusted
	December 31, 2018			Adjustments				January 1, 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	913		$	—			$	913
Accounts and notes receivable, net	452			—				452
Inventories, net	75			—				75
Prepaids and other current assets	60			—				60
Total current assets	1,500			—				1,500
Property and equipment, net	1,996			26			(a)	2,022
Operating lease assets, net	—			1,143			(b)	1,143
Intangible assets, net	10,463			(133		)	(c)	10,330
Goodwill	5,486			—				5,486
Net investment in property leased to franchisees	54			—				54
Other assets, net	642			—				642
Total assets	$	20,141		$	1,036			$	21,177
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts and drafts payable	$	513		$	—			$	513
Other accrued liabilities	637			114			(d)	751
Gift card liability	167			—				167
Current portion of long term debt and finance leases	91			—				91
Total current liabilities	1,408			114				1,522
Term debt, net of current portion	11,823			(65		)	(e)	11,758
Finance leases, net of current portion	226			62			(e)	288
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	—			1,028			(f)	1,028
Other liabilities, net	1,547			(132		)	(g)	1,415
Deferred income taxes, net	1,519			8			(h)	1,527
Total liabilities	16,523			1,015				17,538
Shareholders’ equity:
Common shares	1,737			—				1,737
Retained earnings	674			12			(i)	686
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(800		)	—				(800		)
Total RBI shareholders’ equity	1,611			12				1,623
Noncontrolling interests	2,007			9			(i)	2,016
Total shareholders’ equity	3,618			21				3,639
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	20,141		$	1,036			$	21,177


(a)	Represents the net change in assets recorded in connection with build-to-suit leases.


(b)	Represents the capitalization of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets equal to the amount of recognized operating lease liability, adjusted by the net carrying amounts of related favorable lease assets and unfavorable lease liabilities in which we are the lessee and straight-line rent accruals, which were reclassified to operating lease ROU assets.

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(c)	Represents the net carrying amount of favorable lease assets associated with leases in which we are the lessee, which have been reclassified to operating lease ROU assets.


(d)	Represents the current portion of operating lease liabilities.


(e)	Represents the net change in liabilities recorded in connection with build-to-suit leases.


(f)	Represents the recognition of operating lease liabilities, net of current portion.


(g)	Represents the net carrying amount of unfavorable lease liabilities associated with leases in which we are the lessee and $64 million of straight-line rent accruals which have been reclassified to operating lease ROU assets.


(h)	Represents the net tax effects of the adjustments noted above, with a corresponding adjustment to shareholders’ equity.


(i)	Represents net change in assets and liabilities recorded in connection with built-to-suit leases and the tax effects of adjustments noted above.

Changes to Lease Accounting Significant Accounting Policies Under ASC 842

In all leases, whether we are the lessor or lessee, we define lease term as the noncancellable term of the lease plus any renewals covered by renewal options that are reasonably certain of exercise based on our assessment of the economic factors relevant to the lessee. The noncancellable term of the lease commences on the date the lessor makes the underlying property in the lease available to the lessee, irrespective of when lease payments begin under the contract.

Lessor Accounting

We recognize lease payments for operating leases as property revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term and property revenue is presented net of any related sales tax. Lease incentive payments we make to lessees are amortized as a reduction in property revenue over the lease term. We account for reimbursements of maintenance and property tax costs paid to us by lessees as variable lease payment property revenue.

We also have net investments in properties leased to franchisees, which met the criteria of direct financing leases under the Previous Standard. Investments in direct financing leases are recorded on a net basis, consisting of the gross investment and estimated residual value in the lease, less unearned income. Unearned income on direct financing leases is recognized over the lease term yielding a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment in the lease. We do not remeasure the net investment in a direct financing lease unless the lease is modified and that modification is not accounted for as a separate contract.

We recognize variable lease payment income for operating and direct financing leases in the period when changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur.

Lessee Accounting

In leases where we are the lessee, we recognize an ROU asset and lease liability at lease commencement, which are measured by discounting lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. We determine the incremental borrowing rate applicable to each lease by reference to our outstanding secured borrowings and implied spreads over the risk-free discount rates that correspond to the term of each lease, as adjusted for the currency of the lease. Subsequent amortization of the ROU asset and accretion of the lease liability for an operating lease is recognized as a single lease cost, on a straight-line basis, over the lease term. Amortization of the ROU asset and the change in the lease liability are included in changes in Other long-term assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. A finance lease ROU asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the useful life of the leased asset or lease term. Interest on each finance lease liability is determined as the amount that results in a constant periodic discount rate on the remaining balance of the liability. ROU assets are assessed for impairment in accordance with our long-lived asset impairment policy. We reassess lease classification and remeasure ROU assets and lease liabilities when a lease is modified and that modification is not accounted for as a separate contract or upon certain other events that require reassessment in accordance with ASC 842. Maintenance and property tax expenses are accounted for on an accrual basis as variable lease cost.

We recognize variable lease cost for operating and finance leases in the period when changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur.

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Company as Lessor

Assets leased to franchisees and others under operating leases where we are the lessor and which are included within our property and equipment, net are as follows (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019
Land	$	903
Buildings and improvements	1,131
Restaurant equipment	21
	2,055
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(451		)
Property and equipment leased, net	$	1,604

Our net investment in direct financing leases is as follows (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019
Future rents to be received:
Future minimum lease receipts	$	50
Contingent rents (a)	21
Estimated unguaranteed residual value	15
Unearned income	(28		)
	58
Current portion included within accounts receivables	(11		)
Net investment in property leased to franchisees	$	47


(a)	Amounts represent estimated contingent rents recorded in connection with the acquisition method of accounting.

Property revenues are comprised primarily of lease income from operating leases and earned income on direct financing leases with franchisees as follows (in millions):



	Three months ended September 30, 2019		Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Lease income - operating leases
Minimum lease payments	$	112	$	335
Variable lease payments	100		281
Amortization of favorable and unfavorable income lease contracts, net	1		5
Subtotal - lease income from operating leases	213		621
Earned income on direct financing leases	2		7
Total property revenues	$	215	$	628

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Company as Lessee

Lease cost and other information associated with these lease commitments is as follows (in millions):

Lease Cost (Income)



	Three months ended September 30, 2019			Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	52		$	158
Operating lease variable lease cost	51			151
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	7			20
Interest on lease liabilities	5			16
Sublease income	(164		)	(483		)
Total lease cost (income)	$	(49	)	$	(138	)

Lease Term and Discount Rate as of September 30, 2019



Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years):
Operating leases	11.0 years
Finance leases	11.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases	6.4	%
Finance leases	7.5	%

Other Information for the nine months ended September 30, 2019



Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	145
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	16
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	20
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease obligations	$	5
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease obligations	$	106

Maturity Analysis

As of September 30, 2019, future minimum lease receipts and commitments are as follows (in millions):



	Lease Receipts				Lease Commitments (a)
	Direct Financing Leases		Operating Leases		Finance Leases			Operating Leases
Remainder of 2019	$	3	$	106	$	12		$	49
2020	10		406		46			190
2021	7		383		44			178
2022	5		360		42			166
2023	5		337		39			151
Thereafter	20		1,899		270			961
Total minimum receipts / payments	$	50	$	3,491	453			1,695
Less amount representing interest (b)					(147		)	(518		)
Present value of minimum lease payments					306			1,177
Current portion of lease obligations					(27		)	(122		)
Long-term portion of lease obligations					$	279		$	1,055


(a)	Minimum lease commitments have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $2,298 million due in the future under non-cancelable subleases.


(b)	Calculated using the interest rate for each lease.

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As of December 31, 2018, future minimum lease receipts and commitments are as follows (in millions):



	Lease Receipts				Lease Commitments (a)
	Direct Financing Leases		Operating Leases		Finance Leases			Operating Leases
2019	$	14	$	416	$	38		$	183
2020	10		388		36			172
2021	7		360		34			158
2022	5		331		33			145
2023	5		306		30			130
Thereafter	19		1,704		201			831
Total minimum receipts / payments	$	60	$	3,505	372			$	1,619
Less amount representing interest					(125		)
Present value of minimum finance lease payments					247
Current portion of finance lease obligation					(21		)
Long-term portion of finance lease obligation					$	226


(a)	Minimum lease commitments have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $2,290 million due in the future under non-cancelable subleases.

Note 5. Revenue Recognition

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue resulting from initial and renewal franchise fees paid by franchisees, as well as upfront fees paid by master franchisees, which are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying agreement. We classify these contract liabilities as Other liabilities, net in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table reflects the change in contract liabilities between December 31, 2018 and September 30, 2019 (in millions):



Contract Liabilities	TH			BK			PLK			Consolidated
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	62		$	405		$	19		$	486
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year	(7		)	(30		)	(1		)	(38		)
Increase, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period	6			55			6			67
Impact of foreign currency translation	1			(9		)	—			(8		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	62		$	421		$	24		$	507

The following table illustrates estimated revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2019 (in millions):



Contract liabilities expected to be recognized in	TH		BK		PLK		Consolidated
Remainder of 2019	$	2	$	9	$	—	$	11
2020	8		32		2		42
2021	7		31		2		40
2022	7		31		2		40
2023	6		30		1		37
Thereafter	32		288		17		337
Total	$	62	$	421	$	24	$	507

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Disaggregation of Total Revenues

Total revenues consist of the following (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Sales	$	624	$	609	$	1,735	$	1,743
Royalties	602		557		1,706		1,611
Property revenues	215		192		628		560
Franchise fees and other revenue	17		17		55		58
Total revenues	$	1,458	$	1,375	$	4,124	$	3,972

Note 6. Earnings per Share

An economic interest in Partnership common equity is held by the holders of Class B exchangeable limited partnership units (the “Partnership exchangeable units”), which is reflected as a noncontrolling interest in our equity. See Note 12, Shareholders’ Equity.

Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. We apply the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive weighted average common shares represented by Partnership exchangeable units and outstanding equity awards, unless the effect of their inclusion is anti-dilutive. The diluted earnings per share calculation assumes conversion of 100% of the Partnership exchangeable units under the “if converted” method. Accordingly, the numerator is also adjusted to include the earnings allocated to the holders of noncontrolling interests.

