UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013

OR

For the transition period from____ to ____

Commission File Number: 001-32295

ADHEREX TECHNOLOGIES INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(919) 636-4530

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  YES ¨ NO x

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  YES ¨  NO x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant:  (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  YES x   NO ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x   No¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):  

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  YES ¨   NO x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the closing sales price of the Common Shares as reported by the OTCQB on June 30, 2013 (the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $2,802,147 based upon a total of 9,340,489 shares held as of June 30, 2013 by persons believed to be non-affiliates of the Registrant (for purposes of this calculation, all of the Registrant’s officers, directors and 10% owners known to the Company are deemed to be affiliates of the Registrant).

As of March 14, 2014, there were 29,307,618 shares of Adherex Technologies Inc. common stock outstanding.

ADHEREX TECHNOLOGIES INC.

2013 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties.  Our actual results, performance or achievements may be materially different from any results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.  Words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” “project,” “plan,” and other similar words are one way to identify such forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to (1) our anticipated sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents; (2) our anticipated commencement dates, completion dates and results of clinical trials; (3) our efforts to pursue collaborations with the government, industry groups or other companies; (4) our anticipated progress and costs of our clinical and preclinical research and development programs; (5) our corporate and development strategies; (6) our expected results of operations; (7) our anticipated levels of expenditures; (8) our ability to protect our intellectual property; (9) our ability to fully comply with domestic and international governmental regulation; (10) the anticipated applications and efficacy of our drug candidates; (11) the nature and scope of potential markets for our drug candidates; (12) future legal liability; and (13) our ability to attract and retain key employees.  All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this Annual Report that address activities, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements.  We include forward-looking statements because we believe that it is important to communicate our expectations to our investors.  However, all forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations of future events and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including specifically our need to raise money in the very near term and others, as discussed below in Item 1.A., “Risk Factors.”  Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained, and we caution you not to place undue reliance on such statements.

Our periodic and current reports are available, free of charge, after the material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC and EDGAR at http://www.sec.gov/edgar and the Canadian securities regulators on SEDAR, at www.sedar.com.  The information provided on our website is not part of this annual report and is therefore not incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1.   Business.

Overview

Adherex Technologies Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company focused on cancer therapeutics.  We incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act ("CBCA”) in September 1996. Effective on August 25, 2011, the Company continued from the Canada Business Corporations Act to the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “Continuance”), which Continuance was approved by the shareholders of Adherex at the Company's June 2011 Annual and Special Meeting and by resolution of the Board of Directors on August 10, 2011. We have three wholly-owned subsidiaries: Oxiquant, Inc. and Adherex, Inc., both Delaware corporations, and Cadherin Biomedical Inc., a Canadian company. With the exception of Adherex Inc., all subsidiaries are inactive.

Effective August 14, 2013, David Lieberman resigned from the Board of Directors and Robert Andrade resigned as Chief Financial Officer and a Director of the Company. Effective August 15, 2013, Krysia Lynes was appointed acting Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company.

In November 2013, we announced the closing of the sale of 4.0 million units for gross proceeds of $1.6 million in a non-brokered financing transaction with Manchester Explorer, L.P., certain individuals and entities associated with Manchester Explorer (collectively, “Manchester”) and 683 Capital Management LLC (the “November 2013 Financing”). Each unit (a “Unit”) was issued at a price of $0.40 per Unit and consists of one of our common shares and one common share purchase warrant (the “Warrants”). Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to acquire one of our common shares at an exercise price of $0.50 per share.

Lead Product Candidates

The following are our lead product candidates, both of which are in the clinical stage of development:

Sodium Thiosulfate (STS)

We have licensed from Oregon Health & Science University (“OHSU”) intellectual property rights for the use of STS as a chemoprotectant, and are developing STS as a protectant against the hearing loss often caused by platinum-based anti-cancer agents in children. Preclinical and clinical studies conducted by OHSU and others have indicated that STS can effectively reduce the incidence of hearing loss caused by platinum-based anti-cancer agents. We have received Orphan Drug Designation in the United States for the use of STS in the prevention of platinum-induced ototoxicity in pediatric patients.

Hearing loss among children receiving platinum-based chemotherapy is frequent, permanent and often severely disabling. The incidence of hearing loss in these children depends upon the dose and duration of chemotherapy, and many of these children require lifelong hearing aids. There is currently no established preventive agent for this hearing loss and only expensive, technically difficult and sub-optimal cochlear (inner ear) implants have been shown to provide some benefit. In addition, adults undergoing chemotherapy for several common malignancies, including ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, and particularly head and neck cancer and brain cancer, often receive intensive platinum-based therapy and may experience severe, irreversible hearing loss, particularly in the high frequencies.

Investigators at OHSU have conducted Phase I and Phase II studies which have shown STS reduces the hearing loss associated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In one study at OHSU, the need for hearing aids to correct high frequency hearing loss was reduced from about 50% to less than 5%.

In October 2007, we announced that our collaborative partner, the International Childhood Liver Tumour Strategy Group, known as SIOPEL, a multi-disciplinary group of specialists under the umbrella of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology, had launched a randomized Phase III clinical trial to investigate whether STS reduces hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy often used in pediatric oncology. The study initially opened in the United Kingdom and now includes SIOPEL centers in several additional countries. The clinical trial is expected to enroll approximately 100 children with liver (hepatoblastoma) cancer. Patients will receive cisplatin alone or cisplatin plus STS. The study, which is being coordinated through the Children’s Cancer and Leukemia Group in the United Kingdom, is intended to compare the level of hearing loss associated with cisplatin alone versus the combination of cisplatin plus STS, as well as the safety, tolerability and anti-tumor activity in both arms of the study. Under the terms of our agreement, SIOPEL will conduct and fund the clinical activity and we will provide drug, drug distribution and pharmacovigilance, or safety monitoring, for the study. Since the commencement of the study in 2007, the study has enrolled 95 patients. Preliminary safety data is expected to be presented in the second quarter of 2014.

In March 2008, we announced the activation of a Phase III trial with STS to prevent hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy in collaboration with the Children’s Oncology Group. The goal of this Phase III study is to evaluate in a multi-centered, randomized trial whether STS is an effective and safe means of preventing hearing loss in children receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy for newly diagnosed germ cell, liver (hepatoblastoma), brain (medulloblastoma), nerve tissue (neuroblastoma) or bone (osteosarcoma) cancers. Eligible children, one to eighteen years of age, who are to receive cisplatin according to their disease-specific regimen and, upon enrollment in this study, will be randomized to receive STS or not. Efficacy of STS will be determined through comparison of hearing sensitivity at follow-up relative to baseline measurements using standard audiometric techniques. The Children’s Oncology Group is responsible for funding the clinical activities for the study and we are responsible for providing the drug, drug distribution and pharmacovigilance, or safety monitoring, for the study. The trial completed enrollment of 135 pediatric patients in the first quarter of 2012. Final efficacy and safety data is expected to be presented in the second quarter of 2014.

Eniluracil

Eniluracil combined with 5-FU was previously being developed by GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”). Although the therapy was successful in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, it tended to produce less antitumor activity than the control therapy in two Phase III trials. Development by GSK was subsequently stopped.

We developed a hypothesis that the dose and schedule used in GSK’s Phase III trials may not have been optimal and licensed the compound from GSK in July 2005. We believe that when dosed properly, Eniluracil might enhance and expand the therapeutic spectrum of activity of 5-FU and reduce the occurrence of a disabling side effect known as hand foot syndrome.

At the end of 2012, Adherex completed the enrollment of Protocol AHX-03-202, an open-label, randomized Phase II study comparing the completely oral combination of Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin to capecitabine monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer (the “main study”). The study design included a crossover arm that allowed patients who had radiologically documented disease progression on capecitabine monotherapy to crossover and take Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin (the “Crossover Arm”).

Interim results for the main study show the two regimens, Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin and capecitabine, to be similar in efficacy and tolerability.

However, promising results were seen in the Crossover Arm, which present rationale for further development.

Twenty-one evaluated patients entered the Crossover Arm from the capecitabine monotherapy arm to take Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin. Twelve experienced rapid disease progression (within 70 days) on capecitabine, or within one scan. Nine of the 10 achieved subsequent benefit from the Eniluracil regimen: 3 patients had partial tumor responses and 6 had stable disease.

Based on feedback received from the FDA during 2013, confirmation of the results from the Crossover Arm of Study AHX-03-202 in metastatic breast cancer will require very large number of patients.  However, it is clear that Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin is active and well tolerated in refractory iv 5-FU and capecitabine populations.  Because of known patient preferences for oral regimens and the established safety profile of Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin, this regimen may provide an option for the patients and physicians who prefer to continue with oral 5-FU.

Currently, Adherex does not have the financial resources to advance the development of Eniluracil.

Intellectual Property

Patents are important to developing and protecting our competitive position. Our general policy is to seek patent protection in the United States, major European countries, Japan, Canada and other jurisdictions as appropriate for our compounds and methods. U.S. patents, as well as most foreign patents, are generally effective for 20 years from the date the earliest (priority) application was filed; however, U.S. patents that issue on applications filed before June 8, 1995 may be effective until 17 years from the issue date, if that is later than the 20 year date. In some cases, the patent term may be extended to recapture a portion of the term lost during FDA regulatory review or because of U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, delays in prosecuting the application. The duration of foreign patents varies similarly, in accordance with local law.

Currently, we own 23 issued patents world-wide and we have 14 patents pending throughout the world. In regards to STS, we have licensed from Oregon Health and Science University 1 U.S. and 9 foreign patents, with an additional 1 patent pending. In regards to Eniluracil, we have been issued 13 patents and are currently prosecuting 13 additional patents.

In addition, periods of marketing exclusivity for STS may also be possible in the United States under orphan drug status. We obtained U.S. Orphan Drug Designation for the use of STS in the prevention of platinum-induced ototoxicity in pediatric patients in 2004.

Our success is significantly dependent on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our product candidates, both in the United States and abroad. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, in general, is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions, which often results in apparent inconsistencies regarding the breadth of claims allowed and general uncertainty as to their legal interpretation and enforceability. Further, some of our principal candidates, including STS, are based on previously known compounds, and candidates or products that we develop in the future may include or be based on the same or other compounds owned or produced by other parties, some or all of which may not be subject to effective patent protection. In addition, regimens that we may develop for the administration of pharmaceuticals, such as specifications for the frequency, timing and amount of dosages, may not be patentable. Accordingly, our patent applications may not result in patents being issued and issued patents may not afford effective protection. In addition, products or processes that we develop may turn out to be covered by third party patents, in which case we may require a license under such patents if we intend to continue the development of those products or processes.

Our patent position and proprietary rights are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. Please read the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report for information about certain risks and uncertainties that may affect our patent position and proprietary rights.

We also rely upon unpatented confidential information to remain competitive. We protect such information principally through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, and other advisers. In the case of our employees, these agreements also provide, in compliance with relevant law, that inventions and other intellectual property conceived by such employees during their employment shall be our exclusive property.

Corporate Relationships

License Agreement with Oregon Health & Science University 

On February 20, 2013, Adherex entered into a new exclusive license agreement with OHSU for exclusive worldwide license rights to intellectual property directed to STS and its use for chemoprotection, including the prevention of ototoxicity induced by platinum chemotherapy, in humans (the "New OHSU Agreement"). Under the New OHSU Agreement, OHSU will receive certain milestone payments, a 2.5 percent royalty on net sales for licensed products which can be reduced to 1.0 percent upon a $150,000 buy down and a 5 percent royalty on any consideration received from sublicensing of the licensed technology. Milestone payment fees payable to OHSU under the New OHSU Agreement include $100,000 upon our first commercial sale of STS.

On February 20, 2013, Adherex terminated the previous exclusive license agreement with OHSU and Oxiquant, a wholly owned subsidiary of Adherex, dated September 26, 2002 (the "Previous OHSU Agreement"). Pursuant to the Previous OHSU Agreement, OHSU granted Oxiquant an exclusive worldwide license to intellectual property directed to thiol-based compounds including STS and their use in oncology. In consideration, OHSU was issued 13,902 shares of common stock of Oxiquant that were subsequently converted upon the acquisition of Oxiquant into 21,250 shares of Adherex common stock, and warrants to purchase shares of Adherex common stock that subsequently expired in 2007. In addition under the Previous OHSU Agreement, the following milestone payments were included in the agreement: (i) $50,000 upon completion of Phase I clinical trials, (ii) $200,000 upon completion of Phase II clinical trials, (iii) $500,000 upon completion of Phase III clinical trials. Also, Oxiquant was to be liable for an additional milestone payment of $250,000 upon the first commercial sale for any licensed product. Further, the Previous OHSU Agreement required Adherex to pay OHSU a 2.5% royalty on net sales of any licensed products and a 15% royalty on any consideration received from sublicensing of the licensed technology.

The term of the New OHSU Agreement expires on the date of the last to expire claim(s) covered in the patents licensed to us, unless earlier terminated as provided in the agreement. STS is currently protected by methods of use patents that we exclusively licensed from OHSU that expire in Europe, Canada and Australia in 2021 and are currently pending in the United States and Japan. The New OHSU Agreement is terminable by either Adherex or OHSU in the event of a material breach of the agreement by either party after 45 days prior written notice. Adherex has the right to terminate the New OHSU Agreement at any time upon 60 days prior written notice and payment of all fees due to OHSU under the New OHSU Agreement.