The following table summarizes the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations (in millions, except per share amounts):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Numerator:
Net income attributable to common shareholders - basic	$	201	$	134	$	478	$	449
Add: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	150		116		376		393
Net income available to common shareholders and noncontrolling interests - diluted	$	351	$	250	$	854	$	842

Denominator:
Weighted average common shares - basic	267		251		258		249
Exchange of noncontrolling interests for common shares (Note 12)	197		218		204		218
Effect of other dilutive securities	6		6		7		7
Weighted average common shares - diluted	470		475		469		474

Basic earnings per share (a)	$	0.76	$	0.53	$	1.85	$	1.81
Diluted earnings per share (a)	$	0.75	$	0.53	$	1.82	$	1.78
Anti-dilutive securities outstanding	3		6		3		6

(a) Earnings per share may not recalculate exactly as it is calculated based on unrounded numbers.

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Note 7. Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill

Intangible assets, net and goodwill consist of the following (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Identifiable assets subject to amortization:
Franchise agreements	$	709	$	(214	)	$	495	$	705	$	(194	)	$	511
Favorable leases (a)	129		(64		)	65		407		(200		)	207
Subtotal	838		(278		)	560		1,112		(394		)	718
Indefinite lived intangible assets:
Tim Hortons brand	$	6,425	$	—		$	6,425	$	6,259	$	—		$	6,259
Burger King brand	2,099		—			2,099		2,131		—			2,131
Popeyes brand	1,355		—			1,355		1,355		—			1,355
Subtotal	9,879		—			9,879		9,745		—			9,745
Intangible assets, net						$	10,439						$	10,463

Goodwill
Tim Hortons segment	$	4,140						$	4,038
Burger King segment	593							602
Popeyes segment	846							846
Total	$	5,579						$	5,486


(a)	The decrease in favorable leases reflects the reclassification of favorable leases where we are the lessee to operating lease right-of-use assets in connection with our transition to ASC 842. See Note 4, Leases.

Amortization expense on intangible assets totaled $12 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $17 million for the same period in the prior year. Amortization expense on intangible assets totaled $33 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $53 million for the same period in the prior year. The change in the brands and goodwill balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was due to the impact of foreign currency translation.

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Note 8. Equity Method Investments

The aggregate carrying amount of our equity method investments was $274 million and $259 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and is included as a component of Other assets, net in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. TH and BK both have equity method investments. PLK does not have any equity method investments.

With respect to our TH business, the most significant equity method investment is our 50% joint venture interest with The Wendy’s Company (the “TIMWEN Partnership”), which jointly holds real estate underlying Canadian combination restaurants. Distributions received from this joint venture were $3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Distributions received from this joint venture were $10 million and $9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The aggregate market value of our 15.4% equity interest in Carrols Restaurant Group, Inc. (“Carrols”) based on the quoted market price on September 30, 2019 was approximately $78 million. The aggregate market value of our 9.9% equity interest in BK Brasil Operação e Assessoria a Restaurantes S.A. based on the quoted market price on September 30, 2019 was approximately $111 million. No quoted market prices are available for our other equity method investments.

We have equity interests in entities that own or franchise Tim Hortons or Burger King restaurants. Franchise and property revenues recognized from franchisees that are owned or franchised by entities in which we have an equity interest consist of the following (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenues from affiliates:
Royalties	$	89	$	76	$	254	$	218
Property revenues	8		8		25		26
Franchise fees and other revenue	1		3		7		7
Total	$	98	$	87	$	286	$	251

We recognized $5 million of rent expense associated with the TIMWEN Partnership during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. We recognized $14 million and $15 million of rent expense associated with the TIMWEN Partnership during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had $34 million and $41 million, respectively, of accounts receivable, net from our equity method investments which were recorded in Accounts and notes receivable, net in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(Income) loss from equity method investments reflects our share of investee net income or loss, non-cash dilution gains or losses from changes in our ownership interests in equity method investees and basis difference amortization. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded an increase to the carrying value of our equity method investment balance and a non-cash dilution gain of $11 million related to the merger of one of our equity method investments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded an increase to the carrying value of our equity method investment balance and a non-cash dilution gain of $20 million on the initial public offering by one of our equity method investees.

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Note 9. Other Accrued Liabilities and Other Liabilities, net

Other accrued liabilities (current) and other liabilities, net (noncurrent) consist of the following (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Current:
Dividend payable	$	232	$	207
Interest payable	91		87
Accrued compensation and benefits	52		69
Taxes payable	153		113
Deferred income	35		27
Accrued advertising expenses	27		30
Restructuring and other provisions	6		11
Current portion of operating lease liabilities (a)	122		—
Other	79		93
Other accrued liabilities	$	797	$	637
Noncurrent:
Taxes payable	$	585	$	493
Contract liabilities	507		486
Unfavorable leases (b)	107		192
Derivatives liabilities	267		179
Accrued pension	62		64
Accrued lease straight-lining liability (b)	—		69
Deferred income	26		22
Other	44		42
Other liabilities, net	$	1,598	$	1,547


(a)	Represents the current portion of operating lease liabilities recognized in connection with our transition to ASC 842. See Note 4, Leases.


(b)	The decreases in unfavorable leases and accrued lease straight-lining liability reflect the reclassification of unfavorable leases and lease straight-lining liability where we are the lessee in the underlying operating lease to the right-of-use assets recorded for the underlying lease in connection with our transition to ASC 842. See Note 4, Leases.

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Note 10. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Term Loan B (due February 17, 2024)	$	6,070		$	6,338
2015 4.625% Senior Notes (due January 15, 2022)	1,250			1,250
2017 4.25% Senior Notes (due May 15, 2024)	1,500			1,500
2019 3.875% Senior Notes (due January 15, 2028)	750			—
2017 5.00% Senior Notes (due October 15, 2025)	2,800			2,800
Other (a)	79			150
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs and deferred issue discount	(132		)	(145		)
Total debt, net	12,317			11,893
Less: current maturities of debt (b)	(749		)	(70		)
Total long-term debt	$	11,568		$	11,823


(a)	The decrease in Other reflects the de-recognition of obligations associated with build-to-suit leases recorded under the Previous Standard. Liabilities associated with build-to-suit leases were remeasured and recorded as finance lease liabilities in conjunction with our transition to ASC 842.


(b)	As of September 30, 2019, current maturities of debt includes $750 million of the total outstanding principal balance of the 2015 4.625% Senior Notes (defined below), net of related unamortized deferred financing costs, which is equal to the proceeds received from the issuance of the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes (defined below) that were used to redeem the 2015 4.625% Senior Notes on October 7, 2019.

Credit Facilities

On September 6, 2019, two of our subsidiaries (the "Borrowers") entered into a fourth incremental facility amendment (the "Fourth Incremental Amendment") to the credit agreement governing our senior secured term loan facilities (the "Term Loan Facilities") and our senior secured revolving credit facility (including revolving loans, swingline loans and letters of credit) (the "Revolving Credit Facility" and together with the Term Loan Facilities, the "Credit Facilities"). Under the Fourth Incremental Amendment, (i) we obtained a new term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $750 million (the "Term Loan A"), that was funded on October 7, 2019, with a maturity date of October 7, 2024 (subject to earlier maturity in specified circumstances), (ii) the interest rate applicable to the Term Loan A and Revolving Credit Facility is, at our option, either (a) a base rate, subject to a floor of 1.00%, plus an applicable margin varying from 0.00% to 0.50%, or (b) a Eurocurrency rate, subject to a floor of 0.00%, plus an applicable margin varying between 0.75% and 1.50%, in each case, determined by reference to a net first lien leverage based pricing grid, (iii) the aggregate principal amount of the commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility was increased to $1,000 million effective October 7, 2019, (iv) the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility was extended from October 13, 2022 to October 7, 2024 (subject to earlier maturity in specified circumstances), and (v) the commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility was decreased from 0.25% to 0.15%. The principal amount of the Term Loan A amortizes in quarterly installments equal to $5 million until October 7, 2022 and thereafter in quarterly installments equal to $9 million until maturity, with the balance payable at maturity. The Term Loan A will require compliance with the first lien leverage ratio. Except as described herein, the Fourth Incremental Amendment did not materially change the terms of the Credit Facilities.

Prior to obtaining the Term Loan A, our Credit Facilities included only one senior secured term loan facility (the "Term Loan B" and together with the Term Loan A, the "Term Loan Facilities"). During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, we prepaid $235 million principal amount of our Term Loan B and, in connection with this prepayment, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $4 million that primarily reflects the write-off of related unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts.

As of September 30, 2019, we had no amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility. Funds available under the Revolving Credit Facility may be used to repay other debt, finance debt or share repurchases, fund acquisitions or capital expenditures and for other general corporate purposes. We have a $125 million letter of credit sublimit as part of the Revolving Credit Facility, which reduces our borrowing availability thereunder by the cumulative amount of outstanding letters of credit. Under the Fourth Incremental Amendment, the interest rate applicable to amounts drawn under each letter of credit decreased from a range of 1.25% to 2.00% to a range of 0.75% to 1.50%, depending on our first lien leverage ratio. As of September 30,

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2019, we had $2 million of letters of credit issued against the Revolving Credit Facility, and our borrowing availability was $498 million. As of October 7, 2019, our borrowing availability was $998 million under our Revolving Credit Facility.

2019 Senior Notes

On September 24, 2019, the Borrowers entered into an indenture (the "2019 3.875% Senior Notes Indenture") in connection with the issuance of $750 million of 3.875% first lien senior notes due January 15, 2028 (the "2019 3.875% Senior Notes"). No principal payments are due until maturity and interest is paid semi-annually. On October 7, 2019, the net proceeds from the offering of the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes and a portion of the net proceeds from the Term Loan A were used to redeem the entire outstanding principal balance of $1,250 million of 4.625% first lien secured notes due January 15, 2022 (the "2015 4.625% Senior Notes") and to pay related fees and expenses. In connection with the issuance of the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes, we capitalized approximately $10 million in debt issuance costs.

Obligations under the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis, jointly and severally, by the Borrowers and substantially all of the Borrowers' Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries, including The TDL Group Corp., Burger King Worldwide, Inc., Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, Inc. and substantially all of their respective Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries (the "Note Guarantors"). The 2019 3.875% Senior Notes are first lien senior secured obligations and rank equal in right of payment with all of the existing and future first lien senior debt of the Borrowers and Note Guarantors, including borrowings and guarantees of the Credit Facilities.

Our 2019 3.875% Senior Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part, on or after September 15, 2022 at the redemption prices set forth in the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes Indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, at the date of redemption. The 2019 3.875% Senior Notes Indenture also contains optional redemption provisions related to tender offers, change of control and equity offerings, among others.

TH Facility

One of our subsidiaries entered into a non-revolving delayed drawdown term credit facility in a total aggregate principal amount of C$225 million (increased from C$100 million during the three months ended June 30, 2019) with a maturity date of October 4, 2025 (the “TH Facility”). The interest rate applicable to the TH Facility is the Canadian Bankers’ Acceptance rate plus an applicable margin equal to 1.40% or the Prime Rate plus an applicable margin equal to 0.40%, at our option. Obligations under the TH Facility are guaranteed by three of our subsidiaries, and amounts borrowed under the TH Facility are secured by certain parcels of real estate. As of September 30, 2019, we had outstanding C$100 million under the TH Facility with a weighted average interest rate of 3.36%.

Fair Value Measurement

The following table presents the fair value of our variable rate term debt and senior notes, estimated using inputs based on bid and offer prices that are Level 2 inputs, and principal carrying amount (in millions):



	As of
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Fair value of our variable term debt and senior notes	$	12,557	$	11,237
Principal carrying amount of our variable term debt and senior notes	12,370		11,888

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net consists of the following (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Debt (a)	$	130		$	125		$	382		$	375
Finance lease obligations	5			6			16			18
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt issuance discount	7			8			22			22
Interest income	(5		)	(4		)	(14		)	(10		)
Interest expense, net	$	137		$	135		$	406		$	405


(a)	Amount includes $16 million and $15 million benefit during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $53 million and $39 million benefit during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the amortization of the Excluded Component as defined in Note 13, Derivatives.

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Note 11. Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate was 18.3% and 21.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The effective tax rate during these periods reflects the mix of income from multiple tax jurisdictions, the impact of internal financing arrangements and stock option exercises. Additionally, the effective tax rate during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 reflects a $37 million increase in the provision for unrecognized tax benefits related to a prior restructuring transaction that is not applicable to ongoing operations which increased the effective tax rate by 3.4% during this period. Benefits from stock option exercises reduced the effective tax rate by 1.2% and 2.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

Our effective tax rate was 27.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. This rate was primarily a result of the mix of income from multiple tax jurisdictions, the year to date impact from the realignment of various internal financing arrangements and the increase in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. Our effective tax rate was 15.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. This rate was primarily a result of the mix of income from multiple tax jurisdictions, the benefit from reserve releases due to audit settlements during the first half of 2018, and the realignment of various internal financing arrangements. In addition, benefits from stock option exercises reduced the effective tax rate by 0.9% and 6.9% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

Note 12. Shareholders’ Equity

Noncontrolling Interests

The holders of Partnership exchangeable units held an economic interest of approximately 35.7% and 45.2% in Partnership common equity through the ownership of 165,529,822 and 207,523,591 Partnership exchangeable units as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Partnership exchanged 41,993,769 Partnership exchangeable units, pursuant to exchange notices received. In accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement, Partnership satisfied the exchange notices by exchanging these Partnership exchangeable units for the same number of newly issued RBI common shares. The exchanges represented increases in our ownership interest in Partnership and were accounted for as equity transactions, with no gain or loss recorded in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of operations. Pursuant to the terms of the partnership agreement, upon the exchange of Partnership exchangeable units, each such Partnership exchangeable unit was cancelled concurrently with the exchange.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table displays the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) (in millions):



	Derivatives			Pensions			Foreign Currency Translation			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	253		$	(15	)	$	(1,038	)	$	(800	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—			—			185			185
Net change in fair value of derivatives, net of tax	(89		)	—			—			(89		)
Amounts reclassified to earnings of cash flow hedges, net of tax	7			—			—			7
Amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests	70			(3		)	(234		)	(167		)
Balance at September 30, 2019	$	241		$	(18	)	$	(1,087	)	$	(864	)

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Note 13. Derivative Instruments

Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We enter into derivative instruments for risk management purposes, including derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, derivatives designated as net investment hedges and those utilized as economic hedges. We use derivatives to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Swaps

At September 30, 2019, we had outstanding a series of receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $3,500 million to hedge the variability in the interest payments on a portion of our Term Loan Facilities beginning March 29, 2018 through the expiration of the final swap on February 17, 2024, with each swap resetting each March. Additionally, at September 30, 2019, we also had outstanding receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a total notional value of $500 million to hedge the variability in the interest payments on a portion of our Term Loan Facilities effective September 30, 2019 through the termination date of September 30, 2026. At inception, all of these interest rate swaps were designated as cash flow hedges for hedge accounting. The unrealized changes in market value are recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings during the period in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

During 2015, we entered into a series of receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps with a notional value of $2,500 million to hedge the variability in the interest payments on a portion of our Term Loan Facility beginning May 28, 2015. All of these interest rate swaps were settled on April 26, 2018 for an insignificant cash receipt. At inception, these interest rate swaps were designated as cash flow hedges for hedge accounting. The unrealized changes in market value were recorded in AOCI and reclassified into earnings during the period in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

During 2015, we settled certain interest rate swaps and recognized a net unrealized loss of $85 million in AOCI at the date of settlement. This amount gets reclassified into Interest expense, net as the original hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The amount of pre-tax losses in AOCI as of September 30, 2019 that we expect to be reclassified into interest expense within the next 12 months is $12 million.

Cross-Currency Rate Swaps

To protect the value of our investments in our foreign operations against adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates, we hedge a portion of our net investment in one or more of our foreign subsidiaries by using cross-currency rate swaps. At September 30, 2019, we had outstanding cross-currency rate swap contracts between the Canadian dollar and U.S. dollar and the Euro and U.S. dollar that have been designated as net investment hedges of a portion of our equity in foreign operations in those currencies. The component of the gains and losses on our net investment in these designated foreign operations driven by changes in foreign exchange rates are economically partly offset by movements in the fair value of our cross-currency swap contracts. The fair value of the swaps is calculated each period with changes in fair value reported in AOCI, net of tax. Such amounts will remain in AOCI until the complete or substantially complete liquidation of our investment in the underlying foreign operations.

At September 30, 2019, we had outstanding fixed-to-fixed cross-currency rate swaps to partially hedge the net investment in our Canadian subsidiaries. At inception, these cross-currency rate swaps were designated as a hedge and are accounted for as net investment hedges. These swaps are contracts to exchange quarterly fixed-rate interest payments we make on the Canadian dollar notional amount of C$6,754 million for quarterly fixed-rate interest payments we receive on the U.S. dollar notional amount of $5,000 million through the maturity date of June 30, 2023.

At September 30, 2019, we had outstanding cross-currency rate swaps in which we pay quarterly fixed-rate interest payments on the Euro notional value of €1,108 million and receive quarterly fixed-rate interest payments on the U.S. dollar notional value of $1,200 million. At inception, these cross-currency rate swaps were designated as a hedge and are accounted for as a net investment hedge. During 2018, we extended the term of the swaps from March 31, 2021 to the maturity date of February 17, 2024. The extension of the term resulted in a re-designation of the hedge and the swaps continue to be accounted for as a net investment hedge. Additionally, at September 30, 2019, we also had outstanding cross-currency rate swaps in which we receive quarterly fixed-rate interest payments on the U.S. dollar notional value of $400 million, entered during 2018, and $500 million, entered during 2019, through the maturity date of February 17, 2024. At inception, these cross-currency rate swaps were designated as a hedge and are accounted for as a net investment hedge.

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The fixed to fixed cross-currency rate swaps hedging Canadian dollar and Euro net investments utilized the forward method of effectiveness assessment prior to March 15, 2018. On March 15, 2018, we dedesignated and subsequently redesignated the outstanding fixed to fixed cross-currency rate swaps to prospectively use the spot method of hedge effectiveness assessment. Additionally, as a result of adopting new hedge accounting guidance during 2018, we elected to exclude the interest component (the “Excluded Component”) from the accounting hedge without affecting net investment hedge accounting and elected to amortize the Excluded Component over the life of the derivative instrument. The amortization of the Excluded Component is recognized in Interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The change in fair value that is not related to the Excluded Component is recorded in AOCI and will be reclassified to earnings when the foreign subsidiaries are sold or substantially liquidated.

Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts

We use foreign exchange derivative instruments to manage the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations on U.S. dollar purchases and payments, such as coffee purchases made by our Canadian Tim Hortons operations. At September 30, 2019, we had outstanding forward currency contracts to manage this risk in which we sell Canadian dollars and buy U.S. dollars with a notional value of $132 million with maturities to November 2020. We have designated these instruments as cash flow hedges, and as such, the unrealized changes in market value of effective hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings during the period in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

Credit Risk

By entering into derivative contracts, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk. Counterparty credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is in an asset position, the counterparty has a liability to us, which creates credit risk for us. We attempt to minimize this risk by selecting counterparties with investment grade credit ratings and regularly monitoring our market position with each counterparty.

Credit-Risk Related Contingent Features

Our derivative instruments do not contain any credit-risk related contingent features.

Quantitative Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present the required quantitative disclosures for our derivative instruments, including their estimated fair values (all estimated using Level 2 inputs) and their location on our condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):



	Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges⁽¹⁾
Interest rate swaps	$	(35	)	$	22		$	(156	)	$	46
Forward-currency contracts	$	1		$	(5	)	$	(3	)	$	8
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Cross-currency rate swaps	$	180		$	(83	)	$	25		$	71


(1)	We did not exclude any components from the cash flow hedge relationships presented in this table.