Development and License Agreement with GlaxoSmithKline

On July 14, 2005, we entered into a development and license agreement with GSK.  The agreement included the in-license by our Company of GSK’s oncology product, Eniluracil, and an option for GSK to license ADH-1, a compound we are no longer developing.  As part of the transaction, GSK invested $3.0 million in our Company's common stock.  On October 11, 2006, the GSK option to license ADH-1 expired unexercised.  Under the terms of the agreement relating to Eniluracil, we received an exclusive license to develop Eniluracil for all indications and GSK retained options to buy-back and assume development of the compound at various points in time.

On March 1, 2007, the GSK agreement was amended and we purchased all of GSK’s remaining buy-back options for a fee of $1.0 million.  As a result of the amendment to the GSK agreement, we now may be required to pay GSK development and sales milestones and royalties until the last applicable licensed GSK patent expires.  Specifically, if we file a New Drug Application, or NDA, with the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, we may be required to pay development milestones of $5.0 million to GSK.  Additionally, depending upon whether the NDA is approved by the FDA and whether Eniluracil becomes a commercial success, we may be required to pay up to an additional $70.0 million in development and sales milestones for the initially approved indication, plus royalties in the low-double digit range based on annual net sales. If we pursue other indications, we may also be required to pay up to an additional $15.0 million to GSK for each FDA-approved indication. The GSK agreement continues until the earliest of (i) the licensed patents expire or (ii) is terminated by either party in the event of an uncured breach by the breaching party after 60 days prior written notice.

Competition

Competition in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries is intense. We expect that if any of our product candidates achieve regulatory approval for sale, they will compete on the basis of drug efficacy, safety, patient convenience, reliability, ease of manufacture, price, marketing, distribution and patent protection, among other variables. Our competitors may develop technologies or drugs that are more effective, safer or more affordable than any we may develop.

There are a number of different approaches to the development of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer that are currently being used and studied. These approaches include: (i) surgery to excise the cancerous tissue; (ii) radiation therapy, which attacks cancerous cells but does not easily distinguish between healthy and diseased cells; (iii) chemotherapy, which works by preventing a cancerous cell from dividing or by killing cells that quickly divide; (iv) immunotherapy, which stimulates the body’s immune system to respond to the disease; and (v) hormone therapy, which may slow the growth of cancer cells or even kill them.

We are aware of a number of companies engaged in the research, development and testing of new cancer therapies or means of increasing the effectiveness of existing therapies, including, among many others, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, Taiho and Sanofi-Aventis. Some of these companies have products that have already received, or are in the process of receiving, regulatory approval or are in later stages of clinical development than our products. Many of them have much greater financial resources than we do. Many of these companies have marketed drugs or are developing targeted cancer therapeutics which, depending upon the mechanism of action of such agents, could be viewed as competitors.

We are not aware of any commercially available agents that reduce the incidence of hearing loss associated with the use of platinum-based anti-cancer agents, for which purpose we are developing STS. There are several potential competitive agents with activity in preclinical or limited clinical settings. These include: D-methionine, an amino acid that has been shown to protect against hearing loss in experimental settings but was demonstrated to be inferior to STS in comparative studies; SPI-3005, an oral agent primarily being developed by Sound Pharmaceuticals for noise and age-related hearing loss but in early Phase II trials for chemotherapy related hearing loss, which mimics glutathione peroxidase and induces the intracellular induction of glutathione; N-acetylcysteine and amifostine, which have shown effectiveness (but less than STS) in experimental systems; and Vitamin E, salicylate and tiopronin, which have all demonstrated moderate activity in rat models to protect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, but no clinical trials have been performed. Cochlear implants, which are small electronic devices that are surgically placed in the inner ear to assist with certain types of deafness, are utilized to offer some relief but are often suboptimal.

There are several potential therapies that may be competitive to Eniluracil, including capecitabine (Xeloda®) which is an oral pro-drug of 5-FU marketed by Roche that is converted to 5-FU following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Capecitabine is approved by the FDA and many other regulatory agencies worldwide for use in breast and colorectal cancer, but Eniluracil/5-FU has a potential competitive advantage in having minimal hand foot syndrome compared to the up to 60% incidence with Xeloda®. Hand foot syndrome is a major complication of the use of Xeloda® and there is currently no adequate treatment, with most physicians resorting to reducing the starting dosage of Xeloda®.

5-FU is normally rapidly metabolized and broken down by the enzyme DPD. Eniluracil is an irreversible inhibitor of DPD and its use with 5-FU leads to prolonged and elevated levels of 5-FU. Uracil is a competitive inhibitor of DPD. Although not FDA approved as a therapeutic agent, uracil has been used with 5-FU and tegafur, a reversible DPD inhibitor (5-chloro-2, 4-dihydrozypyidine, or CDHP) for the treatment of certain cancers. UFT is an orally active combination of uracil and tegafur that is available in some international markets through Merck KGaA.

S-1, which is marketed by Taiho in Japan for gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and inoperable or recurrent breast cancer, is an orally active combination of tegafur and oxonic acid, an inhibitor of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transferase, an enzyme that reduces the incorporation of 5-FU into RNA. Both S-1 and UFT have been shown to have very low levels of hand foot syndrome, but because they are reversible inhibitors of DPD, these products would not be expected to be as successful at targeting new product indications where DPD levels are intrinsically high, such as hepatocellular cancer, compared to an irreversible DPD inhibitor like Eniluracil.

Many chemotherapeutic agents are currently available and numerous others are being developed. Any chemotherapeutic products that we develop may not be able to compete effectively with existing or future chemotherapeutic agents. Our competitors might obtain regulatory approval for their drug candidates sooner than we do, or their drugs may prove to be more effective than ours. However, cancer as a disease is not currently controlled by any one anti-cancer agent, and there is typically a need for several agents at any one time and over time.

Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and may be better equipped to develop, manufacture and market products. In addition, many of these competitors have extensive experience with preclinical testing and human clinical trials and in obtaining regulatory approvals. In addition, many of the smaller companies that compete with us have formed collaborative relationships with large, established companies to support the research, development, clinical trials and commercialization of any products that they may develop. We may rely on third parties to commercialize the products we develop, and our success will depend in large part on the efforts and competitive merit of these collaborative partners. Academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations may also conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, clinical development and marketing of products similar to those we seek to develop. These companies and institutions compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to our projects. The existence of competitive products, including products or treatments of which we are not aware, or products or treatments that may be developed in the future, may adversely affect the marketability of any products that we may develop.

Government Regulation

The production and manufacture of our product candidates and our research and development activities are subject to significant regulation for safety, efficacy and quality by various governmental authorities around the world. Before new pharmaceutical products may be sold in the U.S. and other countries, clinical trials of the products must be conducted and the results submitted to appropriate regulatory agencies for approval. Clinical trial programs must establish efficacy, determine an appropriate dose and regimen, and define the conditions for safe use. This is a high-risk process that requires stepwise clinical studies in which the candidate product must successfully meet predetermined endpoints. In the U.S., the results of the preclinical and clinical testing of a product are then submitted to the FDA in the form of a Biologics License Application or a New Drug Application. In response to these submissions, the FDA may grant marketing approval, request additional information or deny the application if it determines the application does not provide an adequate basis for approval. Similar submissions are required by authorities in other jurisdictions who independently assess the product and may reach the same or different conclusions.

The receipt of regulatory approval often takes a number of years, involves the expenditure of substantial resources and depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the disease in question, the availability of alternative treatments and the risks and benefits demonstrated in clinical trials. On occasion, regulatory authorities may require larger or additional studies, leading to unanticipated delay or expense. Even after initial approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies has been obtained, further clinical trials may be required to provide additional data on safety and effectiveness. Additional trials are required to gain clearance for the use of a product as a treatment for indications other than those initially approved. Furthermore, the FDA and other regulatory agencies require companies to disclose clinical trial results. Failure to disclose such results within applicable time periods could result in penalties, including civil monetary penalties.

In Canada, these activities are subject to regulation by Health Canada’s Therapeutic Products Directorate, or TPD, and the rules and regulations promulgated under the Food and Drug Act. In the United States, drugs and biological products are subject to regulation by the FDA. The FDA requires licensing of manufacturing and contract research facilities, carefully controlled research and testing of products and governmental review and approval of results prior to marketing therapeutic products. Additionally, the FDA requires adherence to “Good Laboratory Practices” as well as “Good Clinical Practices” during clinical testing and “Good Manufacturing Practices” and adherence to labeling and supply controls. The systems of new drug approvals in Canada and the United States are substantially similar, and are generally considered to be among the most rigorous in the world.

Generally, the steps required for drug approval in Canada and the United States, specifically in cancer related therapies, include:

Any clinical trials that we conduct may not be successfully completed, either in a satisfactory time period or at all. The typical time periods described above may vary substantially and may be materially longer. In addition, the FDA and its counterparts in other countries have considerable discretion to discontinue trials if they become aware of any significant safety issues or convincing evidence that a therapy is not effective for the indication being tested. It is possible the FDA and its counterparts in other countries may not (i) allow clinical trials to proceed at any time after receiving an Investigational New Drug, (ii) allow further clinical development phases after authorizing a previous phase, or (iii) approve marketing of a drug after the completion of clinical trials.

While European, U.S. and Canadian regulatory systems require that medical products be safe, effective, and manufactured according to high quality standards, the drug approval process in Europe differs from that in the United States and Canada and may require us to perform additional preclinical or clinical testing regardless of whether FDA or TPD approval has been obtained. The amount of time required to obtain necessary approvals may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA or TPD approval. European Union Regulations and Directives generally classify health care products either as medicinal products, medical devices or in vitro diagnostics. For medicinal products, marketing approval may be sought using either the centralized procedure of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, or EMEA, or the decentralized, mutual recognition process. The centralized procedure, which is mandatory for some biotechnology derived products, results in an approval recommendation from the EMEA to all member states, while the European Union mutual recognition process involves country by country approval.

Good Clinical Practices

The FDA and other regulatory agencies promulgate regulations and standards, commonly referred to as current Good Clinical Practices for designing, conducting, monitoring, auditing and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results are accurate and that the trial participants are adequately protected. The FDA and other regulatory agencies enforce Good Clinical Practices through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If our study sites fail to comply with applicable Good Clinical Practices, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and relevant regulatory agencies may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications.

Good Manufacturing Practices

The FDA and other regulatory agencies regulate and inspect equipment, facilities and processes used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical and biologic products prior to approving a product. If, after receiving approval from regulatory agencies, a company makes a material change in manufacturing equipment, location or process, additional regulatory review and approval may be required. All facilities and manufacturing techniques that may be used for the manufacture of our products must comply with applicable regulations governing the production of pharmaceutical products known as "Good Manufacturing Practices."

Orphan Drug Act

Under the U.S. Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a “rare disease or condition,” which generally is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the U.S. If a product which has an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, i.e., the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years following marketing approval, except in certain very limited circumstances, such as if the later product is shown to be clinically superior to the orphan product. Legislation similar to the U.S. Orphan Drug Act has been enacted in other countries, including within the European Union.

Other Laws

Our present and future business has been and will continue to be subject to various other laws and regulations. Various laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and the purchase, storage, movement, import and export and use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our research work are or may be applicable to our activities. Certain agreements entered into by us involving exclusive license rights may be subject to national or supranational antitrust regulatory control, the effect of which cannot be predicted. The extent of government regulation, which might result from future legislation or administrative action, cannot accurately be predicted.

Research and Development

Our research and development efforts have been focused on the development of Eniluracil and STS.

We have established relationships with contract research organizations, universities and other institutions, which we utilize to perform many of the day-to-day activities associated with our drug development.  Where possible, we have sought to include leading scientific investigators and advisors to enhance our internal capabilities.  Research and development issues are reviewed internally by our executive management and supporting scientific staff.  

Research and development expenses totaled $0.6 million and $2.1 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Our product candidates are in various stages of development and still require significant, time-consuming and costly research and development, testing and regulatory clearances.  In developing our product candidates, we are subject to risks of failure that are inherent in the development of products based on innovative technologies.  For example, it is possible that any or all of these products will be ineffective or toxic, or will otherwise fail to receive the necessary regulatory clearances. There is a risk that our product candidates will be uneconomical to manufacture or market or will not achieve market acceptance. There is also a risk that third parties may hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing our product candidates or that others will market a superior or equivalent product.  As a result of these factors, we are unable to accurately estimate the nature, timing and future costs necessary to complete the development of these product candidates. In addition, we are unable to reasonably estimate the period when material net cash inflows could commence from the sale, licensing or commercialization of such product candidates, if ever.

Employees

At December 31, 2013, we had one employee. This employee is employed on a full-time basis.

Item 1A.  Risk Factors.

An investment in our common stock involves a significant risk of loss.  You should carefully read this entire report and should give particular attention to the following risk factors.  You should recognize that other significant risks may arise in the future, which we cannot reasonably foresee at this time.  Also, the risks that we now foresee might affect us to a greater or different degree than currently expected.  There are a number of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by any of our forward-looking statements in this report.  These factors include, without limitation, the risk factors listed below and other factors presented throughout this report and any other documents filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and the Canadian securities regulators on SEDAR which can be accessed at www.sedar.com.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have a history of significant losses and have had no revenues to date through the sale of our products. If we do not generate significant revenues, we will not achieve profitability.

To date, we have been engaged primarily in research and development activities. We have had no revenues through the sale of our products, and we do not expect to have significant revenues until we are able to either sell our product candidates after obtaining applicable regulatory approvals or we establish collaborations that provide us with up-front payments, licensing fees, milestone payments, royalties or other revenue. We have incurred significant operating losses every year since our inception on September 3, 1996. We had a net gain of approximately $1.8 million (including a non-cash gain on derivatives of $3.8 million) in the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, and reported a loss of approximately $5.2 million (which included a $1.6 million non-cash loss on derivatives) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $108.7 million. We anticipate incurring substantial additional losses due to the need to spend substantial amounts on our current clinical trials, anticipated research and development activities, and general and administrative expenses, among other factors. We have not commercially introduced any product and our product candidates are in varying stages of development and testing. Our ability to attain profitability will depend upon our ability to fund and develop products that are safe, effective and commercially viable, to obtain regulatory approval for the manufacture and sale of our product candidates and to license or otherwise market our product candidates successfully. Any revenues generated from such products, assuming they are successfully developed, marketed and sold, may not be realized for a number of years. We may never achieve or sustain profitability on an ongoing basis.

There is no assurance that we will successfully develop a commercially viable product.

Since our formation in September 1996, we have engaged in research and development programs. We have generated no revenue from product sales, do not have any products currently available for sale, and none are expected to be commercially available for sale until we have completed additional clinical trials, if at all. There can be no assurance that the research we fund and manage will lead to commercially viable products. We have completed a Phase II study for Eniluracil and a Phase III study for STS with an additional Phase III study for STS currently enrolling patients. Our products must still undergo substantial additional regulatory review prior to commercialization.

We anticipate the need for additional capital in the future and if we cannot raise additional capital, we will not be able to fulfill our business plan.

We need to obtain additional funding in the future in order to finance our business strategy, operations and growth. We may not be able to obtain additional financing in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms when needed. If we fail to arrange for sufficient capital on a timely basis, we may be required to curtail our business activities until we can obtain adequate financing. Debt financing must be repaid regardless of whether or not we generate profits or cash flows from our business activities. Equity financing may result in dilution to existing stockholders and may involve securities that have rights, preferences, or privileges that are senior to our common stock or other securities. If we cannot raise sufficient capital when necessary, we will likely have to curtail operations and you may lose part or all of your investment.

If we do not maintain current or enter into new collaborations with other companies, we might not successfully develop our product candidates or generate sufficient revenues to expand our business.

We currently rely on scientific and research and development collaboration arrangements with academic institutions and other third party collaborators, including our agreement for Eniluracil with GSK and an exclusive worldwide license from OHSU for STS. We also rely on collaborators for testing STS, including SIOPEL and the Children’s Oncology Group.

The agreements with GSK and OHSU are terminable by either party in the event of an uncured breach by the other party. We may also terminate our agreement with OHSU at any time upon prior written notice of specified durations to the licensor. Termination of any of our collaborative arrangements could materially adversely affect our business. For example, if we are unable to make the appropriate payments under these agreements, the licensor might terminate the agreement which might have a material adverse impact. In addition, our collaborators might not perform as agreed in the future.

Since we conduct a significant portion of our research and development through collaborations, our success may depend significantly on the performance of such collaborators, as well as any future collaborators. Collaborators might not commit sufficient resources to the research and development or commercialization of our product candidates. Economic or technological advantages of products being developed by others, or other factors could lead our collaborators to pursue other product candidates or technologies in preference to those being developed in collaboration with us. The commercial potential of, development stage of and projected resources required to develop our drug candidates will affect our ability to maintain current collaborations or establish new collaborators. There is a risk of dispute with respect to ownership of technology developed under any collaboration. Our management of any collaboration will require significant time and effort as well as an effective allocation of resources. We may not be able to simultaneously manage a large number of collaborations.

Our product candidates are still in development. Due to the long, expensive and unpredictable drug development process, we might not ever successfully develop and commercialize any of our product candidates.

In order to achieve profitable operations, we, alone or in collaboration with others, must successfully fund, develop, manufacture, introduce and market our product candidates. The time necessary to achieve market success for any individual product is long and uncertain. Our product candidates and research programs are in various stages of clinical development and require significant, time-consuming and costly research, testing and regulatory clearances. In developing our product candidates, we are subject to risks of failure that are inherent in the development of therapeutic products based on innovative technologies. For example, our product candidates might be ineffective, as Eniluracil was shown to be in earlier clinical trials conducted by GSK, or may be overly toxic, or otherwise might fail to receive the necessary regulatory clearances. The results of preclinical and initial clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results. Our product candidates might not be economical to manufacture or market or might not achieve market acceptance. In addition, third parties might hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing our product candidates or others might market equivalent or superior products.

We must conduct human clinical trials to assess our product candidates. If these trials are delayed or are unsuccessful, our development costs will significantly increase and our business prospects may suffer.

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our product candidates, we must demonstrate, through preclinical studies with animals and clinical trials with humans, that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in each target indication. To date, we have performed only limited clinical trials, and we have only done so with some of our product candidates. Much of our testing has been conducted on animals or on human cells in the laboratory, and the benefits of treatment seen in animals may not ultimately be obtained in human clinical trials. As a result, we will need to perform significant additional research and development and extensive preclinical and clinical testing prior to any application for commercial use. We may suffer significant setbacks in clinical trials, and the trials may demonstrate our product candidates to be unsafe or ineffective. We may also encounter problems in our clinical trials that will cause us to delay, suspend or terminate those clinical trials, which would increase our development costs and harm our financial results and commercial prospects. Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our potential products is critically important to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates. We have experienced delays in some of our clinical trials and we may experience significant delays in the future. If patients are unwilling to participate in our trials because of competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, perceived risk or any other reason, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval of potential products will be delayed. Other factors that may result in significant delays include obtaining regulatory or ethics review board approvals for proposed trials, reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites, and obtaining sufficient quantities of drug for use in the clinical trials. Such delays could result in the termination of the clinical trials altogether.

Regulatory approval of our product candidates is time-consuming, expensive and uncertain, and could result in unexpectedly high expenses and delay our ability to sell our products.

Development, manufacture and marketing of our products are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. This regulation could require us to incur significant unexpected expenses or delay or limit our ability to sell our product candidates. Our clinical studies might be delayed or halted, or additional studies might be required, for various reasons, including:

If regulatory approval of any product is granted, it will be limited to those indications for which the product has been shown to be safe and effective, as demonstrated to the FDA’s satisfaction through clinical studies. Furthermore, approval might entail ongoing requirements for post-marketing studies. Even if regulatory approval is obtained, labeling and promotional activities are subject to continual scrutiny by the FDA and state regulatory agencies and, in some circumstances, the Federal Trade Commission. FDA enforcement policy prohibits the marketing of approved products for unapproved, or off-label, uses. These regulations and the FDA’s interpretation of them might impair our ability to effectively market our products.

We and our third-party manufacturers are also required to comply with the applicable current FDA Good Manufacturing Practices regulations, which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance, as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Further, manufacturing facilities must be approved by the FDA before they can be used to manufacture our products, and they are subject to additional FDA inspection. If we fail to comply with any of the FDA’s continuing regulations, we could be subject to reputational harm and sanctions, including:

In addition, identification of side effects after a drug is on the market or the occurrence of manufacturing problems could cause subsequent withdrawal of approval, reformulation of the drug, additional testing or changes in labeling of the product.

We may be unable to effectively deploy the proceeds from our recent financings for the development of STS.

In November 2013, we announced the closing of a private placement for proceeds of $1.6 million. Any inability on our part to manage effectively the deployment of this capital could limit our ability to successfully develop STS.

If our licenses to proprietary technology owned by others are terminated or expire, we may suffer increased development costs and delays, and we may not be able to successfully develop our product candidates.

The development of our drug candidates and the manufacture and sale of any products that we develop will involve the use of processes, products and information, some of the rights to which are owned by others. Our product candidates are licensed under agreements with GSK and OHSU. Although we have obtained licenses or rights with regard to the use of certain processes, products and information, the licenses or rights could be terminated or expire during critical periods and we may not be able to obtain, on favorable terms or at all, licenses or other rights that may be required. Some of these licenses provide for limited periods of exclusivity that may be extended only with the consent of the licensor, which may not be granted.

If we are unable to adequately protect or maintain our patents and licenses related to our product candidates, or we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates.

The value of our technology will depend in part upon our ability, and those of our collaborators, to obtain patent protection or licenses to patents, maintain trade secret protection and operate without infringing on the rights of third parties. Although we have successfully pursued patent applications in the past, it is possible that:

It is not possible for us to be certain that we are the original and first creator of inventions encompassed by our pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications for any such inventions. Further, any of our patents, once issued, may be declared by a court to be invalid or unenforceable.

Eniluracil is currently protected in the US under an issued method of use patent that we own and expires in 2029. STS is currently protected by methods of use patents that we exclusively licensed from OHSU that expire in Europe in 2021 and are currently pending in the United States. None of the above expiry dates take into consideration additional and pending patent applications for Eniluracil that, if issued, could provide additional patent protection nor possible patent term extensions or periods of data exclusivity that may be available upon marketing approval in the various countries worldwide. In addition, periods of marketing exclusivity for STS may also be possible in the United States under orphan drug status. We obtained Orphan Drug Designation in the United States for the use of STS in the prevention of platinum-induced ototoxicity in pediatric patients in 2004, if approved, will have seven and a half years of pediatric exclusivity in the United States from the approval date. Refer to the “Description of Business” section of this report for a further description of the United States Orphan Drug Designation.

We may be required to obtain licenses under patents or other proprietary rights of third parties but the extent to which we may wish or need to do so is unknown. Any such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. If such licenses are obtained, it is likely they would be royalty bearing, which would reduce any future income. If licenses cannot be obtained on an economical basis, we could suffer delays in market introduction of planned products or their introduction could be prevented, in some cases after the expenditure of substantial funds. If we do not obtain such licenses, we would have to design around patents of third parties, potentially causing increased costs and delays in product development and introduction or precluding us from developing, manufacturing or selling our planned products, or our ability to develop, manufacture or sell products requiring such licenses could be foreclosed.

Litigation may also be necessary to enforce or defend patents issued or licensed to us or our collaborators or to determine the scope and validity of a third party’s proprietary rights. We could incur substantial costs if litigation is required to defend ourselves in patent suits brought by third parties, if we participate in patent suits brought against or initiated by our collaborators, or if we initiate such suits. We might not prevail in any such action. An adverse outcome in litigation or an interference to determine priority or other proceeding in a court or patent office could subject us to significant liabilities, require disputed rights to be licensed from other parties or require us or our collaborators to cease using certain technology or products. Any of these events would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Much of our technological know-how that is not patentable may constitute trade secrets. Our confidentiality agreements might not provide for meaningful protection of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure of information. In addition, others may independently develop or obtain similar technology and may be able to market competing products and obtain regulatory approval through a showing of equivalency to our product that has obtained regulatory approvals, without being required to undertake the same lengthy and expensive clinical studies that we would have already completed.

The vulnerability to off-label use or sale of our product candidates that are covered only by “method of use” patents may cause downward pricing pressure on these product candidates if they are ever commercialized and may make it more difficult for us to enter into collaboration or partnering arrangements for the development of these product candidates.

STS and Eniluracil, are currently only covered by “method of use” patents, which covers the use of certain compounds to treat specific conditions, and not by “composition of matter” patents, which would cover the chemical composition of the compound. Method of use patents provides less protection than composition of matter patents because of the possibility of off-label competition if other companies develop or market the compound for other uses. If another company markets a drug that we expect to market under the protection of a method of use patent, physicians may prescribe the other company’s drug for use in the indication for which we obtain approval and have a patent, even if the other company’s drug is not approved for such an indication. Off-label use and sales could limit our sales and exert pricing pressure on any products we develop covered only by method of use patents. Also, it may be more difficult to find a collaborator to license or support the development of our product candidates that are only covered by method of use patents.

If our third party manufacturers breach or terminate their agreements with us, or if we are unable to secure arrangements with third party manufacturers on acceptable terms as needed in the future, we may suffer significant delays and additional costs.

We have no experience manufacturing products and do not currently have the resources to manufacture any products that we may develop. We currently have agreements with contract manufacturers for clinical supplies of STS, including drug substance providers and drug product suppliers, but they might not perform as agreed in the future or may terminate our agreement with them before the end of the required term. Significant additional time and expense would be required to effect a transition to a new contract manufacturer.

We plan to continue to rely on contract manufacturers for the foreseeable future to produce quantities of products and substances necessary for research and development, preclinical trials, human clinical trials and product commercialization, and to perform their obligations in a timely manner and in accordance with applicable government regulations. If we develop any products with commercial potential, we will need to develop the facilities to independently manufacture such products or secure arrangements with third parties to manufacture them. We may not be able to independently develop manufacturing capabilities or obtain favorable terms for the manufacture of our products. While we intend to contract for the commercial manufacture of our product candidates, we may not be able to identify and qualify contractors or obtain favorable contracting terms. We or our contract manufacturers may also fail to meet required manufacturing standards, which could result in delays or failures in product delivery, increased costs, injury or death to patients, product recalls or withdrawals and other problems that could significantly hurt our business. We intend to maintain a second source for back-up commercial manufacturing, wherever feasible. However, if a replacement to our future internal or contract manufacturers were required, the ability to establish second-sourcing or find a replacement manufacturer may be difficult due to the lead times generally required to manufacture drugs and the need for FDA compliance inspections and approvals of any replacement manufacturer, all of which factors could result in production delays and additional commercialization costs. Such lead times would vary based on the situation, but might be twelve months or longer.