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	Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings	Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
		Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2019			2018			2019			2018
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Interest rate swaps	Interest expense, net	$	(7	)	$	(5	)	$	(14	)	$	(16	)
Forward-currency contracts	Cost of sales	$	—		$	(2	)	$	4		$	1

	Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings	Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings (Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
	Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2019			2018			2019			2018
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Cross-currency rate swaps	Interest expense, net	$	16		$	15		$	53		$	39



	Fair Value as of
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		Balance Sheet Location
Assets:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Foreign currency	$	1	$	7	Prepaids and other current assets
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Foreign currency	39		58		Other assets, net
Total assets at fair value	$	40	$	65

Liabilities:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Interest rate	$	223	$	72	Other liabilities, net
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges
Foreign currency	44		107		Other liabilities, net
Total liabilities at fair value	$	267	$	179

Note 14. Other Operating Expenses (Income), net

Other operating expenses (income), net consist of the following (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net losses (gains) on disposal of assets, restaurant closures, and refranchisings	$	6		$	7		$	(1	)	$	17
Litigation settlements (gains) and reserves, net	1			5			1			(1		)
Net losses (gains) on foreign exchange	(35		)	(3		)	(38		)	(19		)
Other, net	(2		)	17			(6		)	12
Other operating expenses (income), net	$	(30	)	$	26		$	(44	)	$	9

Net losses (gains) on disposal of assets, restaurant closures, and refranchisings represent sales of properties and other costs related to restaurant closures and refranchisings.

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Litigation settlements (gains) and reserves, net primarily reflects accruals and proceeds received in connection with litigation matters.

Net losses (gains) on foreign exchange is primarily related to revaluation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities.

Other, net during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 is comprised primarily of an expense in connection with the settlement of certain provisions associated with the 2017 redemption of our preferred shares as a result of changes in Treasury regulations.

Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business relating to matters including, but not limited to, disputes with franchisees, suppliers, employees and customers, as well as disputes over our intellectual property.

On October 5, 2018, a class action complaint was filed against Burger King Worldwide, Inc. (“BKW”) and Burger King Corporation (“BKC”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida by Jarvis Arrington, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. On October 18, 2018, a second class action complaint was filed against the Company, BKW and BKC in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida by Monique Michel, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. On October 31, 2018, a third class action complaint was filed against BKC and BKW in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida by Geneva Blanchard and Tiffany Miller, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. On November 2, 2018, a fourth class action complaint was filed against the Company, BKW and BKC in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida by Sandra Muster, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. These complaints allege that the defendants violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act by incorporating an employee no-solicitation and no-hiring clause in the standard form franchise agreement all Burger King franchisees are required to sign. Each plaintiff seeks injunctive relief and damages for himself or herself and other members of the class.

In July 2019, a class action complaint was filed against TDL in the Supreme Court of British Columbia by Samir Latifi, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated. The complaint alleges that TDL violated the Canadian Competition Act by incorporating an employee no-solicitation and no-hiring clause in the standard form franchise agreement all Tim Hortons franchisees are required to sign. The plaintiff seeks damages and restitution, on behalf of himself and other members of the class.

While we currently believe these claims are without merit, we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these cases or estimate the range of possible loss, if any.

In March 2019, the Company settled the two class action lawsuits filed in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice against The TDL Group Corp., a subsidiary of the Company (“TDL”), and certain other defendants, as described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 22, 2019. The court approved the settlement on April 29, 2019. Under the terms of the settlement, TDL is contributing C$6 million to the Tim Hortons Advertising Fund in Canada over two years, such amount to be spent on marketing activities. In addition, TDL has paid C$6 million for legal, administrative and other third-party expenses. These amounts were accrued by TDL during 2018.

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Note 16. Segment Reporting

As stated in Note 1, Description of Business and Organization, we manage three brands. Under the Tim Hortons brand, we operate in the donut/coffee/tea category of the quick service segment of the restaurant industry. Under the Burger King brand, we operate in the fast food hamburger restaurant category of the quick service segment of the restaurant industry. Under the Popeyes brand, we operate in the chicken category of the quick service segment of the restaurant industry. Our business generates revenue from the following sources: (i) franchise revenues, consisting primarily of royalties based on a percentage of sales reported by franchise restaurants and franchise fees paid by franchisees; (ii) property revenues from properties we lease or sublease to franchisees; and (iii) sales at restaurants owned by us ("Company restaurants"). In addition, our TH business generates revenue from sales to franchisees related to our supply chain operations, including manufacturing, procurement, warehousing and distribution, as well as sales to retailers. We manage each of our brands as an operating segment and each operating segment represents a reportable segment.

The following tables present revenues, by segment and by country (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenues by operating segment:
TH	$	881	$	854	$	2,472	$	2,440
BK	457		416		1,315		1,224
PLK	120		105		337		308
Total revenues	$	1,458	$	1,375	$	4,124	$	3,972



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenues by country (a):
Canada	$	805	$	776	$	2,245	$	2,214
United States	489		448		1,412		1,319
Other	164		151		467		439
Total revenues	$	1,458	$	1,375	$	4,124	$	3,972


(a)	Only Canada and the United States represented 10% or more of our total revenues in each period presented.

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Our measure of segment income is Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA represents earnings (net income or loss) before interest expense, net, (gain) loss on early extinguishment of debt, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization, adjusted to exclude the non-cash impact of share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense and (income) loss from equity method investments, net of cash distributions received from equity method investments, as well as other operating expenses (income), net. Other specifically identified costs associated with non-recurring projects are also excluded from Adjusted EBITDA, including fees and expenses associated with the Popeyes Acquisition (“PLK Transaction costs”), Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees related to the interpretation and implementation of comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted by the U.S. government on December 22, 2017 and non-operational Office centralization and relocation costs in connection with the centralization and relocation of our Canadian and U.S. restaurant support centers to new offices in Toronto, Ontario, and Miami, Florida, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is used by management to measure operating performance of the business, excluding these non-cash and other specifically identified items that management believes are not relevant to management’s assessment of operating performance or the performance of an acquired business. A reconciliation of segment income to net income (loss) consists of the following (in millions):



	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018		2019			2018
Segment income:
TH	$	301		$	299	$	825		$	830
BK	254			231		728			681
PLK	47			41		129			120
Adjusted EBITDA	602			571		1,682			1,631
Share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense	18			13		62			44
PLK Transaction costs	—			—		—			10
Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees	5			5		22			19
Office centralization and relocation costs	—			4		6			16
Impact of equity method investments (a)	(9		)	—		1			(6		)
Other operating expenses (income), net	(30		)	26		(44		)	9
EBITDA	618			523		1,635			1,539
Depreciation and amortization	47			45		139			138
Income from operations	571			478		1,496			1,401
Interest expense, net	137			135		406			405
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	4			—		4			—
Income tax expense	79			93		232			153
Net income	$	351		$	250	$	854		$	843


(a)	Represents (i) (income) loss from equity method investments and (ii) cash distributions received from our equity method investments. Cash distributions received from our equity method investments are included in segment income.

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Note 17. Subsequent Events

Dividends

On October 3, 2019, we paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per common share to common shareholders of record on September 17, 2019. On such date, Partnership also made a distribution in respect of each Partnership exchangeable unit in the amount of $0.50 per exchangeable unit to holders of record on September 17, 2019.

Our board of directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.50 per common share, which will be paid on January 3, 2020 to common shareholders of record on December 17, 2019. Partnership will also make a distribution in respect of each Partnership exchangeable unit in the amount of $0.50 per Partnership exchangeable unit, and the record date and payment date for distributions on Partnership exchangeable units are the same as the record date and payment date set forth above.

Term Loan A Proceeds and Redemption of Senior Notes

As disclosed in Note 10, Long-Term Debt, the net proceeds from the Term Loan A were obtained on October 7, 2019. The net proceeds from the offering of the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes and a portion of the net proceeds from the Term Loan A were used to redeem the entire outstanding principal balance of the 2015 4.625% Senior Notes on October 7, 2019 and to pay related fees and expenses. Additionally, the aggregate principal amount of the commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility was increased to $1,000 million effective October 7, 2019.

*****

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” of this report.

The following discussion includes information regarding future financial performance and plans, targets, aspirations, expectations, and objectives of management, which constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities laws as described in further detail under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” set forth below. Actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Please refer to the risks and further discussion in the “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” below.

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”). However, this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations also contains certain non-GAAP financial measures to assist readers in understanding our performance. Non-GAAP financial measures either exclude or include amounts that are not reflected in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Where non-GAAP financial measures are used, we have provided the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, a reconciliation to GAAP measures and a discussion of the reasons why management believes this information is useful to it and may be useful to investors.

Operating results for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any other quarter or for the fiscal year and our key business measures, as discussed below, may decrease for any future period. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “RBI”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our” are to Restaurant Brands International Inc. and its subsidiaries, collectively.

Overview

We are one of the world’s largest quick service restaurant (“QSR”) companies with more than $33 billion in system-wide sales and over 26,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries and U.S. territories as of September 30, 2019. Our Tim Hortons®, Burger King®, and Popeyes® brands have similar franchised business models with complementary daypart mixes and product platforms. Our three iconic brands are managed independently while benefiting from global scale and sharing of best practices.

Tim Hortons restaurants are quick service restaurants with a menu that includes premium blend coffee, tea, espresso-based hot and cold specialty drinks, fresh baked goods, including donuts, Timbits®, bagels, muffins, cookies and pastries, grilled paninis, classic sandwiches, wraps, soups, and more. Burger King restaurants are quick service restaurants that feature flame-grilled hamburgers, chicken, and other specialty sandwiches, french fries, soft drinks, and other affordably-priced food items. Popeyes restaurants are quick service restaurants featuring a unique “Louisiana” style menu that includes fried chicken, chicken tenders, fried shrimp, and other seafood, red beans and rice, and other regional items.

We have three operating and reportable segments: (1) Tim Hortons (“TH”); (2) Burger King (“BK”); and (3) Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen (“PLK”). Our business generates revenue from the following sources: (i) franchise revenues, consisting primarily of royalties based on a percentage of sales reported by franchise restaurants and franchise fees paid by franchisees; (ii) property revenues from properties we lease or sublease to franchisees; and (iii) sales at restaurants owned by us (“Company restaurants”). In addition, our TH business generates revenue from sales to franchisees related to our supply chain operations, including manufacturing, procurement, warehousing, and distribution, as well as sales to retailers.