We lack the resources necessary to effectively market our product candidates, and we may need to rely on third parties over whom we have little or no control and who may not perform as expected.

We do not have the necessary resources to market our product candidates. If we develop any products with commercial potential, we will either have to develop a marketing capability, including a sales force, which is difficult and expensive to implement successfully, or attempt to enter into a collaboration, merger, joint venture, license or other arrangement with third parties to provide a substantial portion of the financial and other resources needed to market such products. We may not be able to do so on acceptable terms, if at all. If we rely extensively on third parties to market our products, the commercial success of such products may be largely outside of our control.

We conduct our business internationally and are subject to laws and regulations of several countries which may affect our ability to access regulatory agencies and may affect the enforceability and value of our licenses.

We have conducted clinical trials in the United States, Canada, Europe and the Pacific Rim and intend to, or may, conduct future clinical trials in these and other jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that any sovereign government will not establish laws or regulations that will be deleterious to our interests. There is no assurance that we, as a British Columbia corporation, will continue to have access to the regulatory agencies in any jurisdiction where we might want to conduct clinical trials or obtain regulatory approval, and we might not be able to enforce our license or patent rights in foreign jurisdictions. Foreign exchange controls may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition, since such controls may limit our ability to flow funds into or out of a particular country to meet obligations under licenses, clinical trial agreements or other collaborations.

Our cash invested in money market funds might be subject to loss.

Even though we believe we take a conservative approach to investing our funds, the volatility of the current financial markets exposes us to increased investment risk, including the risks that the value and liquidity of our money market investments could deteriorate significantly and the issuers of the investments we hold could be subject to credit rating downgrades. While we have not experienced any loss or write down of our money market investments in the past, we cannot guarantee that such losses will not occur in future periods.

Risks Related to Our Industry

If we are unable to obtain applicable U.S. and/or foreign regulatory approvals, we will be unable to develop and commercialize our drug candidates.

The preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, as well as the manufacturing, labeling, sale and distribution, export or import, marketing, advertising and promotion of our product candidates are subject to various regulatory frameworks in the United States, Canada and other countries. Any products that we develop must receive all relevant regulatory approvals and clearances before any marketing, sale or distribution. The regulatory process, which includes extensive preclinical studies and clinical testing to establish product safety and efficacy, can take many years and cost substantial amounts of money. As a result of the length of time, many challenges and costs associated with the drug development process, the historical rate of failures for drug candidates is extremely high. For example, prior development of our compound Eniluracil by GSK was not successful. Varying interpretations of the data obtained from studies and tests could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval or clearance. Changes in regulatory policy could also cause delays or affect regulatory approval. Any regulatory delays may increase our development costs and negatively impact our competitiveness and prospects. It is possible that we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of any of our drug candidates or approvals may take longer and cost more to obtain than expected.

Regulatory approvals, if granted, may entail limitations on the uses for which any products we develop may be marketed, limiting the potential sales for any such products. The granting of product approvals can be withdrawn at any time, and manufacturers of approved products are subject to regular reviews, including for compliance with FDA Good Manufacturing Practices regulations. Failure to comply with any applicable regulatory requirement, which may change from time to time, can result in warning letters, fines, sanctions, penalties, recalling or seizing products, suspension of production, or even criminal prosecution. 

Future sales of our product candidates may suffer if they fail to achieve market acceptance.

Even if our product candidates are successfully developed and achieve appropriate regulatory approval, they may not enjoy commercial acceptance or success. Product candidates may compete with a number of new and traditional drugs and therapies developed by major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Market acceptance is dependent on product candidates demonstrating clinical efficacy and safety, as well as demonstrating advantages over alternative treatment methods. In addition, market acceptance is influenced by government reimbursement policies and the ability of third parties to pay for such products. Physicians, patients, the medical community or patients may not accept or utilize any products we may develop.

We face a strong competitive environment. Other companies may develop or commercialize more effective or cheaper products, which may reduce or eliminate the demand for our product candidates.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, and in particular the field of cancer therapeutics where we are focused, is very competitive. Many companies and research organizations are engaged in the research, development and testing of new cancer therapies or means of increasing the effectiveness of existing therapies, including, among many others, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, Taiho and Sanofi-Aventis. Many of these companies have marketed drugs or are developing targeted cancer therapeutics which, depending upon the mechanism of action of such agents could thus be competitors.

Many of our existing or potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and may be better equipped to develop, manufacture and market products. In addition, many of these competitors have extensive experience with preclinical testing and human clinical trials and in obtaining regulatory approvals. Also, some of the smaller companies that compete with us have formed collaborative relationships with large, established companies to support the research, development, clinical trials and commercialization of any products that they may develop. Academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations may also conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, clinical development and marketing of products similar to those we seek to develop. These companies and institutions compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to our projects.

We are likely to face competition in the areas of product efficacy and safety, ease of use and adaptability, as well as pricing, product acceptance, regulatory approvals and intellectual property. Competitors could develop more effective, safer and more affordable products than we do, and they may obtain patent protection or product commercialization before we do or even render our product candidates obsolete. The existence of competitive products, including products or treatments of which we are not aware, or products or treatments that may be developed in the future, may adversely affect the marketability of any products that we develop.

We may face product liability claims that could require us to defend costly lawsuits or incur substantial liabilities that could adversely impact our financial condition, receipt of regulatory approvals for our product candidates and our results of operation.

The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and for commercial applications, if any, may expose us to liability claims in the event that such product candidates cause injury or death or result in other adverse effects. These claims could be made by health care institutions, contract laboratories, and subjects participating in our clinical studies, patients or others using our product candidates. In addition to liability claims, certain serious adverse events could require interruption, delay and/or discontinuation of a clinical trial and potentially prevent further development of the product candidate. We carry clinical trial insurance but the coverage may not be sufficient to protect us from legal expenses and liabilities we might incur. Litigation is very expensive, even if we defend successfully against possible litigation. In addition, our existing coverage may not be adequate if we further develop products, and future coverage may not be available in sufficient amounts or at reasonable cost. In addition, we might reduce the amount of this coverage due to our limited financial resources. Adverse liability claims may also harm our ability to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals.

We used hazardous material and chemicals in our research and development, and our failure to comply with laws related to hazardous materials could materially harm us.

In the past, our research and development processes involved the controlled use of hazardous materials, such as flammable organic solvents, corrosive acids and corrosive bases. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of such materials and certain waste products. The risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be completely eliminated. We could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability could exceed our resources and may not be covered by our general liability insurance. We currently do not carry insurance specifically for hazardous materials claims. We may be required to incur significant costs to comply with environmental laws and regulations, which may change from time to time. Our current practice is to outsource these activities.

Efforts to reduce product pricing and health care reimbursement and changes to government policies could negatively affect the commercialization of our product candidates.

If any of our product candidates achieve regulatory approval, we may be materially adversely affected by the continuing efforts of governmental and third-party payers to contain or reduce health care costs. For example, if we succeed in bringing one or more products to market, such products may not be considered cost-effective and the availability of consumer reimbursement may not exist or be sufficient to allow the sale of such products on a competitive basis. The constraints on pricing and availability of competitive products may further limit our pricing and reimbursement policies as well as adversely impact market acceptance and commercialization for the products.

In many markets, the pricing or profitability of healthcare products is subject to government control. In recent years, federal, state, provincial and local officials and legislators have proposed or are proposing a variety of price-based reforms to the healthcare systems in the United States, Canada and elsewhere. Some proposals include measures that would limit or eliminate payments from third-party payors to the consumer for certain medical procedures and treatments or allow government control of pharmaceutical pricing. The adoption of any such proposals or reforms could adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidates.

In the U.S., there have been numerous proposals considered at the federal and state levels for comprehensive reforms of health care and its cost, and it is likely that federal and state legislatures and health agencies will continue to focus on health care reform in the future. Some states are also considering legislation that would control the prices of drugs, and state Medicaid programs are increasingly requesting manufacturers to pay supplemental rebates and requiring prior authorization by the state program for use of any drug for which supplemental rebates are not being paid. Managed care organizations continue to seek price discounts and, in some cases, to impose restrictions on the coverage of particular drugs. Government efforts to reduce Medicaid expenses may lead to increased use of managed care organizations by Medicaid programs. This may result in managed care organizations influencing prescription decisions for a larger segment of the population and a corresponding constraint on prices and reimbursement for our products.

Any significant changes in the healthcare system in the United States, Canada or abroad would likely have a substantial impact on the manner in which we conduct business and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise capital and the viability of product commercialization.

Risks Related to Owning Our Common Shares

Our common stock has been delisted from NYSE Alternext US LLC (formerly the American Stock Exchange), which may make it more difficult for stockholders to dispose of their shares.

In December 2008, we received notice from the NYSE Alternext US, LLC (formerly the American Stock Exchange), or AMEX, that we were not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(ii) of its Company Guide, because our stockholders’ equity was below $6 million and we had incurred losses from continued operations and net losses in the five most recent fiscal years. On January 20, 2009, we voluntarily filed to delist our common stock from the AMEX and effective January 30, 2009, our common stock no longer traded on the AMEX. As a result, any trading of our common stock in the U.S. will need to be conducted in the over-the-counter market. In addition, our common stock is also subject to the SEC’s penny stock rules, which impose additional requirements on broker-dealers who effect trades. As a result, stockholders might have difficulty selling our common stock.

We may be unable to maintain the listing of our common stock on the TSX and that would make it more difficult for stockholders to dispose of their common stock.

Our common stock is currently listed on the TSX. The TSX has rules for continued listing, including minimum market capitalization and other requirements, that we might not meet in the future, particularly if the price of our common stock does not increase or we are unable to raise additional capital to continue operations. On September 8, 2012, the Toronto Stock Exchange issued an official delisting review of our common stock. The remedial delisting review was initiated because the value of the shares of our common stock that are held by “public shareholders” had been below the CAD$2.0 million threshold required under the TSX continuing listing standards for a period of 30 consecutive trading days. On January 7, 2013, the Toronto Stock Exchange completed its review of the Company and determined that the Company met TSX's continued listing requirements.

Delisting from the TSX would make it more difficult for stockholders to dispose of their common stock and more difficult to obtain accurate quotations on our common stock. This could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. There can be no assurances that a market maker will make a market in our common stock on the OTCQB or any other stock quotation system after delisting. Furthermore, securities quoted on the Pink Sheets generally have significantly less liquidity than securities traded on a national securities exchange, not only in the number of shares that can be bought and sold, but also through delays in the timing of transactions and lower market prices than might otherwise be obtained. As a result, stockholders might find it difficult to resell shares at prices quoted in the market or at all. Furthermore, because of the limited market and generally low volume of trading in our common stock, our common stock is more likely to be affected by broad market fluctuations, general market conditions, fluctuations in our operating results, changes in the market’s perception of our business, and announcements made by us, our competitors or parties with whom we have business relationships. Our ability to issue additional securities for financing or other purposes, or to otherwise arrange for any financing we may need in the future, may also be materially and adversely affected by the fact that our securities are not traded on a national securities exchange.

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile and could cause the value of your investment to significantly decline.

Historically, the market price of our common stock has been highly volatile and the market for our common stock has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations, some of which are unrelated to our operating performance. From July 1, 2008 to March 14, 2014, the trading price of our stock fluctuated from a high closing price of CAD$3.60 per share to a low closing price of CAD$0.08 per share on the TSX. From July 1, 2008 until our delisting on January 30, 2009, the trading price of our stock fluctuated from a high closing price of $4.14 per share to a low closing price of $0.18 per share on the AMEX. Historically, our common stock has had a low trading volume, and may continue to have a low trading volume in the future. This low volume may contribute to the volatility of the market price of our common stock. It is likely that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate significantly in the future.

The market price of our stock may be significantly affected by many factors, including without limitation:

Our common stock is deemed to be a “penny stock,” which may make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares due to suitability requirements.

Our common stock is subject to Rule 15g-1 through 15g-9 under the Exchange Act, which imposes certain sales practice requirements on broker-dealers which sell our common stock to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors” who are generally individuals with a net worth in excess of $1,000,000 (excluding their principal residence) or annual incomes exceeding $200,000, or $300,000 together with their spouses. For transactions covered by this rule, a broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the sale. This rule adversely affects the ability of broker-dealers to sell our common stock and the ability of our stockholders to sell their shares of common stock.

Additionally, our common stock is subject to the SEC regulations for “penny stock.” Penny stock includes any equity security that is not listed on a national exchange and has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. The regulations require that prior to any non-exempt buy/sell transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule set forth by the SEC relating to the penny stock market must be delivered to the purchaser of such penny stock. This disclosure must include the amount of commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current price quotations for the common stock. The regulations also require that monthly statements be sent to holders of penny stock that disclose recent price information for the penny stock and information of the limited market for penny stocks. These requirements adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock.