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Operating Metrics

We evaluate our restaurants and assess our business based on the following operating metrics:


•	System-wide sales growth refers to the percentage change in sales at all franchise restaurants and Company restaurants (referred to as system-wide sales) in one period from the same period in the prior year.


•	Comparable sales refers to the percentage change in restaurant sales in one period from the same prior year period for restaurants that have been open for 13 months or longer for TH and BK and 17 months or longer for PLK.


•	System-wide sales growth and comparable sales are measured on a constant currency basis, which means the results exclude the effect of foreign currency translation (“FX Impact”). For system-wide sales growth and comparable sales, we calculate the FX Impact by translating prior year results at current year monthly average exchange rates.

•

Unless otherwise stated, system-wide sales growth, system-wide sales, and comparable sales are presented on a system-wide basis, which means they include franchise restaurants and Company restaurants. System-wide results are driven by our franchise restaurants, as approximately 100% of current system-wide restaurants are franchised. Franchise sales represent sales at all franchise restaurants and are revenues to our franchisees. We do not record franchise sales as revenues; however, our royalty revenues are calculated based on a percentage of franchise sales.


•	Net restaurant growth reflects the percentage change in restaurant count (openings, net of closures) over a trailing twelve-month period, divided by the restaurant count at the beginning of the trailing twelve month period.

Recent Events and Factors Affecting Comparability

Transition to New Lease Accounting Standard

We transitioned to Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), effective January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis using the effective date transition method. Our consolidated financial statements reflect the application of ASC 842 guidance beginning in 2019, while our consolidated financial statements for prior periods were prepared under the guidance of a previously applicable accounting standard.

The most significant effects of this transition that affect comparability of our results of operations between 2019 and 2018 include the following:

•

Beginning on January 1, 2019, we record lease income and lease cost on a gross basis for lessee reimbursements of costs such as property taxes and maintenance when we are the lessor in the lease. Although there was no net impact to our consolidated statement of operations from this change, the presentation resulted in total increases to both franchise and property revenues and franchise and property expenses of $32 million ($22 million related to our TH segment and $10 million related to our BK segment ) during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $99 million ($65 million related to our TH segment, $33 million related to our BK segment and $1 million related to our PLK segment) during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, when such amounts were recorded on a net basis.

•

As described in Note 4, Leases, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the transition provisions of ASC 842 required the reclassification of favorable lease assets and unfavorable lease liabilities where we are the lessee in the underlying lease to the right-of-use (“ROU”) asset recorded for the underlying lease. As a result of this reclassification, the amortization period for certain favorable lease assets and unfavorable lease liabilities was reduced, resulting in $1 million and $5 million net increases in non-cash amortization expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Favorable lease assets and unfavorable lease liabilities associated with leases where we are the lessor were not impacted by our transition to ASC 842.

Please refer to Note 4, Leases, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further details of the effects of this change in accounting principle.

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PLK Transaction Costs

On March 27, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, Inc. (the "Popeyes Acquisition"). In connection with the Popeyes Acquisition, we incurred certain non-recurring fees and expenses (“PLK Transaction costs”) totaling $10 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisting primarily of professional fees and compensation related expenses, all of which are classified as selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We did not incur any PLK Transaction costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Tax Reform

In December 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) that significantly revised the U.S. tax code generally effective January 1, 2018 by, among other changes, lowering the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, limiting deductibility of interest expense and performance based incentive compensation and implementing a modified territorial tax system. As a Canadian entity, we generally would be classified as a foreign entity (and, therefore, a non-U.S. tax resident) under general rules of U.S. federal income taxation. However, we have subsidiaries subject to U.S. federal income taxation and therefore the Tax Act impacted our consolidated results of operations in 2018 and the current period, and is expected to continue to impact our consolidated results of operations in future periods.

We recorded $5 million of costs during each of the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 and $22 million and $19 million of costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which are classified as selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, arising primarily from professional advisory and consulting services associated with corporate restructuring initiatives related to the interpretation and implementation of the Tax Act (“Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees”). We expect to continue to incur and separately disclose Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees related to the Tax Act in 2019.

Office Centralization and Relocation Costs

In connection with the centralization and relocation of our Canadian and U.S. restaurant support centers to new offices in Toronto, Ontario, and Miami, Florida, respectively, we incurred certain non-operational expenses ("Office centralization and relocation costs") totaling $4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $6 million and $16 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, consisting primarily of moving costs and relocation-driven compensation expenses, which are classified as selling, general and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. We did not incur any Office centralization and relocation costs during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and do not expect to separately disclose additional Office centralization and relocation costs.

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Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

Tabular amounts in millions of U.S. dollars unless noted otherwise. Segment income may not calculate exactly due to rounding.



Consolidated	Three Months Ended September 30,						Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact			Nine Months Ended September 30,						Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact
	2019			2018			Favorable / (Unfavorable)									2019			2018			Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Revenues:
Sales	$	624		$	609		$	15		$	(5	)	$	20		$	1,735		$	1,743		$	(8	)	$	(44	)	$	36
Franchise and property revenues	834			766			68			(8		)	76			2,389			2,229			160			(49		)	209
Total revenues	1,458			1,375			83			(13		)	96			4,124			3,972			152			(93		)	245
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of sales	475			470			(5		)	4			(9		)	1,334			1,348			14			34			(20		)
Franchise and property expenses	133			107			(26		)	1			(27		)	401			314			(87		)	7			(94		)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	320			298			(22		)	2			(24		)	948			917			(31		)	11			(42		)
(Income) loss from equity method investments	(11		)	(4		)	7			—			7			(11		)	(17		)	(6		)	(3		)	(3		)
Other operating expenses (income), net	(30		)	26			56			—			56			(44		)	9			53			(2		)	55
Total operating costs and expenses	887			897			10			7			3			2,628			2,571			(57		)	47			(104		)
Income from operations	571			478			93			(6		)	99			1,496			1,401			95			(46		)	141
Interest expense, net	137			135			(2		)	—			(2		)	406			405			(1		)	—			(1		)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	4			—			(4		)	—			(4		)	4			—			(4		)	—			(4		)
Income before income taxes	430			343			87			(6		)	93			1,086			996			90			(46		)	136
Income tax expense	79			93			14			9			5			232			153			(79		)	11			(90		)
Net income	$	351		$	250		$	101		$	3		$	98		$	854		$	843		$	11		$	(35	)	$	46


(a)	We calculate the FX Impact by translating prior year results at current year monthly average exchange rates. We analyze these results on a constant currency basis as this helps identify underlying business trends, without distortion from the effects of currency movements.



TH Segment	Three Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact			Nine Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact
	2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)									2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Revenues:
Sales	$	584	$	571	$	13		$	(5	)	$	18		$	1,618	$	1,627	$	(9	)	$	(44	)	$	35
Franchise and property revenues	297		283		14			(3		)	17			854		813		41			(22		)	63
Total revenues	881		854		27			(8		)	35			2,472		2,440		32			(66		)	98
Cost of sales	441		437		(4		)	4			(8		)	1,233		1,250		17			34			(17		)
Franchise and property expenses	91		72		(19		)	1			(20		)	268		210		(58		)	6			(64		)
Segment SG&A	77		76		(1		)	—			(1		)	236		238		2			6			(4		)
Segment depreciation and amortization (b)	28		26		(2		)	—			(2		)	80		78		(2		)	2			(4		)
Segment income (c)	301		299		2			(2		)	4			825		830		(5		)	(22		)	17


(b)	Segment depreciation and amortization consists of depreciation and amortization included in cost of sales and franchise and property expenses.


(c)	TH segment income includes $3 million and $4 million of cash distributions received from equity method investments for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. TH segment income includes $11 million and $10 million of cash distributions received from equity method investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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BK Segment	Three Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact			Nine Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact
	2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)									2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Revenues:
Sales	$	19	$	18	$	1		$	—		$	1		$	57	$	56	$	1		$	—		$	1
Franchise and property revenues	438		398		40			(5		)	45			1,258		1,168		90			(26		)	116
Total revenues	457		416		41			(5		)	46			1,315		1,224		91			(26		)	117
Cost of sales	18		17		(1		)	—			(1		)	53		50		(3		)	—			(3		)
Franchise and property expenses	39		33		(6		)	—			(6		)	124		97		(27		)	1			(28		)
Segment SG&A	159		147		(12		)	—			(12		)	449		433		(16		)	2			(18		)
Segment depreciation and amortization (b)	12		12		—			—			—			37		36		(1		)	—			(1		)
Segment income (d)	254		231		23			(4		)	27			728		681		47			(23		)	70


(d)	No cash distributions were received from equity method investments for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. BK segment income includes $2 million and $1 million of cash distributions received from equity method investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.



PLK Segment	Three Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)		Variance Excluding FX Impact			Nine Months Ended September 30,				Variance			FX Impact (a)			Variance Excluding FX Impact
	2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)								2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Revenues:
Sales	$	21	$	20	$	1		$	—	$	1		$	60	$	60	$	—		$	—		$	—
Franchise and property revenues	99		85		14			—		14			277		248		29			(1		)	30
Total revenues	120		105		15			—		15			337		308		29			(1		)	30
Cost of sales	16		16		—			—		—			48		48		—			—			—
Franchise and property expenses	3		2		(1		)	—		(1		)	9		7		(2		)	—			(2		)
Segment SG&A	56		48		(8		)	—		(8		)	159		141		(18		)	—			(18		)
Segment depreciation and amortization (b)	2		3		1			—		1			8		8		—			—			—
Segment income	47		41		6			—		6			129		120		9			(1		)	10

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	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Key Business Metrics	2019			2018			2019			2018
System-wide sales growth
TH	(0.1		)%	2.8		%	0.6		%	2.4		%
BK	10.7		%	7.8		%	9.6		%	9.1		%
PLK	15.6		%	7.9		%	10.5		%	9.8		%
Consolidated	8.9		%	6.7		%	7.8		%	7.7		%
System-wide sales
TH	$	1,774		$	1,793		$	5,037		$	5,143
BK	$	6,010		$	5,544		$	17,016		$	16,096
PLK	$	1,103		$	956		$	3,070		$	2,797
Consolidated	$	8,887		$	8,293		$	25,123		$	24,036
Comparable sales
TH	(1.4		)%	0.6		%	(0.5		)%	0.1		%
BK	4.8		%	1.0		%	3.6		%	2.1		%
PLK	9.7		%	0.5		%	4.5		%	2.1		%

							As of September 30,
							2019			2018
Net restaurant growth
TH							1.7		%	2.7		%
BK							5.8		%	6.1		%
PLK							5.6		%	7.6		%
Consolidated							5.0		%	5.6		%
Restaurant count
TH							4,887			4,805
BK							18,232			17,239
PLK							3,192			3,022
Consolidated							26,311			25,066

Comparable Sales

TH comparable sales were (1.4)% during the three months ended September 30, 2019, including Canada comparable sales of (1.2)%. TH comparable sales were (0.5)% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, including Canada comparable sales of (0.3)%.