Our existing principal stockholders hold a substantial number of shares of our common stock and may be able to exercise influence in matters requiring approval of stockholders.

At March 14, 2014, our current stockholders separately representing more than 5% ownership in our Company collectively represented beneficial ownership of approximately 60% of our common stock. In particular, Southpoint Capital Advisors LP owns or exercises control over 11.0 million shares of common stock, representing approximately 38% of the issued and outstanding common stock. In addition, Manchester Explorer, LP, together with its associates, owns approximately 3.5 million shares, or 12% of our common stock. Furthermore, Mr. Robert Butts, our former Chairman of our Board of Directors, individually owns approximately 2.3 million shares, or 8% of our common stock, Southpoint Capital, Manchester Explorer, our other 5% stockholders, and other insiders, acting alone or together, might be able to influence the outcomes of matters that require the approval of our stockholders, including but not limited to certain equity transactions (such as a financing), an acquisition or merger with another company, a sale of substantially all of our assets, the election and removal of directors, or amendments to our incorporating documents. For example, Southpoint Capital and 683 Capital have agreed with Manchester to vote their shares in favor of a share consolidation and certain other matters in connection with the November 2013 Financing. These stockholders might make decisions that are adverse to your interests. The concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock or deprive our other stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company.

There are a large number of shares of our common stock underlying outstanding warrants and options, and reserved for issuance under our stock option plan, that may be sold in the market, which could depress the market price of our stock and result in substantial dilution to the holders of our common stock.

Sale or issuance of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the future could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. It may also impair our ability to obtain additional financing. At March 14, 2014, we had outstanding warrants to purchase approximately 22.0 million shares of our common stock of which approximately $18.0 were denominated in Canadian dollars which had a weighted average exercise price of $1.44, and $4.0 million denominated in U.S. dollars which had a weighted average exercise price of $0.50. In addition, at March 14, 2014, there were approximately 5.7 million shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options granted by us of which approximately $4.1 million were denominated in Canadian dollars and had a weighted average exercise price of CAD $0.81 per common share and approximately $1.6 million were denominated in U.S. dollars and had a weighted average exercise price of $0.60 per common share. We may also issue further warrants as part of any future financings as well as the additional 0.7 million options to acquire our common stock currently remaining available for issuance under our stock option plan.

We may need to raise substantial additional funds in the near future to continue our operations. Any equity offering could result in significant dilution to the ownership interests of shareholders and may result in dilution of the value of such interests and any debt offering will increase financial risk.

In order to satisfy our anticipated capital requirements to develop our products, we may need to raise substantial additional funds through either the sale of additional equity, the issue of securities convertible into equity, the issuance of debt, the establishment of collaborations that provide us with funding, the out-license or sale of certain aspects of our intellectual property portfolio, or from other sources. The most likely sources of financing that may be available to us in the near term are the sale of shares of common stock and/or securities convertible into common stock and the issuance of debt.

We cannot predict the size of future issues of common stock or the issue of securities convertible into common stock or the effect that any such future issues and sales of common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. However, given the current market price of our common stock, any transaction involving the issue of common stock, or securities convertible into common stock, will likely result in immediate and substantial dilution to present and prospective holders of common stock. Alternatively, we may rely on debt financing and assume debt obligations that require us to make substantial interest and capital payments and to pledge some or all of our assets as collateral to secure such debt obligations.

We have not paid any dividends since incorporation and do not anticipate declaring any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you will not be able to recoup your investment through the payment of dividends on your common stock and the lack of a dividend payable on our common stock might depress the value of your investment.
 

We will use all available funds to finance the development of our product candidates and operation of our business. Our directors will determine if and when dividends should be declared and paid in the future based on our financial position at the relevant time, but since we have no present plans to pay dividends, you should not expect receipt of dividends either for your cash needs or to enhance the value of your common stock.

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.  Properties

We lease approximately 350 square feet of office space in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The current monthly lease payments are approximately $850 and the lease is terminable with 30 days’ notice.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

None.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5.  Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuers Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock currently trades on the OTCQB Market under the trading symbol “ADHXF”, and has traded on the TSX under the trading symbol “AHX” since June 5, 2001.  The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low market closing prices, and average daily trading volume on the OTCQB and the TSX, for the two most recent full fiscal years:

As of March 14, 2014, the last reported sale on the TSX was CAD$0.82 per share and the last reported sale on the over the counter markets in the U.S. was $0.84 per share.

Record Holders

As of March 14, 2014, there were approximately 89 shareholders of record of our common stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company, or DTC, and one of which was The Canadian Depository for Securities Limited, or CDS.  All of our common shares held by brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. or Canada as nominees for beneficial owners are considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. in respect of brokerage firms, banks and other financial institutions located in Canada.  Cede & Co. and CDS are each considered to be one shareholder of record.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock.  We currently expect to retain future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion of business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

On April 5, 2012, May 18, 2012, August 20, 2012, November 20, 2012 and December 18, 2012 the Company issued 254,335, 61,111, 33,333, 688,571 and 100,000 stock options, respectively, to certain consultants and board members of the Company. The options were issued in a private placement exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The options were issued in USD dollar denominated grants at an exercise price equal to the market price on the date of issue at $0.20, $0.18, $0.15, $0.35 and $0.56 per share, respectively, and are exercisable for a period of 7 years from the grant date.

On April 3, 2013, May 17, 2013, August 13, 2013 and August 23, 2013 the Company issued 25,000, 10,204, 31,250 and 250,000 stock options, respectively, to certain consultants and board members of the Company. The options were issued in a private placement exempt under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The options were issued in USD dollar denominated grants at an exercise price equal to the market price on the date of issue at $0.80, $0.98, $0.32 and $0.24 per share, respectively, and are exercisable for a period of 7 years from the grant date.

On November 22, 2013, the Company issued 4,000,000 units to certain investors, including Manchester Capital, its associates, and 683 Capital, for gross proceeds of $1,600,000, with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and one warrant to acquire a share of common stock at an exercise price of $0.50. Each warrant will be exercisable for a period of five years from the date of issuance.  The units were issued in a private placement exempt under Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Securities Act and were issued solely to accredited investors.

Material United States Federal and Canadian Income Tax Consequences

This section summarizes the material U.S. federal and Canadian federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the common stock. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as tax advice; you must rely only on the advice of your own tax advisor.  We make no assurances as to the applicability of any tax laws with respect to any individual investment.

This summary relating to the common stock applies to the beneficial owners who are individuals, corporations, trusts and estates that:

Persons who satisfy the above conditions are referred to as U.S. Shareholders.

The tax consequences of an investment in common stock by persons who are not U.S. Shareholders may differ materially from the tax consequences discussed in this section. The Income Tax Act contains rules relating to securities held by some financial institutions. This Annual Report does not discuss these rules, and holders that are financial institutions should consult their own tax advisors. This discussion is based upon the following, all as currently in effect:

All of the foregoing are subject to change either prospectively or retroactively. This summary does not take into account estate or gift tax laws, the tax laws of the various provinces or territories of Canada or the tax laws of the various state and local jurisdictions of the United States or foreign jurisdictions.

This discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal and Canadian federal income tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of common stock. This discussion does not address all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in common stock. No account has been taken of your particular circumstances, and this summary does not address consequences peculiar to you if you are subject to special provisions of U.S. or Canadian income tax law (including, without limitation, dealers in securities or foreign currency, tax-exempt entities, banks, insurance companies or other financial institutions, persons that hold common stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge” or “conversion transaction,” persons acquiring shares upon exercise of stock options or in other compensatory transactions, and U.S. Shareholders that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar or that own common stock through a partnership, persons that hold common stock other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes) or other pass-through entity). Therefore, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of purchasing and owning common stock.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

Subject to the discussion below regarding Passive Foreign Investment Companies and Controlled Foreign Corporations, this section summarizes certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of ownership and disposition of the common stock to U.S. Shareholders.

This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Shareholder arising from and relating to the ownership, and disposition of common stock. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Shareholder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Shareholder, including specific tax consequences to a U.S. Shareholder under an applicable tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any U.S. Shareholder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and foreign tax consequences to U.S. Shareholders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common stock. In addition, except as specifically set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Each prospective U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of common stock.

No legal opinion from U.S. legal counsel or ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of common stock. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the conclusions described in this summary. 

U.S. Shareholders are generally required to include in income dividend distributions, if any, paid by a corporation to the extent of a corporation’s current or accumulated earnings and profits attributable to the distribution as computed based on U.S. income tax principles. The amount of any cash distribution paid in Canadian dollars will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of the Canadian dollars on the date of distribution based on the exchange rate on such date, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted to U.S. dollars, and without reduction for Canadian withholding tax. For a discussion of Canadian withholding taxes applicable to dividends paid by the Company, see “Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations.” You will generally be entitled to a foreign tax credit or deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the Canadian tax withheld. To the extent distributions paid by the Company on the common stock exceed the Company’s current or accumulated earnings and profits, they will be treated first as a return of capital up to your adjusted tax basis in the shares and then as capital gain from the sale or exchange of the shares.

Dividends received on common stock by corporate U.S. Shareholders generally will not be eligible for the “dividends received deduction.” Subject to applicable limitations and provided the Company is eligible for the benefits of the Tax Treaty, dividends paid by the Company to non-corporate U.S. Shareholders, including individuals, generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided certain holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that the Company not be classified as a PFIC (as defined below) in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the application of such rules.

Dividends paid by the Company generally will constitute foreign source dividend income and “passive income” for purposes of the foreign tax credit, which could affect the amount of foreign tax credits available to you. The Code applies various limitations on the amount of foreign tax credits that may be available to a U.S. taxpayer.

Because of the complexity of those limitations, you should consult your own tax advisor with respect to the availability of foreign tax credits.

 If you sell the common stock, you generally will recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale and your adjusted tax basis in the shares. Any such gain or loss will be long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on whether the shares have been held by you for more than one year, and will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss, except as otherwise provided in an applicable income tax treaty and if an election is properly made under the Code. Long-term capital gains generally are taxed at lower rates than items of ordinary income. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Certain individuals, estates and trusts whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare surtax on “net investment income” including, among other things, dividends and net gain from dispositions of property (other than property held in certain trades or businesses).

A non-corporate U.S. holder may, under certain circumstances, be subject to information reporting requirements and “backup withholding” at a 28% rate on payments in the United States of dividends on, and the proceeds of disposition of, common stock. Backup withholding with respect to such amounts may apply unless you furnish the paying agent or middleman with a duly completed and signed Form W-9. You will be allowed a refund or a credit equal to any amount withheld under the U.S. backup withholding rules against your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided you furnish the required information to the IRS.

Under U.S. federal income tax law and Treasury Regulations, certain categories of U.S. holders must file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties) are imposed on individuals who are U.S. holders that hold certain specified foreign financial assets in excess of certain thresholds. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person and any interest in a foreign entity. U.S. holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their common stock is held in an account at a domestic financial institution. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns are substantial.

Tax Consequences if We are a Passive Foreign Investment Company

A foreign corporation generally will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) if, after applying certain “look-through” rules, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income is passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held to produce passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and gains from securities and commodities transactions. The look-through rules require a foreign corporation that owns at least 25% by value, of the stock of another corporation to treat a proportionate amount of assets and income as held or received directly by the foreign corporation.

The Company has not made the analysis necessary to determine whether or not it is currently a PFIC or whether it has ever been a PFIC.  There can be no assurance that the Company is not, has never been or will not in the future be a PFIC. If the Company were to be treated as a PFIC, any gain recognized by a U.S. holder upon the sale (or certain other dispositions) of common stock (or the receipt of certain distributions) generally would be treated as ordinary income, and a U.S. holder may be required, in certain circumstances, to pay an interest charge together with tax calculated at maximum rates on certain “excess distributions,” including any gain on the sale or certain dispositions of common stock. In order to avoid this tax consequence, a U.S. holder (i) may be permitted to make a “qualified electing fund” election, in which case, in lieu of such treatment, such holder would be required to include in its taxable income certain undistributed amounts of the Company’s income or (ii) may elect to mark-to-market the common stock and recognize ordinary income (or possible ordinary loss) each year with respect to such investment and on the sale or other disposition of the common stock. Additionally, if the Company is deemed to be a PFIC, a U.S. holder who acquires common stock in the Company from a decedent will be denied the normally available step-up in tax basis to fair market value for the common stock at the date of the death and instead will have a tax basis equal to the decedent’s tax basis if lower than fair market value. Neither the Company nor its advisors have the duty to or will undertake to inform U.S. holders of changes in circumstances that would cause the Company to become a PFIC. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules including eligibility for and the manner and advisability of making certain elections in the event the Company is determined to be a PFIC at any point in time after the date of this report. The Company does not currently intend to take the action necessary for a U.S. holder to make a “qualified electing fund” election in the event the Company is determined to be a PFIC.

Tax Consequences if We are a Controlled Foreign Corporation

A foreign corporation will be treated as a “controlled foreign corporation” (“CFC”) for United States federal income tax purposes if, on any day during the taxable year of such foreign corporation, more than 50% of the equity interests in such corporation, measured by reference to the combined voting power or value of the equity of the corporation, is owned directly or by application of the attribution and constructive ownership rules of Sections 958(a) and 958(b) of the Code by United States Shareholders. For this purpose, a “United States Shareholder” is any United States person that possesses directly, or by application of the attribution and constructive ownership rules of Sections 958(a) and 958(b) of the Code, 10% or more of the combined voting power of all classes of equity in such corporation. If a foreign corporation is a CFC for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more during any taxable year, each United States Shareholder of the corporation who owns, directly or indirectly, shares in the corporation on the last day of the taxable year on which it is a CFC will be required to include in its gross income for United States federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” even if the Subpart F income is not distributed. Subpart F income generally includes passive income but also includes certain related party sales, manufacturing and services income.

United States persons who might, directly, indirectly or constructively, acquire 10% or more of the shares of the Company or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries, and therefore might be a United States Shareholder, should consider the possible application of the CFC rules, and consult a tax advisor with respect to such matter.

Material Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations

This section summarizes the material anticipated Canadian federal income tax considerations relevant to the ownership and disposition of the common stock.

Under the Income Tax Act, assuming you are a U.S. Shareholder, and provided the common stock is listed on a designated stock exchange, which includes the TSX, you will generally not be subject to Canadian tax on a capital gain realized on an actual or deemed disposition of the common stock unless at any time during the sixty (60) month period before the actual or deemed disposition both: (A) you alone or together with persons with whom you did not deal at arm’s length owned or had rights to acquire 25% or more of our issued shares of any class and (B) more than 50% of the fair market value of the common stock was derived directly or indirectly from (i) real or immovable property situated in Canada; (ii) Canadian resource properties; (iii) timber resource properties; and (iv) options in respect of (i), (ii) or (iii) during the sixty (60) month period that precedes the disposition. Based upon our review of our financial data for the current and prior fiscal years, we have determined that the common stock does not currently derive, and has not derived during the past sixty (60) months, more than 50% of its fair market value from the property listed above, and this characterization of the common stock will likely continue.

Dividends paid, credited or deemed to have been paid or credited on the common stock to U.S. Shareholders will be subject to a Canadian withholding tax under the Income Tax Act at a rate of 25% of the gross amount of the dividends. Under the Tax Treaty, the rate of withholding tax on dividends generally applicable to U.S. Shareholders who beneficially own the dividends is reduced to 15%. In the case of U.S. Shareholders that are corporations that beneficially own at least 10% of the Company’s voting shares, the rate of withholding tax on dividends generally is reduced to 5%. So-called "fiscally transparent" entities, such as United States limited liability companies, or LLCs, are not entitled to rely on the terms of the Tax Treaty, and therefore do not benefit from these reduced rates, however, reduced rates under the Tax Treaty apply to members of fiscally transparent entities who would be entitled to rely on the Tax Treaty if they held the common stock directly. Members of such entities are regarded as holding their proportionate share of the common stock held by the entity for the purposes of the Tax Treaty.

Canada does not currently impose any federal estate taxes or succession duties. However, if you die, there is a deemed disposition of the common stock held at that time for proceeds of disposition generally equal to the fair market value of the common stock immediately before your death. Capital gains realized on the deemed disposition, if any, will have the income tax consequences described above.

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT

The discussion below contains forward-looking statements regarding our financial condition and our results of operations that are based upon our annual consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles within the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and applicable U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, regulations for financial information. The preparation of these financial statements requires our management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable.

Overview

In December 2008 we received notice from the American Stock Exchange that we were not in compliance with Section 1003(a)(ii) of its Company Guide, because our stockholders’ equity was below $6 million and we incurred losses from continued operation and net losses in the five most recent fiscal years. On January 29, 2009, we voluntarily filed to delist our common stock from the American Stock Exchange and effective January 29, 2009 our common stock was no longer traded on the American Stock Exchange. As a result, any trading of our common stock in the U.S. must now be conducted in the over-the-counter markets. Our common stock continues to trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The Toronto Stock Exchange also has continuing listing standards, including minimum market capitalization and other requirements, that we might not meet in the future, particularly if the price of our common stock does not increase or we are unable to raise capital to continue our operations. On September 18, 2012, the Toronto Stock Exchange issued an official delisting review of our common stock. On January 7, 2013, the Toronto Stock Exchange announced that it had completed its review of the common shares of the Company and had determined that the Company meets TSX's continuing listing requirements.

Patient enrollment has completed in the Phase III trial of STS conducted by the Children's Oncology Group. The final results of the study are expected to be presented in the second quarter of 2014. The International Childhood Liver Tumour Strategy Group, known as SIOPEL study is continuing to enroll patients. Interim safety data are expected to be presented in the second quarter of 2014. Each of these trials is managed by SIOPEL and the Children’s Oncology Group, respectively, and each group is responsible for the costs of the trial. We continue to hold STS patents and our responsibility in the testing is limited to providing the drug, drug distribution and pharmacovigilance, or safety monitoring, for the study. The SIOPEL trial is expected to enroll approximately 100 pediatric patients with liver (hepatoblastoma) cancer at participating SIOPEL centers worldwide. The Company's Children Oncology Group study completed enrollment of 135 patients during the first quarter of 2012. The SIOPEL trial has enrolled 95 patients as of March 14, 2014.

Eniluracil was previously under development by GSK. GSK advanced Eniluracil into a comprehensive Phase III clinical development program that did not produce positive results and GSK terminated further development. We developed a hypothesis as to why the GSK Phase III trials were not successful and licensed the compound from GSK in July 2005. We believe that Eniluracil might enhance and expand the therapeutic spectrum of activity of 5-FU, reduce the occurrence of a disabling side effect known as hand foot syndrome and allow 5-FU to be given orally. Adherex completed the enrollment of a Phase II trial comparing Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin vs. capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer patients at the end of 2012 after having enrolled 153 patients. After the completion of enrollment and with preliminary results of the trial, Adherex had an End-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA on May 22, 2013 to discuss the potential further development of Eniluracil. During the meeting, Adherex reviewed the opportunity that Eniluracil offers to Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) patients who had rapid disease progression on capecitabine.  Adherex proposed a small pivotal single arm clinical study addressing the special ability of Eniluracil/5-FU/leucovorin to meet the medical needs of these patients. However, the FDA strongly recommended that Adherex consider other larger clinical trial design alternatives for the future development of Eniluracil in MBC. We believe that it would be in the best interests of our shareholders and the cancer community to focus on seeking a partnership for Eniluracil, which may include the Company evaluating viable indications for Eniluracil other than MBC.  Data from the Phase 2 trial was published in a scientific journal. 

We have not received and do not expect to have significant revenues from our product candidates until we are either able to sell our product candidates after obtaining applicable regulatory approvals or we establish collaborations that provide us with up-front payments, licensing fees, milestone payments, royalties or other revenue. We earned net income of approximately $1.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 and generated net losses of $5.2 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012 (as a result of a non-cash loss on derivatives of $1.6 million). As of December 31, 2013, our deficit accumulated during development stage was approximately $107.3 million.

As a result of our limited financial resources we have postponed or terminated many of our previously planned or ongoing clinical development programs, including our Eniluracil program. We continue to pursue various strategic alternatives, including collaborations with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. As a result, there is uncertainty of our ability to continue as a going concern. Our projections of our capital requirements are subject to substantial uncertainty. More capital than we anticipated may be required thereafter. To finance our continuing operations we will need to raise substantial additional funds through either the sale of additional equity, the issuance of debt, the establishment of collaborations that provide us with funding, the out-license or sale of certain aspects of our intellectual property portfolio or from other sources. Given current economic conditions, we might not be able to raise the necessary capital or such funding may not be available on financially acceptable terms if at all. If we cannot obtain adequate funding in the future, we might be required to further delay, scale back or eliminate certain research and development studies, consider business combinations or even shut down some, or all, of our operations.

Our operating expenses will depend on many factors, including the progress of our drug development efforts and the implementation of further cost reduction measures. Our research and development expenses, which include expenses associated with our clinical trials, drug manufacturing to support clinical programs, salaries for research and development personnel, stock-based compensation, consulting fees, sponsored research costs, toxicology studies, license fees, milestone payments, and other fees and costs related to the development of product candidates, will depend on the availability of financial resources, the results of our clinical trials and any directives from regulatory agencies, which are difficult to predict. Our general and administration expenses include expenses associated with the compensation of employees, stock-based compensation, professional fees, consulting fees, insurance and other administrative matters associated in support of our drug development programs.

On November 22, 2013, we announced that we had completed a $1.6 million equity financing. Further development of STS or Eniluracil will require additional capital.

Results of Operations

Fiscal 2013 versus Fiscal 2012

Quarterly Information

The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for each of the last eight quarters through December 31, 2013, as prepared under U.S. GAAP (dollars in thousands, except per share information). Share information has been restated to reflect the share consolidation in 2012:

The Company reported a net loss from operations of $0.4 million which excludes a $1.5 million non-cash gain on derivatives for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2013, compared to a net loss from operations of $1.1 million excluding the non-cash loss of $5.4 million in the same period 2012. The decrease in the net loss from operations excluding the non-cash impact of derivatives is primarily due to a decrease in research and development expenses associated with the Company’s Phase II Eniluracil trial.

Research and development expenses totaled $0.09 million for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2013, as compared to a $0.6 million in the same period in 2012. There was a significant decrease in research and development expenses relating to the conclusion of enrollment and ongoing clinical support of the Phase II Eniluracil trial. General and administrative expenses were $0.3 million in the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2013, as compared to $0.6 million in the same period in 2012. This reduction is attributable to the departure of the Company’s CFO and CSO.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The net cash flow used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 was approximately $2.2 million as compared to $3.0 million during the same period in 2012. This decrease is due to a decrease in our overall research and development activity associated with the Eniluracil Phase II trials during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the same period in 2012. 

On September 5, 2013, we announced that we intended to primarily focus our remaining financial resources on the development of STS.  We continue to pursue various strategic alternatives including collaborations with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Our projections of further capital requirements are subject to substantial uncertainty. Our working capital requirements may fluctuate in future periods depending upon numerous factors, including: our ability to obtain additional financial resources; our ability to enter into collaborations that provide us with up-front payments, milestones or other payments; results of our research and development activities; progress or lack of progress in our preclinical studies or clinical trials; unfavorable toxicology in our clinical programs, our drug substance requirements to support clinical programs; change in the focus, direction, or costs of our research and development programs; headcount expense; the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our patent claims; competitive and technological advances; the potential need to develop, acquire or license new technologies and products; our business development activities; new regulatory requirements implemented by regulatory authorities; the timing and outcome of any regulatory review process; and commercialization activities, if any.

We had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.7 million as of December 31, 2013. 

Financial Instruments

We invest excess cash and cash equivalents in high credit quality investments held by financial institutions in accordance with our investment policy designed to protect the principal investment. At December 31, 2013, we had approximately $0.03 million in our cash accounts and $1.6 million in our money market accounts. We have not experienced any loss or write down of our money market investments for the year ended December 31, 2013 or for any other year since the inception of the company.

Our investment policy is to manage investments to achieve, in the order of importance, the financial objectives of preservation of principal, liquidity and return on investment. Investments may be made in U.S. or Canadian obligations and bank securities, commercial paper of U.S. or Canadian industrial companies, utilities, financial institutions and consumer loan companies, and securities of foreign banks provided the obligations are guaranteed or carry ratings appropriate to the policy. Securities must have a minimum Dun & Bradstreet rating of A for bonds or R1 low for commercial paper. The policy also provides for investment limits on concentrations of securities by issuer and maximum-weighted average time to maturity of twelve months. This policy applies to all of our financial resources. The policy risks are primarily the opportunity cost of the conservative nature of the allowable investments. As our main purpose is research and development, we have chosen to avoid investments of a trading or speculative nature.

We classify investments with original maturities at the date of purchase greater than three months which mature at or less than twelve months as current. We carry investments at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (loss); however we have not held any instruments that were classified as short term investments during the periods presented in this Annual Report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not had any material off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Since our inception, inflation has not had a material impact on our operations. We had no material commitments for capital expenses or contractual obligations beyond 3 years as of December 31, 2013.  The following table represents our contractual obligations and commitments at December 31, 2013 (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. These estimates are based on assumptions and judgments that may be affected by commercial, economic and other factors. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

An accounting policy is considered to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the financial statements. The following description of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our December 31, 2013 consolidated financial statements.

Stock-based Compensation

The calculation of the fair values of our stock-based compensation plans requires estimates that require management‘s judgments.  Under ASC 718, the fair value of each stock option is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The valuation models require assumptions and estimates to determine expected volatility, expected life, expected dividends and expected risk-free interest rates. The expected volatility was determined using historical volatility of our stock based on the contractual life of the award. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury strips at the award grant date. We also used historical data to estimate forfeiture experience.  In valuing options granted in the year ended December 31, 2013 and fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 we used the following weighted average assumptions:

Common stock and warrants

Common stock is recorded as the net proceeds received on issuance after deducting all share issuance costs and the value of investor warrants.  Warrants are recorded at fair value and are deducted from the proceeds of common stock and recorded on the consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity as additional paid-in capital.