BK comparable sales were 4.8% during the three months ended September 30, 2019, including U.S. comparable sales of 5.0%. BK comparable sales were 3.6% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, including U.S. comparable sales of 2.0%.

PLK comparable sales were 9.7% during the three months ended September 30, 2019, including U.S. comparable sales of 10.2%. PLK comparable sales were 4.5% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, including U.S. comparable sales of 4.6%.

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Sales and Cost of Sales

Sales include TH supply chain sales and sales from Company restaurants. TH supply chain sales represent sales of products, supplies and restaurant equipment, as well as sales to retailers. Sales from Company restaurants, including sales by our consolidated TH Restaurant VIEs, represent restaurant-level sales to our guests.

Cost of sales includes costs associated with the management of our TH supply chain, including cost of goods, direct labor and depreciation, as well as the cost of products sold to retailers. Cost of sales also includes food, paper and labor costs of Company restaurants.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in sales was driven primarily by an increase of $18 million in our TH segment, partially offset by an unfavorable FX Impact of $5 million. The increase in our TH segment was driven by a $12 million increase in supply chain sales and a $6 million increase in Company restaurant revenue.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the decrease in sales was driven by an unfavorable FX Impact of $44 million, partially offset by an increase of $35 million in our TH segment driven primarily by an increase in supply chain sales.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in cost of sales was driven primarily by an increase of $8 million in our TH segment, partially offset by a $4 million favorable FX Impact. The increase in our TH segment was driven primarily by an increase of $6 million in Company restaurant cost of sales and an increase in supply chain cost of sales.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the decrease in cost of sales was driven primarily by a $34 million favorable FX Impact, partially offset by an increase of $17 million in our TH segment and an increase of $3 million in our BK segment. The increase in our TH segment was driven primarily by an increase in supply chain cost of sales due to the increase in supply chain sales.

Franchise and Property

Franchise and property revenues consist primarily of royalties earned on franchise sales, rents from real estate leased or subleased to franchisees, franchise fees, and other revenue. Franchise and property expenses consist primarily of depreciation of properties leased to franchisees, rental expense associated with properties subleased to franchisees, amortization of franchise agreements, and bad debt expense (recoveries).

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in franchise and property revenues was driven by an increase of $45 million in our BK segment, an increase of $17 million in our TH segment, and an increase of $14 million in our PLK segment, partially offset by an $8 million unfavorable FX Impact. The increases in our BK and PLK segments were primarily driven by increases in royalties as a result of system-wide sales growth.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in franchise and property revenues was driven by an increase of $116 million in our BK segment, an increase of $63 million in our TH segment, and an increase of $30 million in our PLK segment, partially offset by a $49 million unfavorable FX Impact. The increases in our BK and PLK segments were primarily driven by increases in royalties as a result of system-wide sales growth.

Additionally, the increase in franchise and property revenues in all of our segments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 reflected the gross recognition of property income from lessee reimbursements of costs such as property taxes and maintenance when we are the lessor in the lease as a result of the application of ASC 842 beginning January 1, 2019.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in franchise and property expenses was driven by an increase of $20 million in our TH segment and an increase of $6 million in our BK segment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in franchise and property expenses was driven by an increase of $64 million in our TH segment, an increase of $28 million in our BK segment, and an increase of $2 million in our PLK segment, partially offset by a $7 million favorable FX Impact. The increase in all of our segments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was driven by the gross recognition of property expense for costs such as property taxes and maintenance paid by us and reimbursed by lessees when we are the lessor in the lease as a result of the application of ASC 842 beginning January 1, 2019.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Our selling, general and administrative expenses were comprised of the following:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Variance					Nine Months Ended September 30,				Variance
	Three Months Ended September 30,				$			%		Nine Months Ended September 30,				$			%
	2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)					2019		2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Segment SG&A:
TH	$	77	$	76	$	(1	)	(1.3	)%	$	236	$	238	$	2		0.8	%
BK	159		147		(12		)	(8.2	)%	449		433		(16		)	(3.7	)%
PLK	56		48		(8		)	(16.7	)%	159		141		(18		)	(12.8	)%
Share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense	18		13		(5		)	(38.5	)%	62		44		(18		)	(40.9	)%
Depreciation and amortization	5		5		—			—	%	14		16		2			12.5	%
PLK Transaction costs	—		—		—			—	%	—		10		10			NM
Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees	5		5		—			—	%	22		19		(3		)	(15.8	)%
Office centralization and relocation costs	—		4		4			NM		6		16		10			62.5	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	320	$	298	$	(22	)	(7.4	)%	$	948	$	917	$	(31	)	(3.4	)%

NM - not meaningful

Segment selling, general and administrative expenses (“Segment SG&A”) include segment selling expenses, which consist primarily of advertising fund expenses, and segment general and administrative expenses, which are comprised primarily of salary and employee-related costs for non-restaurant employees, professional fees, information technology systems, and general overhead for our corporate offices. Segment SG&A excludes share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, PLK Transaction costs, Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees, and Office centralization and relocation costs.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in Segment SG&A in our BK and PLK segments is primarily due to an increase in advertising fund expenses.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the increase in share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense was primarily due to an increase in the number of equity awards granted during 2019 and an increase associated with equity award modifications in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

(Income) Loss from Equity Method Investments

The change in (income) loss from equity method investments during the three months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily driven by the recognition of an $11 million non-cash dilution gain during 2019 from the issuance of additional shares in connection with a merger by one of our equity method investees, partially offset by an increase in equity method investment net losses that we recognized during the current year.

The change in (income) loss from equity method investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily driven by the recognition of an $11 million non-cash dilution gain during 2019 (described above), a $20 million non-cash dilution gain during 2018 on the initial public offering by one of our equity method investees and a decrease in equity method investment net losses that we recognized during the current year.

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Other Operating Expenses (Income), net

Our other operating expenses (income), net were comprised of the following:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net losses (gains) on disposal of assets, restaurant closures, and refranchisings	$	6		$	7		$	(1	)	$	17
Litigation settlements (gains) and reserves, net	1			5			1			(1		)
Net losses (gains) on foreign exchange	(35		)	(3		)	(38		)	(19		)
Other, net	(2		)	17			(6		)	12
Other operating expenses (income), net	$	(30	)	$	26		$	(44	)	$	9

Net losses (gains) on disposal of assets, restaurant closures, and refranchisings represent sales of properties and other costs related to restaurant closures and refranchisings.

Litigation settlements (gains) and reserves, net primarily reflects payments made and proceeds received in connection with litigation matters.

Net losses (gains) on foreign exchange is primarily related to revaluation of foreign denominated assets and liabilities.

Interest Expense, net

Our interest expense, net and the weighted average interest rate on our long-term debt were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Interest expense, net	$	137		$	135		$	406		$	405
Weighted average interest rate on long-term debt	5.1		%	5.1		%	5.1		%	4.9		%

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, interest expense, net increased primarily due to an increase in the weighted average interest rate in the current year partially offset by a $53 million benefit during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to a $39 million benefit during the period from March 15, 2018 to September 30, 2018 related to the amortization of amounts other than currency movements of our net investment hedges, which is excluded from the accounting hedge. Refer to Note 13, Derivative Instruments, to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further details of the effects of this excluded component.

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, we prepaid $235 million principal amount of our existing senior secured term loan and, in connection with this prepayment, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt of $4 million that primarily reflects the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts.

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate was 18.3% and 27.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in our effective tax rate reflects the non-recurrence of the cumulative impact in the 2018 quarter of certain aspects of U.S. corporate tax reform as well as the benefit in 2019 of internal financing arrangements and a higher tax benefit from stock option exercises. The effective tax rate was reduced by 1.2% and 0.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of benefits from stock option exercises. We expect quarter-to-quarter volatility in the impact of stock option exercises on our effective tax rate based on fluctuations in stock option exercises.

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Our effective tax rate was 21.4% and 15.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 reflects a $37 million increase in the provision for unrecognized tax benefits related to a prior restructuring transaction that is not applicable to ongoing operations which increased our effective tax rate by 3.4% for the period. The increase in our effective tax rate also reflects a lower tax benefit from stock option exercises and the benefit from reserve releases in 2018 due to audit settlements, partially offset by the benefits of internal financing arrangements in 2019. The effective tax rate was reduced by 2.9% and 6.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as a result of benefits from stock option exercises.

Net Income

We reported net income of $351 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to net income of $250 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in net income is primarily due to a $56 million favorable change in the results from other operating expenses (income), net, a $31 million increase in segment income in all of our segments, a $14 million decrease in income tax expense, a $9 million favorable change from the impact of equity method investments, and the non-recurrence of $4 million of Office centralization and relocation costs. These factors were partially offset by a $5 million increase in share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense, a $4 million loss on early extinguishment of debt in the current year, a $2 million increase in depreciation and amortization, and a $2 million increase in interest expense, net.

We reported net income of $854 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to net income of $843 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase in net income is primarily due to a $53 million favorable change in the results from other operating expenses (income), a $47 million increase in BK segment income, the non-recurrence of $10 million of PLK Transaction costs incurred in the prior period, a $10 million decrease in Office centralization and relocation costs, and a $9 million increase in PLK segment income. These factors were partially offset by a $79 million increase in income tax expense, an $18 million increase in share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense, a $7 million unfavorable change from the impact of equity method investments, a $5 million decrease in TH segment income, a $4 million loss on early extinguishment of debt in the current year, and a $3 million increase in Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees.