Derivative Instruments

Effective January 1, 2009, the Company adopted ASC Topic 815-40, "Derivatives and Hedging" (ASC 815-40). One of the conclusions reached under ASC 815-40 was that an equity-linked financial instrument would not be considered indexed to the entity's own stock if the strike price is denominated in a currency other than the issuer's functional currency. The conclusion reached under ASC 815-40 clarified the accounting treatment for these and certain other financial instruments. ASC 815-40 specifies that a contract would not be treated as a derivative if it met the following conditions: (a) indexed to the Company's own stock; and (b) classified in shareholders' equity in the Company's statement of financial position. The Company's outstanding warrants denominated in Canadian dollars are not considered to be indexed to its own stock because the exercise price is denominated in Canadian dollars and the Company's functional currency is United States dollars. Therefore, these warrants have been treated as derivative financial instruments and recorded at their fair value as a liability. All other outstanding convertible instruments are considered to be indexed to the Company's stock, because their exercise price is denominated in the same currency as the Company's functional currency, and are included in stockholders' deficiency.

The Company's derivative instruments include warrants to purchase 18,035 shares, the exercise prices for which are denominated in a currency other than the Company's functional currency, as follows:

These warrants have been recorded at their fair value as a liability at issuance and will continue to be re-measured at fair value as a liability at each subsequent balance sheet date. Any change in value between reporting periods will be recorded as unrealized gain/(loss). These warrants will continue to be reported as a liability until such time as they are exercised or expire. The fair value of these warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

As of December 31, 2013, the fair value of the warrants expiring April 30, 2015 and March 29, 2016 was determined to be $2,015 and $794, respectively (December 31, 2012 – warrants expiring April 30, 2015, fair value of $4,698, March 29, 2016, fair value of $1,847), and the gain on these warrants for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 was $2,683 and $1,052, respectively (December 31, 2012 - warrants expiring April 30, 2015, loss of $1,026; March 29,2016, loss of $507). There is no cash flow impact for these derivatives until the warrants are exercised. If these warrants are exercised, the Company will receive the proceeds from the exercise at the current exchange rate at the time of exercise.

Outstanding Share Information

Our outstanding share data at December 31, 2013 follows (in thousands):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02 to improve the reporting of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The ASU provides amendments to the Comprehensive Income subtopic of the FASB ASC, such that companies must report the effect of significant reclassifications out of accumulated comprehensive income on the respective line items in net income. For other amounts that are not required to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity may cross reference to the relevant note disclosure. The Company adopted this ASU in the first quarter for fiscal 2013.

In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, "Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists," an amendment to FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or "ASC" Topic 740, Income Taxes, or "FASB ASC Topic 740." This update clarifies that an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward if such settlement is required or expected in the event the uncertain tax position is disallowed. In situations where a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction or the tax law of the jurisdiction does not require, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. This ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. This accounting guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or financial statement disclosures.

Item 7A.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Money Market Investments

We maintain an investment portfolio consisting of U.S. or Canadian obligations and bank securities and money market investments in compliance with our investment policy. We do not hold any mortgaged-backed investments in our investment portfolio. Securities must have a minimum Dun & Bradstreet rating of A for bonds or R1 low for commercial paper. The policy also provides for investment limits on concentrations of securities by issuer and maximum-weighted average time to maturity of twelve months. This policy applies to all of our financial resources.

At December 31, 2013, we had $1.6 million in money market investments as compared to $2.2 million at December 31, 2012; these investments typically have minimal risk. The financial markets had been volatile resulting in concerns regarding the recoverability of money market investments, but those conditions have stabilized. We have not experienced any loss or write down of our money market investments for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.

Our investment policy is to manage investments to achieve, in the order of importance, the financial objectives of preservation of principal, liquidity and return on investment. Our risk associated with fluctuating interest rates on our investments is minimal and not significant to the results of operations. We currently do not use interest rate derivative instruments to manage exposure to interest rate changes. As the main purpose is research and development, we have chosen to avoid investments of a trade or speculative nature.

Foreign Currency Exposure

We are subject to foreign currency risks as we conduct certain clinical development activities in Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe and the Pacific Rim. To date, we have not employed the use of derivative instruments; however, we do hold Canadian dollars which we use to pay certain clinical development activities conducted in Canada and research, and other corporate obligations. At December 31, 2013 the company held less than forty thousand Canadian dollars.

Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  A list of the financial statements filed herewith is found at “Index to Financial Statements” on Page F-1.

Item 9.  Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In connection with the preparation of this report, an evaluation was carried out by the Company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”)) as of December 31, 2013. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management concluded, as of the end of the period covered by this report, that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of having identified one material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as described in further detail below under “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.  The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process, under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (USGAAP). The Company’s management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework 1992 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on the aforementioned criteria, our management concluded in its assessment of internal control over financial reporting that our internal control procedures, as of December 31, 2013, were not effective, as a result of having identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as described in further detail below.

Our management has identified a control deficiency because we lack sufficient staff to segregate accounting duties.  We believe the control deficiency results primarily because we have one full time individual performing all accounting and financial reporting duties. As a result, we do not maintain adequate segregation of duties within our critical financial reporting applications, the related modules and financial reporting processes. This control deficiency could result in a misstatement of balance sheet and income statement accounts in our interim or annual financial statements that would not be detected.  Accordingly, management has determined that this control deficiency constitutes a material weakness.

After the Company filed its Current Report on Form 8-K under Item 4.02 on November 2, 2010, the Company took remedial actions for our previously reported internal control weakness of not maintaining sufficient personnel with an appropriate level of technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of U.S. GAAP commensurate with our complexity and our financial accounting and reporting requirements. In 2012, the Company contracted additional personnel with experience in the application of U.S. GAAP financial accounting and reporting requirements in order to assist management in its financial accounting and reporting functions. As a result, the Company believes that this added experience and knowledge has remediated the previously disclosed material internal control weakness.

To finance our continuing operations, we will need to raise additional funds beyond those from our November 2013 Financing and, as disclosed elsewhere in this report, there remains substantial uncertainty of our ability to continue as a going concern and the failure to obtain such funds might require us to further delay, scale back or eliminate certain research and development studies, consider business combinations, or even shut down some, or all, of our operations. Once we are able to secure such additional financing, we anticipate hiring additional personnel with appropriate technical accounting knowledge, experience, and training in the application of U.S. GAAP to supplement our current accounting staff.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.  Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10.  Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

 The following table sets forth the name of each of our executive officers and directors, such person’s principal occupation or employment, all other positions with Adherex and any significant affiliate thereof now held by such person, if any, the year in which such person became a director of Adherex and such person’s age.

The Corporation has an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, and a Governance Committee. The current members of such committees are noted below:

(1)         Member of the Audit Committee

(2)         Member of the Compensation Committee

(3)         Member of the Governance Committee

Krysia Lynes

Ms. Lynes joined Adherex in January 2010 as Accounting Manager. She has moved to interim Chief Financial Officer as of 2013. Ms. Lynes is a partner in a management consulting firm. She has over 15 years of experience in accounting and cost management. Ms. Lynes received a MBA from McMaster University and a BASc in Chemical Engineering from the University of Toronto. She holds a Master Certificate in Six Sigma Black Belt and Lean Six Sigma from Villanova University and C.P.A. designation from the Canadian Institute Chartered Accountants. As a result of these and her professional experiences, she brings a great knowledge of management, cost control and process improvement to strengthen the Board’s collective qualifications, skills and experience.

Chris A. Rallis

Mr. Chris A. Rallis has served as a director of Adherex since August 2011. Mr. Rallis has been an executive-in-residence at Pappas Ventures, a life science venture capital firm since January 2008. Previously, Mr. Rallis was the President and Chief Executive Officer of ImmunoBiosciences, Inc. (“IBI”), a vaccine technology company formerly located in Raleigh, North Carolina from April 2006 through June 2007.  Prior to joining IBI, Mr. Rallis served as an executive in residence (part time) for Pappas Ventures, and as a consultant for Duke University and Panacos Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  Mr. Rallis is the former President and Chief Operating Officer and director of Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which was acquired by Gilead Sciences in January 2003 for approximately $465 million. Prior to assuming the role of President and COO in March 2000, he was Executive Vice President, Business Development and General Counsel.  While at Triangle, Mr. Rallis participated in 11 equity financings generating gross proceeds of approximately $500 million. He was also primarily responsible for all business development activities which included a worldwide alliance with Abbott Laboratories and the in-licensing of ten compounds.  Before joining Triangle in 1995, Mr. Rallis served in various business development and legal management roles with Burroughs Wellcome Co. over a 13-year period, including Vice President of Strategic Planning and Business Development.  Mr. Rallis also serves on the boards of Aeolus Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company located in Mission Viejo, California and Oxygene Biotherapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company located in Morrisville, North Carolina. Mr. Rallis received his A.B. degree in economics from Harvard College and a J.D. from Duke University. As a result of these and other professional experiences, Mr. Rallis possesses particular healthcare industry knowledge and experience which strengthens the Board’s collective qualifications, skills, and experience.

Rostislav Raykov

Mr. Raykov has served as a director of Adherex since July 2009 and as Chief Executive Officer since July 2009.  Since May 2007, Mr. Raykov has been a General Partner at DCML, a private investment partnership. Prior to DCML, from January 2006 to December 2007, Mr. Raykov was a portfolio manager for Alchem Investment Partners and John Levin & Co Prior to founding Alchem, Mr. Raykov was a portfolio manager and securities analyst for John A. Levin & Co. Event Driven Fund (2002-2005). Prior to joining John A. Levin & Co., Mr. Raykov was a securities analyst for the Merger Fund at Tiedemann Investment Group (1999-2002) and an investment banking analyst at Bear Stearns (1998-1999).  Mr. Raykov earned a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As a result of these and other professional experiences, Mr. Raykov has financial expertise and experience with the Company as it has developed within the drug development industry and, as such, is able to provide the Company with unique insight and guidance.

Steven D. Skolsky

Mr. Steven D. Skolsky has served as a director since August 2011. With a distinguished career spanning 30 years in the life sciences, Mr. Skolsky is a recognized industry leader who has held numerous international general management and executive leadership roles in the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors with a principal emphasis on commercialization, product strategy, and new product development. He was recently appointed to the position of Global Head of Clinical and Data Operations at Quintiles Transnational after serving as Principal of EXPIS Partners, a strategic life science consultancy. Mr. Skolsky also currently serves on the Board of BasileaPharmaceutica, a Swiss based biopharmaceutical company where he previously served as Vice Chairman of the Board. Mr. Skolsky is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of Sequoia Pharmaceuticals, a privately held company specializing in novel antiviral therapeutics. Prior to his appointment at Sequoia, he held the position of Chief Executive Officer at Trimeris, Inc., a publicly held company that discovered and commercialized Fuzeon®, a first- in-class HIV therapeutic in collaboration with partner F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Previously, Mr. Skolsky served over 20 years at GSK in a range of senior leadership roles, including Senior Vice President of Global Product Strategy and Clinical Development, Managing Director of GSK’s operations in Australia and New Zealand and Head of GlaxoWellcome’s Division of HIV/Oncology. Mr. Skolsky received his Bachelor’s Degree in Biology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. As a result of these and other professional experiences, Mr. Skolsky possesses particular healthcare industry knowledge and experience which strengthens the Board’s collective qualifications, skills, and experience.

Audit Committee

On behalf of the Board, the Audit Committee of the Board retains, oversees and evaluates Adherex’s independent auditors, reviews the financial reports and other financial information provided by Adherex, including audited financial statements, and discusses the adequacy of disclosure with management and the auditors. The Audit Committee also reviews the performance of the independent auditors in the annual audit and in assignments unrelated to the audit, assesses the independence of the auditors, and reviews their fees. The Audit Committee is also responsible for reviewing Adherex’s internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure. [The Audit Committee operates under a written charter adopted by the Board.

The directors have appointed an Audit Committee consisting of two directors: Chris A. Rallis and Steven Skolsky, each of whom is independent and financially literate within the meaning of National Instrument 52-110 – Audit Committees. In addition, the Board has determined that Mr. Rallis qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. Mr. Rallis has been an executive-in-residence at Pappas Ventures, a life science venture capital firm since January 2008.  Previously, Mr. Rallis was the President and Chief Executive Officer of ImmunoBiosciences, Inc. (“IBI”), a vaccine technology company formerly located in Raleigh, North Carolina from April 2006 through June 2007. Mr. Skolsky was recently appointed to the position of Global Head of Clinical and Data Operations at Quintiles Transnational after serving as Principal of EXPIS Partners, a strategic life science consultancy. Mr. Skolsky also currently serves on the Board of BasileaPharmaceutica, a Swiss based biopharmaceutical company where he previously served as Vice Chairman of the Board. Several of these directors has held various director and/or executive officer positions with private and public companies and/or community organizations and has had responsibility for the supervision of the preparation of financial materials and disclosure documents for public and private corporations.

Code of Ethics

In February 2004, Adherex’s Board adopted a Mandate of the Board of Directors, Corporate Governance Guidelines and a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) applicable to all officers, directors and employees of Adherex. Adherex is committed to adhering to applicable legal requirements and maintaining the highest standards of conduct and integrity. The Code sets out the legal and ethical standards of conduct for personnel of Adherex and addresses topics such as: reporting obligations and procedures; honest and ethical conduct and conflicts of interest; compliance with applicable laws and Corporation policies and procedures; confidentiality of corporate information; use of corporate assets and opportunities; public disclosure and books and records; and non-retaliation. Adherex undertakes to provide to any person without charge, upon request, a copy of such Code by writing to Attn: Code of Ethics Request, Adherex Technologies Inc., 68 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 13628, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.

Item 11.  Executive Compensation

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets out certain information respecting the compensation paid to our Executive Officers, for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 exceeded $100,000.

Rostislav Raykov

Mr. Raykov has been employed by Adherex since July 2009.  Pursuant to an employment agreement dated May 3, 2010 between Rostislav Raykov and Adherex, Mr. Raykov is employed as Adherex’s Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, Mr. Raykov (a) receives an initial annual salary in the amount of $140,000, (b) upon approval by shareholders of the amended Stock Option Plan was granted options to purchase up to 5.0% of our common stock outstanding estimated by us to be outstanding upon completion of the Rights Offering, and (c) may receive annual bonuses at the sole discretion of the Board. If Mr. Raykov’s employment terminates due to a change of control of Adherex, any then remaining unvested shares under his options shall immediately vest and be fully exercisable. On August 18, 2010, Mr. Raykov was granted 971,885 options and on August 19, 2011 Mr. Raykov was granted 51,152 options pursuant to his employment agreement. Further, on November 20, 2009, Mr. Raykov was granted 150,000 options. If Mr. Raykov is dismissed from employment by us for any reason other than “cause,” we are obligated to pay Mr. Raykov severance compensation equal to twelve months of salary.

Krysia Lynes

Ms. Lynes joined Adherex in September of 2010.

Robert Andrade

Mr. Andrade was employed by Adherex from July 2009 until August 2014. Pursuant to an employment agreement dated May 3, 2010 between Robert Andrade and Adherex, Mr. Andrade was employed as Adherex’s Chief Financial Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, Mr. Andrade (a) received an initial annual salary in the amount of $140,000, (b) upon approval by shareholders of the amended Stock Option Plan was granted options to purchase up to 5.0% of our common stock outstanding estimated by us to be outstanding upon completion of the Rights Offering, and (c) was eligible to receive annual bonuses at the sole discretion of the Board.  On August 18, 2010, Mr. Andrade was granted 971,885 options and on August 19, 2011 Mr. Andrade was granted 51,152 options pursuant to his employment agreement. Further, on November 20, 2009, Mr. Andrade was granted 150,000 options. Mr. Andrade resigned as CFO effective August 14, 2013. No severance was paid to Mr. Andrade in connection with his separation from the Company.

Dr. Thomas Spector

Dr. Spector was employed by Adherex from July 2009 until June 2013.  Pursuant to an employment agreement dated May 3, 2010 between Dr. Thomas Spector and Adherex, Dr. Spector was employed as Adherex’s Chief Scientific Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, Dr. Spector (a) received an annual salary in the amount of $150,000, (b) upon approval by shareholders of the amended Stock Option Plan was granted options to purchase up to 5.0% of our common stock outstanding estimated by us to be outstanding upon completion of the Rights Offering, and (c) was eligible to receive annual bonuses at the sole discretion of the Board.  On August 18, 2010, Dr. Spector was granted 971,885 options and on August 19, 2011 was granted 51,152 options pursuant to his employment agreement. Further, on November 20, 2009, Dr. Spector was granted 150,000 options. Mr. Spector resigned as Chief Scientific Officer effective June 19, 2013 and in connection with such resignation, Dr. Spector entered into a Separation and Mutual Release Agreement with the Company providing for a lump sum payment to Dr. Spector of $30,000 for benefits and separation pay.

In addition to such employment agreements, Dr. Spector, Mr. Andrade and Mr. Raykov, are each a party to a confidentiality and intellectual property agreement with us.

In the employment agreements for each of Dr. Spector, Mr. Andrade and Mr. Raykov “cause” is generally defined as (1) material breach of the terms of the employment or intellectual property agreements; (2) failure to perform the duties inherent in Employee’s position in good faith and in a reasonable and appropriate manner; or (3) acts of fraud or embezzlement or other intentional misconduct which adversely affects the Company's business.

Equity Grants, Exercises and Holdings

The following table sets forth information concerning the number and value of unexercised options held by each Named Executive Officer as of December 31, 2013.

Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2013¹

Termination Benefits

In the event of his termination with us other than for cause, we will pay Rostislav Raykov $140,000 severance.

Compensation of Directors

 Director Compensation Table

The following table summarizes the compensation earned by or paid to the Company's non-executive directors for the year ended December 31, 2013.

(1) Represents the aggregate grant date fair value computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

(2) Dollar value amounts are based on individual grants of 12,500 options on April 3, 2013, 5,102 options on May 5, 2013, 15,625 options on August 13 and 50,000 options at an exercise price of $0.80, $0.98, $0.32 and $0.24 respectively to both Chris Rallis and Steve Skolsy vested in full on the date of grant. All options expire 7 years from the date of grant.

The annual compensation considerations for non-executive directors also include the awarding of stock options. The granting of options to the non-executive directors under the Stock Option Plan serves three primary purposes: (1) to recognize the significant time and effort commitments during the past year; (2) to provide long-term incentives for future efforts since the value of the options is directly dependent on the market valuation of the Corporation; and (3) to retain quality individuals as the options typically vest over time. When determining whether and how many new option grants will be made, the Compensation Committee takes into account the amount and terms of any outstanding options. Adherex does not require its non-executive directors to own a specific amount of common stock.

Each of Chris A. Rallis and Steven D. Skolsky has entered into an Independent Director Agreement with the Company, dated as of August 25, 2011, which provides for (i) cash compensation in the form of USD $1,500 per board meeting attended, and (ii) non-cash compensation in the form of a grant of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate value equal to USD $5,000 (with price per share and exercise price based on the value of the Company’s common stock as of the date of grant) per board meeting attended.  The options immediately vest when granted and are otherwise subject to the terms and conditions of the Company’s stock option plan, as amended. The Independent Director Agreement also provides for the reimbursement of such director’s reasonable travel and related expenses incurred in the course of attending board meetings.

 Item 12.  Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth information regarding shares of our common stock beneficially owned as of March 14, 2014 by: (i) each of our officers and directors; (ii) all officers and directors as a group; and (iii) each person known by us to beneficially own five percent or more of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Except as indicated below, the security holders listed possess sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by that person. Except as otherwise indicated below, the address for each listed shareholder is c/o Adherex Technologies Inc., 68 TW Alexander Drive, PO Box 13628, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.

* Percentage of shares beneficially owned does not exceed one percent.

** Such individual resigned as an officer of the Company during Fiscal Year 2013.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides certain information with respect to securities authorized for issuance under equity incentive plans as of December 31, 2013:

* The Company’s current stock option plans allows for the issuance of stock options denominated in both United States, or U.S., dollars and Canadian, or CAD, dollars.  This table presents the number and weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options by the currency associated with the original grants  At December 31, 2013 we had 1,632 stock options denominated in U.S. dollars with a weighted-average exercise price of $0.67 and 4,093 stock options denominated in CAD dollars with a weighted-average exercise price of CAD$0.81.  At December 31, 2013, we had 789 stock options available for future issuance.

Item 13.  Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Related Party Transactions

In connection with the subscription agreements entered into as part of the November 2013 Financing, the following matters are proposed to be presented for approval at the Company’s next annual and special meeting of stockholders to be held as soon as practicable following availability of the Company’s audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 and in any event prior to June 30, 2014 (the “Annual Meeting”): (i) an offer to holders of warrants issued by the Company on or about April 30, 2010 and on or about March 29, 2011 (collectively, “Outstanding Warrants”) a right to exchange such Outstanding Warrants for new unlisted warrants (“New Warrants”) on the basis of one New Warrant to purchase one (1) common share for Outstanding Warrants to purchase ten (10) common shares, with the New Warrants having an exercise price per common share of US$0.50 and otherwise having the same terms as the applicable series of Outstanding Warrants (with the foregoing exchange ratio and exercise price of the New Warrants being before giving effect to any proposed stock consolidation referred to below) (as further described below, the “Warrant Exchange”), (ii) to consolidate the Common Shares on a one-for-up to ten basis, (iii) the election of up to two nominees of Manchester to the board of directors of the Company and (iv) to change the Company’s name to a name to be determined by the board of directors of the Company.  As a result of the one-for-eighteen reverse split of our common stock on August 25, 2011, each eighteen (18) Outstanding Warrants now entitle the holder thereof to purchase one common share of the Company at a purchase price of CAD$1.44 per whole share. Accordingly, the Warrant Exchange will entitle the holders of Outstanding Warrants the right to receive, for each 180 Outstanding Warrants now held (which together are now exercisable into a total of 10 common shares for a total exercise price of $144.00), one New Warrant to purchase one (1) common share at a price per share of $0.50.

Two of the Company’s current shareholders, 683 Capital Management LLC and Southpoint Capital Advisors LP, have agreed with Manchester, subject to shareholder and regulatory approval, to (1) vote in favor of the foregoing matters at the Annual Meeting and (2) subject to shareholder and regulatory approval, to exchange the Outstanding Warrants owned or controlled by such insiders (collectively, the “Stockholder’s Warrants”) for New Warrants in accordance with the Warrant Exchange.  The undertaking will continue in full force and effect through the earlier of : (a) if the foregoing matters are approved at the Annual Meeting, upon exchange of all Stockholder’s Warrants for New Warrants in accordance with the Warrant Exchange; (b) June 30, 2014; (c) upon completion of the Annual Meeting, if none of the foregoing matters are presented to the Annual Meeting or none of the foregoing matters are approved by the shareholders at the Annual Meeting; (d) the date of the closing of a change in control of the Company or (e) the date of the mutual agreement of the parties.

In connection with Dr. Thomas Spector’s resignation as Chief Scientific Officer, effective June 19, 2013, we entered into a Separation and Mutual Release Agreement with Dr. Spector providing for a lump sum payment to Dr. Spector of $30,000 for benefits and separation pay.

Director Independence

The Board of Directors is composed of a majority of independent directors. The Board applies the definition of independence found in the rules of the SEC and in Canadian National Instrument 58-101 and National Policy 58-201. The Board has determined that Rallis and Skolsky are “independent”. Mr. Raykov, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation is considered to have a material relationship with the Corporation by virtue of his executive officer position and is therefore not independent. Adherex is of the view that the composition of its Board reflects a diversity of background and experience that are important for effective corporate governance. Other directorships held by Board members are described in this Annual Report under the heading “Directors and Executive Officers.”

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The following table presents the aggregate fees for professional services and other services rendered by our independent auditors, Deloitte LLP in fiscal year 2013 and 2012 (in US dollars):

The Audit Committee does not have formal pre-approval policies and procedures; however, prior to the engagement by the registrant, the Audit Committee approved all of the services performed by Deloitte LLP as required by SEC regulation.

PART IV

Item 15.  Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are included as part of this Annual Report filed on Form 10-K:

1.  Financial Statements – See Index to Financial Statements on page F-1.

2.  All schedules are omitted as the information required is inapplicable or the information is presented in the financial statements.

3.  Exhibits:

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Supplemental Information to be Furnished With Reports Filed Pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act by Registrants Which Have Not Registered Securities Pursuant to Section 12 of the Act

The registrant intends to furnish proxy materials to its security holders subsequent to the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K and shall furnish copies of such proxy materials to the Commission when such materials are sent to security holders.

ADHEREX TECHNOLOGIES INC.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Adherex Technologies Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Adherex Technologies Inc. and subsidiaries (a development stage company) (the "Company") as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' deficiency, and cash flows for the years then ended, and cumulatively for the period from September 3, 1996 (date of inception) to December 31, 2013.  These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audits. The Company's financial statements for the period September 3, 1996 (date of inception) to December 31, 2008 were audited by other auditors whose report, dated March 30, 2009, expressed an unqualified opinion on those statements.  The financial statements for the period September 3, 1996 (date of inception) to December 31, 2008 reflect a net loss of $97,979,000. The other auditors' report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for such prior period, is based solely on the report of such other auditors.

We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits and the report of other auditors provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other auditors, such financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, and for the period from September 3, 1996 (date of inception) to December 31, 2013, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company is a development stage biopharmaceutical company with a portfolio of product candidates under development for use in the treatment of cancer, as discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company incurred a loss from operations of $1,931,000. At December 31, 2013, it had an accumulated deficit of $108,698 and had experienced negative cash flows from operating activities since inception in the amount of $87,247,000. In addition, it had a deficiency in working capital at December 31, 2013 and the Company's operating losses since inception raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans concerning these matters are also discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

March 14, 2014

Report of Independent Auditors

To the Shareholders of Adherex Technologies Inc.

In our opinion, the consolidated statements of operations and cash flows, not separately presented herein, and statement of stockholders’ equity, present fairly, in all material respects the results of operations and cash flows for the period from September 3, 1996 (date of inception) to December 31, 2008, before the adjustments to retrospectively give effect of the reverse stock split as described in Notes 2 and 6 of Adherex Technologies Inc. (a development stage company) (the “Company”) in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the adjustments to retrospectively give effect of the reverse stock split as described in Notes 2 and 6 and accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance about whether such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. Those adjustments were audited by other auditors.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Chartered Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

Ottawa, Canada

March 30, 2009

Adherex Technologies Inc.

(a development stage company)

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(U.S. Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)

 (The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)

Adherex Technologies Inc.

(a development stage company)

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(U.S. dollars and shares in thousands, except per share information)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)

Adherex Technologies Inc.

(a development stage company)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(U.S. Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)

Adherex Technologies Inc.

(a development stage company)

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Deficiency

(U.S. dollars and shares in thousands, except per share information)