Non-GAAP Reconciliations

The table below contains information regarding EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, which are non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures do not have a standardized meaning under U.S. GAAP and may differ from similar captioned measures of other companies in our industry. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in assessing our operating performance, as they provide them with the same tools that management uses to evaluate our performance and is responsive to questions we receive from both investors and analysts. By disclosing these non-GAAP measures, we intend to provide investors with a consistent comparison of our operating results and trends for the periods presented. EBITDA is defined as earnings (net income or loss) before interest expense, net, loss on early extinguishment of debt, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization and is used by management to measure operating performance of the business. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA excluding the non-cash impact of share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense and (income) loss from equity method investments, net of cash distributions received from equity method investments, as well as other operating expenses (income), net. Other specifically identified costs associated with non-recurring projects are also excluded from Adjusted EBITDA, including PLK Transaction costs associated with the Popeyes Acquisition, Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees related to the interpretation and implementation of the Tax Act, including Treasury regulations proposed in late 2018, and non-operational Office centralization and relocation costs in connection with the centralization and relocation of our Canadian and U.S. restaurant support centers to new offices in Toronto, Ontario, and Miami, Florida, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is used by management to measure operating performance of the business, excluding these non-cash and other specifically identified items that management believes are not relevant to management’s assessment of operating performance or the performance of an acquired business. Adjusted EBITDA, as defined above, also represents our measure of segment income for each of our three operating segments.

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	Three Months Ended September 30,					Variance					Nine Months Ended September 30,						Variance
	Three Months Ended September 30,					$			%		Nine Months Ended September 30,						$			%
	2019			2018		Favorable / (Unfavorable)					2019			2018			Favorable / (Unfavorable)
Segment income:
TH	$	301		$	299	$	2		0.7	%	$	825		$	830		$	(5	)	(0.6	)%
BK	254			231		23			10.0	%	728			681			47			6.9	%
PLK	47			41		6			12.3	%	129			120			9			7.3	%
Adjusted EBITDA	602			571		31			5.3	%	1,682			1,631			51			3.1	%
Share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense	18			13		(5		)	(38.5	)%	62			44			(18		)	(40.9	)%
PLK Transaction costs	—			—		—			NM		—			10			10			NM
Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees	5			5		—			—	%	22			19			(3		)	(15.8	)%
Office centralization and relocation costs	—			4		4			NM		6			16			10			62.5	%
Impact of equity method investments (a)	(9		)	—		9			NM		1			(6		)	(7		)	NM
Other operating expenses (income), net	(30		)	26		56			NM		(44		)	9			53			NM
EBITDA	618			523		95			18.2	%	1,635			1,539			96			6.2	%
Depreciation and amortization	47			45		(2		)	(4.4	)%	139			138			(1		)	(0.7	)%
Income from operations	571			478		93			19.5	%	1,496			1,401			95			6.8	%
Interest expense, net	137			135		(2		)	(1.5	)%	406			405			(1		)	(0.2	)%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	4			—		(4		)	NM		4			—			(4		)	NM
Income tax expense	79			93		14			15.1	%	232			153			(79		)	(51.6	)%
Net income	$	351		$	250	$	101		40.4	%	$	854		$	843		$	11		1.3	%

NM - not meaningful


(a)	Represents (i) (income) loss from equity method investments and (ii) cash distributions received from our equity method investments. Cash distributions received from our equity method investments are included in segment income.

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2019 reflects the increases in segment income in all of our segments. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 reflects the increases in segment income in our BK and PLK segments, partially offset by a decrease in our TH segment.

The increase in EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2019 is primarily due to favorable results from other operating expenses (income), net in the current period, increases in segment income in all our segments, favorable results from the impact of equity method investments, and the non-recurrence of Office centralization and relocation costs, partially offset by an increase in share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense.

The increase in EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 is primarily due to favorable results from other operating expenses (income), net in the current period, an increase in segment income in our BK and PLK segments, the non-recurrence of PLK Transaction costs and a decrease in Office centralization and relocation cost, partially offset by an increase in share-based compensation and non-cash incentive compensation expense, unfavorable results from the impact of equity method investments, a decrease in segment income in our TH segment, and an increase in Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash generated by operations, and borrowings available under our Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below). We have used, and may in the future use, our liquidity to make required interest and/or principal payments, to repurchase our common shares, to repurchase Class B exchangeable limited partnership units of Partnership (“Partnership exchangeable units”), to voluntarily prepay and repurchase our or one of our affiliate’s outstanding debt, to fund our investing activities, and to pay dividends on our common shares and make distributions on the Partnership exchangeable units. As a result of our borrowings, we are highly leveraged. Our liquidity requirements are significant, primarily due to debt service requirements.

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As of September 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1,732 million, working capital of $196 million and borrowing availability of $498 million under our Revolving Credit Facility (defined below). During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we issued $750 million of 3.875% first lien senior notes and the net proceeds, reflected in our September 30, 2019 cash and cash equivalents balance, as well as proceeds received from the Term Loan A (defined below) on October 7, 2019, were used to redeem the entire outstanding principal balance of $1,250 million of our 2015 4.625% Senior Notes (defined below) on October 7, 2019. Additionally, in connection with an amendment to our credit agreement, the aggregate principal amount of the commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility (defined below) was increased to $1,000 million effective October 7, 2019. Based on our current level of operations and available cash, we believe our cash flow from operations, combined with availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our current obligations, debt service requirements and capital spending over the next twelve months.

On August 2, 2016, our board of directors approved a share repurchase authorization that allows us to purchase up to $300 million of our common shares through July 2021. Repurchases under the Company’s authorization will be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. On August 2, 2019, we announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”) had accepted the notice of our intention to renew the normal course issuer bid. Under this normal course issuer bid, we are permitted to repurchase up to 24,853,565 common shares for the one-year period commencing on August 8, 2019 and ending on August 7, 2020, or earlier if we complete the repurchases prior to such date. Under our prior normal course issuer bid that commenced on August 8, 2018, we sought and received approval from the TSX to purchase up to 24,087,172 common shares and did not repurchase any common shares for cancellation in the past 12 months. Share repurchases under the normal course issuer bid will be made through the facilities of the TSX, the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) and/or other exchanges and alternative Canadian or foreign trading systems, if eligible, or by such other means as may be permitted by the TSX and/or the NYSE under applicable law. Shareholders may obtain a copy of the prior notice, free of charge, by contacting us.

Prior to the Tax Act, we provided deferred taxes on certain undistributed foreign earnings. Under our transition to a modified territorial tax system whereby all previously untaxed undistributed foreign earnings are subject to a transition tax charge at reduced rates and future repatriations of foreign earnings will generally be exempt from U.S. tax, we wrote off the existing deferred tax liability on undistributed foreign earnings and recorded the impact of the new transition tax charge on foreign earnings during the fourth quarter of 2017. We will continue to monitor available evidence and our plans for foreign earnings and expect to continue to provide any applicable deferred taxes based on the tax liability or withholding taxes that would be due upon repatriation of amounts not considered permanently reinvested.

Debt Instruments and Debt Service Requirements

As of September 30, 2019, our long-term debt consists primarily of borrowings under our Credit Facilities, amounts outstanding under our 2015 4.625% Senior Notes, 2017 4.25% Senior Notes, 2019 3.875% Senior Notes, 2017 5.00% Senior Notes and TH Facility (each as defined below), and obligations under finance leases. For further information about our long-term debt, see Note 10 to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Credit Facilities

On September 6, 2019, two of our subsidiaries (the "Borrowers") entered into a fourth incremental facility amendment (the "Fourth Incremental Amendment") to the credit agreement governing our senior secured term loan facilities (the "Term Loan Facilities") and our senior secured revolving credit facility (including revolving loans, swingline loans and letters of credit) (the "Revolving Credit Facility" and together with the Term Loan Facilities, the "Credit Facilities"). Under the Fourth Incremental Amendment, (i) we obtained a new term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $750 million (the "Term Loan A"), that was funded on October 7, 2019, with a maturity date of October 7, 2024 (subject to earlier maturity in specified circumstances), (ii) the interest rate applicable to the Term Loan A and Revolving Credit Facility is, at our option, either (a) a base rate, subject to floor of 1.00%, plus an applicable margin varying from 0.00% to 0.50%, or (b) a Eurocurrency rate, subject to a floor of 0.00%, plus an applicable margin varying between 0.75% and 1.50%, in each case, determined by reference to a net first lien leverage based pricing grid, (iii) the aggregate principal amount of the commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility was increased to $1,000 million effective October 7, 2019, (iv) the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility was extended from October 13, 2022 to October 7, 2024 (subject to earlier maturity in specified circumstances), and (v) the commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility was decreased from 0.25% to 0.15%. The principal amount of the Term Loan A amortizes in quarterly installments equal to $5 million until October 7, 2022 and thereafter in quarterly installments equal to $9 million until maturity, with the balance payable at maturity. The Term Loan A will require compliance with the first lien leverage ratio. Except as described herein, the Fourth Incremental Amendment did not materially change the terms of the Credit Facilities.

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prepaid $235 million principal amount of our Term Loan B. As a result of this prepayment, we are not required to make any principal payments on the Term Loan B until March 31, 2023. As such, as of October 7, 2019, there was $6,820 million outstanding principal amount under our Term Loan Facilities with a weighted average interest rate of 4.18%. Based on the amounts outstanding under the Term Loan Facilities as of October 7, 2019 and LIBOR as of September 30, 2019, subject to a floor of 0.00% for the Term Loan A and a floor of 1.00% for the Term Loan B, required debt service for the next twelve months is estimated to be approximately $289 million in interest payments and $14 million in principal payments. In addition, based on LIBOR as of September 30, 2019, net cash settlements that we expect to pay on our $4,000 million interest rate swap are estimated to be approximately $26 million for the next twelve months.

The interest rate applicable to borrowings under our Term Loan B is, at our option, either (i) a base rate, subject to a floor of 2.00%, plus an applicable margin of 1.25% or (ii) a Eurocurrency rate, subject to a floor of 1.00%, plus an applicable margin of 2.25%.

As of September 30, 2019, we had no amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility, had $2 million of letters of credit issued against the Revolving Credit Facility, and our borrowing availability was $498 million. As of October 7, 2019, we had borrowing availability of $998 million under our Revolving Credit Facility. Funds available under the Revolving Credit Facility may be used to repay other debt, finance debt or share repurchases, fund acquisitions or capital expenditures, and for other general corporate purposes. We have a $125 million letter of credit sublimit as part of the Revolving Credit Facility, which reduces our borrowing availability thereunder by the cumulative amount of outstanding letters of credit. Under the Fourth Incremental Amendment, the interest rate applicable to amounts drawn under each letter of credit decreased from a range of 1.25% to 2.00% to a range of 0.75% to 1.50%, depending on our first lien leverage ratio.

Senior Notes

Obligations under the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis, jointly and severally, by the Borrowers and substantially all of the Borrowers' Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries, including The TDL Group Corp., Burger King Worldwide, Inc., Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen, Inc. and substantially all of their respective Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries (the "Note Guarantors"). The 2019 3.875% Senior Notes are first lien senior secured obligations and rank equal in right of payment with all of the existing and future senior debt of the Borrowers and Note Guarantors, including borrowings and guarantees of the Credit Facilities.

The Borrowers are also party to (i) an indenture (the “2017 4.25% Senior Notes Indenture”) in connection with the issuance of $1,500 million of 4.25% first lien senior secured notes due May 15, 2024 (the “2017 4.25% Senior Notes”) and (ii) an indenture (the “2017 5.00% Senior Notes Indenture”) in connection with the issuance of $2,800 million of 5.00% second lien senior secured notes due October 15, 2025 (the “2017 5.00% Senior Notes”). No principal payments are due on the 2017 4.25% Senior Notes and 2017 5.00% Senior Notes until maturity and interest is paid semi-annually.

Based on the amounts outstanding at October 7, 2019 after the redemption of the 2015 4.625% Senior Notes, required debt service for the next twelve months on all of the Senior Notes outstanding is approximately $233 million in interest payments.

TH Facility

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Restrictions and Covenants

As of September 30, 2019, we were in compliance with all debt covenants under the Credit Facilities, the TH Facility, 2015 4.625% Senior Notes Indenture, 2017 4.25% Senior Notes Indenture, 2019 3.875% Senior Notes Indenture, and 2017 5.00% Senior Notes Indenture, and there were no limitations on our ability to draw on the remaining availability under our Revolving Credit Facility and TH Facility.

Cash Dividends

On October 3, 2019, we paid a dividend of $0.50 per common share and Partnership made a distribution in respect of each Partnership exchangeable unit in the amount of $0.50 per Partnership exchangeable unit.

In addition, because we are a holding company, our ability to pay cash dividends on our common shares may be limited by restrictions under our debt agreements. Although we do not have a formal dividend policy, our board of directors may, subject to compliance with the covenants contained in our debt agreements and other considerations, determine to pay dividends in the future. We expect to pay all dividends from cash generated from our operations.

Outstanding Security Data

As of October 24, 2019, we had outstanding 298,114,230 common shares and one special voting share. The special voting share is held by a trustee, entitling the trustee to that number of votes on matters on which holders of common shares are entitled to vote equal to the number of Partnership exchangeable units outstanding. The trustee is required to cast such votes in accordance with voting instructions provided by holders of Partnership exchangeable units. At any shareholder meeting of the Company, holders of our common shares vote together as a single class with the special voting share except as otherwise provided by law. For information on our share-based compensation and our outstanding equity awards, see Note 15 to the audited consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities on February 22, 2019.

There were 165,514,822 Partnership exchangeable units outstanding as of October 24, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Partnership exchanged 41,993,769 Partnership exchangeable units pursuant to exchange notices received. Since December 12, 2015, the holders of Partnership exchangeable units have had the right to require Partnership to exchange all or any portion of such holder’s Partnership exchangeable units for our common shares at a ratio of one share for each Partnership exchangeable unit, subject to our right as the general partner of Partnership to determine to settle any such exchange for a cash payment in lieu of our common shares.

Comparative Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $911 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $673 million during the same period in the prior year. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was driven by a decrease in income tax payments, primarily due to the 2018 payment of accrued income taxes related to the December 2017 redemption of preferred shares, an increase in BK segment income and an increase in PLK segment income. These factors were partially offset by an increase in interest payments and a decrease in TH segment income.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities was $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $28 million of cash used for investing activities during the same period in the prior year. The change in investing activities was driven by an increase in net proceeds from disposal of assets, restaurant closures and refranchisings and a decrease in capital expenditures.

Financing Activities

Cash used for financing activities was $106 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $589 million during the same period in the prior year. The change in financing activities was driven primarily by proceeds from the issuance of the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes during 2019, an increase in proceeds from stock option exercises, proceeds from

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derivatives and the non-recurrence of the 2018 payments in connection with the December 2017 redemption of preferred shares, partially offset by Term Loan B prepayments during 2019, an increase in RBI common share dividends and distributions on Partnership exchangeable units and payment of financing costs.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Except as described herein, there were no material changes to our contractual obligations, which are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities on February 22, 2019, other than the following.

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, we issued the 2019 3.875% Senior Notes and prepaid $235 million principal amount of the Term Loan B. Additionally, on October 7, 2019, we obtained the proceeds from the Term Loan A and redeemed all of the outstanding 2015 4.625% Senior Notes. Each of these terms is defined and described above. The following table provides contractual obligations as of September 30, 2019 and an update as of October 7, 2019, which reflects all of the debt transactions disclosed above, of the contractual obligations under our Credit Facilities, senior notes and other long term debt presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.



			Payment Due by Period as of October 7, 2019
Contractual Obligations	Total as of September 30, 2019		Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More Than 5 Years
			(In millions)
Credit Facilities, including interest (a)	$	7,235	$	8,104	$	305	$	617	$	6,558	$	624
Senior Notes, including interest (b)	7,683		6,432		233		466		1,942		3,791
Other long term debt	92		92		3		10		19		60


(a)	We have estimated our interest payments through the maturity of our Credit Facilities based on LIBOR as of September 30, 2019.


(b)	Amounts included herein for the Senior Notes exclude amounts for the Tim Hortons Notes.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 – New Accounting Pronouncements in the notes to the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

There were no material changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to the disclosures made in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities on February 22, 2019.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and Exchange Act Rules 15d-15(e)) as of September 30, 2019. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of such date.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, confirm there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company modified existing controls and processes to support the adoption of the new lease accounting standard that the Company adopted as of January 1, 2019 which included the implementation of a new lease accounting system. There were no significant changes to the Company's internal control over financial reporting due to the adoption of the new standard.

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain information contained in this report, including information regarding future financial performance and plans, targets, aspirations, expectations, and objectives of management, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward-looking information within the meaning of Canadian securities laws. We refer to all of these as forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are forward-looking in nature and, accordingly, are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of words such as “believe”, “anticipate”, “expect”, “intend”, “estimate”, “plan”, “continue”, “will”, “may”, “could”, “would”, “target”, “potential” and other similar expressions and include, without limitation, statements regarding our expectations or beliefs regarding (i) our future financial obligations, including annual debt service requirements, capital expenditures and dividend payments, our ability to meet such obligations and the source of funds used to satisfy such obligations; (ii) the amount and timing of additional Corporate restructuring and tax advisory fees related to the Tax Act and Office centralization and relocation costs; (iii) certain tax matters, including the impact of the Tax Act on future periods; (iv) the amount of net cash settlements we expect to pay on our derivative instruments; and (v) certain accounting matters, including the impact of changes in accounting and our transition to ASC 842.

Our forward-looking statements, included in this report and elsewhere, represent management’s expectations as of the date that they are made. Our forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and analyses made by the Company in light of its experience and its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors it believes are appropriate in the circumstances. However, these forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Important factors that could cause actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, among other things, risks related to: (1) our substantial indebtedness, which could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations; (2) global economic or other business conditions that may affect the desire or ability of our customers to purchase our products such as inflationary pressures, high unemployment levels, declines in median income growth, consumer confidence and consumer discretionary spending and changes in consumer perceptions of dietary health and food safety; (3) our relationship with, and the success of, our franchisees and risks related to our fully franchised business model; (4) the effectiveness of our marketing and advertising programs and franchisee support of these programs; (5) significant and rapid fluctuations in interest rates and in the currency exchange markets and the effectiveness of our hedging activity; (6) our ability to successfully implement our domestic and international growth strategy for our brands and risks related to our international operations; (7) our reliance on master franchisees and subfranchisees to accelerate restaurant growth; (8) the ability of the counterparties to our credit facilities and derivatives to fulfill their commitments and/or obligations; and (9) changes in applicable tax laws or interpretations thereof; and risks related to the complexity of the Tax Act and our ability to accurately interpret and predict its impact on our financial condition and results.

We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and our inability to successfully manage any of the above risks may permit our competitors to increase their market share and may decrease our profitability. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Finally, our future results will depend upon various other risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those detailed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC and Canadian securities regulatory authorities on February 22, 2019, as well as other materials that we from time to time file with, or furnish to, the SEC or file with Canadian securities regulatory authorities. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements in this section and elsewhere in this report. Other than as required under securities laws, we do not assume a duty to update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, subsequent events or circumstances, changes in expectations or otherwise.

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Part II – Other Information

Item 6. Exhibits




Exhibit Number		Description

10.67		Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 6, 2019, among Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as representative of the Initial Purchasers (as defined therein), the Issuers (as defined therein) and the Guarantors (as defined therein).

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Restaurant Brands International Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Restaurant Brands International Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Restaurant Brands International Inc. pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Restaurant Brands International Inc. pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.




	RESTAURANT BRANDS INTERNATIONAL INC. (Registrant)

Date: October 28, 2019	By:	/s/ Matthew Dunnigan
		Name:	Matthew Dunnigan
		Title:	Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) (duly authorized officer)